A FLORA

OP

NORTH AMERICA,

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA:

CONTAINING

ABRIDGED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND
NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING NORTH OF MEXICO;

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

B Y

JOHN TORREY, M. D., F. L. S., «fec.,

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATURE CCRIOSORUM, ETC., AND PROFESSOR

OF CHEMISTRY AND BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

THE STATE OF NEW-YOEK ;

AND

ASA GRAY, M. D.,

MEMBER OP THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATURES: CURIOSOBUM, ETC. ETC.,
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.

VOL. L

COMPRISING THE POLYPET.iLOVS DIVISION OF THE
DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

NEW-YORK:

WILEY 6c PUTNAM.

London : ^Viley & Putnam, 35 Paternoster Row.

Paris : Bossange & Co. 11 Quai Voltaire.

1838-1840.
NEW YORK

V.

Entered according to an act of Congress, in the year 1940, by

WILEY & PUTNAM,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New-York.

PRINTED BY J. P. WRIGHT,
19 New street, N. Y.

■ *■%»>

T O

SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K. H., LL. D„

REGIUS PROFESSOR f»F BOTAKY IN THE U>-IVERSITV OF GLASGOW, F.TC, F.TC,
WHOSE NAME IS IDENTIFIED WITH

NORTH A3IERICAN BOTANY,

THIS WORK,

WHICH IS GREATLY INDEBTED TO HIS GENEROUS ENCOURAGEMENT,

IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICAT'eD

BY HIS OBLIOED FRIENDS,

THE AUTHORS.

O* The first part of this Volume (to page 184) was published in July, 1838
the second (to page 360) in October, 1838 : the remainder in June, 1840.

PREFACE.

The first volume of this work having been at length comple-
ted, the authors have to perform the pleasing duty of offering
their acknowledgments to their numerous friends and corres-
pondents who have rendered important assistance to their
arduous undertaking.

To Sir William Hooker, than whom perhaps no person has

^ done more for the advancement of North American Botany, we

~ are largely indebted, not only for the opportunity of consulting

'^^ his rich herbarium and excellent library under the most

■a"i favorable circumstances, on two different occasions, but for the

generous communication of a great number of authentic speci-

^ mens of the plants described in the Flora Boreali- Americana, the

Botany of Capt. Beechey^s Voyage, and other works, selected

^ from the collections made in the Northern land expeditions of

''' Capt. Sir John Franklin, those of the Arctic voyages of discovery,

Lij and especially from those made in Oregon, the Rocky Mountains,

&c. by the late Mr. Drummond, the late indefatigable Douglas,

^ Mr. Tolmie, and others. To Dr. Richardson we are directly

J indebted for many plants collected by himself in Capt. Frankhn's

(A first expedition to the shores of the Arctic Sea ; and to Dr. now

Professor Scouler, for a collection of Oregonplants.

To INIr. Brown our acknowledgments are due for the unre-

^ strained opportunity of consulting the Banksian herbarium, as

QQ well as the herbaria of Clayton, Catesby, Plukenet, and the other

V/ collections in his charge at the British Museum ; and to Mr.

O Bennett, the Assistant Curator, and Secretary of the Linnsean

VIU PEEFACE,

Society, who by his kind attention greatly facihtated our
labor.

We are under deep obligations to Mr. Bentham, for much
important information, for the privilege of consulting his rich
herbarium, for many rare American plants, and especially for a
very full set of the plants collected by the late Mr. Douglas in
Oregon and California, w^hich w^ere confided to him, as Secretary
of the London Horticultural Society, for distribution.

To Dr. LiNDLEY we are indebted for the opportunity of con-
sulting his very large herbarium, for many authentic specimens,
and for valuable suggestions.

To Dr. Arnott our thanks are due for much very important
information, many valuable contributions to our herbaria, and
for the privilege of consulting his own excellent herbarium.

To Prof. Don, for very obliging assistance in the examination
of the Linnsean herbarium.

To Mr. Lambert, for the facilities afforded us in examining
the plants of Pursh, Bradbury, Mr. Nuttall, &c. which form a
part of his very large collection.

To Dr. BooTT, for kind assistance in the determination of
the species of several difficult genera.

To Mr. Fraser, for the privilege of examining the herbarium
of Walter in his possession.

To Prof. Adrien de Jussieu, for the opportunity of consulting
his own herbarium, and that of his distinguished father, which is
authentic for many species of Lamarck, Poiret, &c. : to his kind
offices also, as well as to Mr. Decaisne, Assistant Botanist in the
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, we are indebted for many
facilities in consulting the vast collections of that establishment,
comprising the herbarium of Michaux, and many others of much
interest to the North American Botanist.

To Baron Benjamin Delessert, for access to his immense
herbarium and very complete botanical library.

To Mr. P. Barker-Webb, for obliging assistance in the exami-
nation of the North American plants of the herbarium of Des-
fontaines, and the other collections which are incorporated in his
vast herbarium. Also to Mr. Spach, of the Jardine des Plantes,

PREFACE. IX

for specimens of many North American plants cultivated in that
establishment.

To Prof. De Canuolle of Geneva, for the important privilege
of freely consulting his large herbarium through all the families
which are now published in his Prodromus, and for duplicates
of many interesting plants of the Order Composita:.

To Dr. E.vdlicheu, Curator, and Dr. Fenzl, Assistant Curator
of the Imperial herbarium at Vienna, for assistance in consulting
that rich collection.

To Dr. VoN Martius of Munich, and to Prof. Zuccarini, for
access to the Royal Collections and Garden under their charge.
To Prof. Schlechtendal of Halle, for the privilege of consult-
ing his own herbarium, as well as that of Schkuhr, of which he
has charge, and for the communication of an interesting set of
Mexican plants.

To Dr. Klotszcii, the Curator of the Royal herbarium at
Berlin, for the greatest attention in facilitating the examination
of the herbarium of Willdenow and the other rich collections of
that establishment ; and for his aid in procuring for us specimens
of American plants from the Botanic Garden.

To Prof. KuNTH of Berlin, for the opportunity of consulting
his herbarium, with the view of comparing several IVorth Ameri-
can plants with species from Mexico and New Spain collected
by Baron Humboldt.

To Dr. Trinius and M. Bongard, of the Imperial Acad-
emy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, for the communication of
many plants from Russian North America and the adjacent
Islands.

To Prof. Lehmann of Hamburgh, for the privilege of examin-
ing the genera Potentilla, GEnothera, &c. in his herbarium, and
for many very interesting specimens in these and other genera t
also for a small collection of Greenland plants, made for the
most part by the younger Vahl.

To Mr. Nuttall we are indebted for a nearly complete
suite of the plants collected during his recent journey across the
Rocky Mountains to Oregon and Califol-nia, accompanied with
manuscript descriptions of the new genera and species : also for

B

X PREFACE.

a portion of the plants collected during his travels in Arkansas
in the year 1819.

Our acknowledgments are also due to the Botanical Com-
mittee of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
who have obligingly afforded us every facility in consulting the
large herbarium of that Society, which includes that of the late
Mr. Von Schw^einitz, and the chief collections of Mr. Nuttall.
To the urbanity of Mr. Vaughan, the Librarian of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society, we are indebted for the opportunity
of examining the botanical collections in the custody of that
Society, comprising the herbarium of Muhlenberg, and that of
the late Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, which appears to
have been formed by Pursh, and contains many of his plants.

To the daughter of the lamented Elliott, we desire to
express our thanks for kindly entrusting to our charge a portion
of her late father's herbarium ; and also to Prof. Bachman and
Prof. GiBBEs of Charleston, South Carolina, who kindly select-
ed and transmitted to us the specimens which we desired.

To Mr. B. D. Greene of Boston, for the loan of a very
complete set of the plants collected by the late Mr. Drummond
in Texas.

To our numerous correspondents in different parts of the
country, who have from time to time furnished us with valuable
collections and observations, our limits will only allow us to
offer our acknowledgments in general terms. Their names
frequently occur throughout the pages of this work, where we
have endeavored faithfully to indicate the sources from which
our specimens have been derived, as fully as the plan of the
work would permit. But whenever a species has been received
from several correspondents, and from different sections of the
country, we are obliged, in most cases, to omit the citation of
particular locaUties, and to give as nearly as possible its geo-
graphical range. Additional specimens of many rare plants
described in this volume have also been received since the
Orders to which they belong were printed ; and we have only
space to notice the more important of these accessions in the
Supplement, this volume having already extended much beyond

PREFACK. XI

its intended limits. Wc would therefore, at present, briefly
state, that wc arc indebted to the following persons,, to many of
them very largely, for the plants of particular districts, accom-
panied in many instances by valuable notes and observations,
viz :

To Prof. BiGELow, Mr. B. D. Greene, and Mr. Edward
TucKERMAN, Jr. of Bostou, Mr. Oakes of Ipswich, Dr. Jacob
Porter of Plainficld, and Mr. T. A. Green of New-Bedford,
Massachusetts, Prof. Hitchcock of Amherst College, as well as
to Prof. Emmons, late of Williams College, and Prof. Dewey, late
of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, for plants from various portions of
that state as well as of Maine and New-Hampshire.

To Dr. Barratt of Middletown, Connecticut, for the plants
of that neighborhood, and also from the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, &c. : also to Prof. Tully, of Yale College,
for some interesting plants.

For plants of the State of New York, to Dr. Stevenson of
Cambridge, Washington County, Dr. Bradley of Monroe Coun-
ty, Dr. H. P. Sartwell of Penn Yan, Yates County, Mr. David
Thomas of Cayuga County, Dr. Crawe of Jefferson County, Dr.
AiKiN formerly of Troy, Prof. Lewis C. Beck formerly of Al-
bany, Mr. A. J. Downing of Newburgh, Prof. Bailey of West
Point Military Academy, and to Mr. Wm. Cooper, Mr. Abraham
Halsey, Prof. Eaton, Mr. R. J. Brownne, and Mr. John Carey,
of New York ; many of whom have also furnished us with
plants from different portions of the United States.

For those of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, &c. our chief
contributors are Dr. Pickering and Mr. Durand of Philadelphia,
and Dr. Darlington of West Chester, Pennsylvania. From
Virginia, a small collection has been received from the Rev. Prof.
Ruffner.

For plants from North Carolina we are chiefly indebted to
the Rev. Mr. M. O. Curtis, to the late Mr. Von Schweinitz^
from whom we also received many plants from other parts of
the United States, and to the late Mr. Croom, who also made
very interesting collections in Florida.

From South Carolina and Georgia we have received interest-

Xll PnEFACE.

ing contributions from the late Mr. Elliott, Major Le Contb,
the late Mr. Lewis Le Cpnte, Professor Gibbes of Charleston,
Dr. BoYKiN,now of Columbia, Georgia, the late Dr. H. Loomis
of Macon, and Dr. Bacon of St. Mary's, Georgia,

From Middle Florida, Dr. A. W. Chapman of Mariana has
very fully supplied us with the plants of that region, and many
have also been comniunicated by Dr. Alexander ; while from
Southern and Eastern Florida we have received interesting
collections from Dr. Leavenworth, Dr. Burrows, Dr. Hulse,
and Lieut, Alden of the United States Army ; and Dr. John
F. Baltzell has sent many specimens from Apalachicola. A
portion of the plants collected by the late Dr. Baldwin were
communipated to us through the late Mr. Schweimtz ; but his
original herbarium is incorporated in tliat of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The Rev. Mr. Bennett of
Geneseo, New York, presented us with many plants collected
by himself during a residence at Key West, and we have re-
ceived a nearly complete and excellent set of the plants of that
island from Mr. J. L. Blodgett, which however reached us at
too late a period to receive notice in this volume.

From Alabama we have a large number of plants collected by
Dr. Gates ; and others have been received through the kindness
of Dr. Fletcher and Dr. Jewett of Mobile.

From Louisiana the chief contributions have been received
.from Dr. Ing alls of New Orleans, Dr. Riddell of New Orleans
(from whom we have also received many plants of Ohio), Dr.
Hale of Alexandria, and Prof. Carpenter of Jackson. From
this State, and also from Arkansas and the borders of Texas, we
have received interesting collections from Dr. Leavenworth :
and Dr. Pitcher of Detroit, formerly of the United States Army,
furnished us with a very rniportant suite of Arkansas plants.

From Tennessee, Dr, Currey has sent us interesting plants :
from Kentucky we have received excellent and extensive col-
lections from Prof Short, Dr. Peter, and from the late Mr. H.
H. Eaton : from this State also, and from other districts, we
have received many specimens from Mr. RAFiNEsauE.

From Illinois, Mr. Buckley has sent us large collections ; and

PREFACE. xiii

to him we are al^o indebted for many plants from the mountains
of Virginia, and from Alabama.

From Indiana, Dr. Clapp of New Albany has supplied us with
many interesting plants.

From Ohio, Mr. T. G. Lea, Mr. Wm. S. Sullivant, Mr.
John Samples, and Dr. Paddock, are the chief contributors.

From Michigan, Dr. Houghton and Dr. Wright have fur-
nished us with numerous plants : to the former we are under ad-
ditional obligations for a parcel of plants collected towards the
sources of the Mississippi. From the same region we have an
interesting collection made by Major D. B. Dou<3lass during the
Expedition of Gov. Cass.

To Dr. Pitcher we are also indebted for many plants collected
in the northern part of Michigan, the shores of Lake Superior, &c.
From Milwaukie, Wisconsin Territory, we have received a col-
lection of plants from Dr. Lapham. To Dr. Holmes of Mon-
treal, Mrs. Percival, Mr. and Mrs. Sheppard, and Mr. McCrae,
we are indebted for numerous plants from Canada.

The collection made by Dr. Edwin James in Major Long's
Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, of which an account has
been given in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History,
has been very useful to us.

The authors venture to hope that their obliging correspondents
will still continue to render their assistance in the farther prose-
cution of this work, by sending the rarer plants of their res-
pective districts, with such notes and observations as they may
deem important.

Since the publication of the earlier portions of this volume, our
opportunities for examining the herbaria of original authors have
been very much extended ; and the necessary corrections and
changes we have been obliged to make on this account, together
with some additions from works recently published and from
materials since received, are given in the appended Supplement.
We trust these investigations will give this work an important
value in respect to the authenticity of the specific names, and that
future changes of the kind will not be to any considerable extent
necessary.

XIV PREFACE.

A complete index of the genera and species, and an enumera-
tion of all the works which relate to North American Botany, or
are cited in this work, will be given with the concluding volume,
and likewise, if space permit, some general observations respect-
ing the geographical distribution of North American plants.
A connected notice of those plants which are important on ac-
count of their active or medicinal properties or economical uses,
will also be added.

New-York, June 1st, 1840.

*** The exclamation point is used after the manner in which it is employed
by De Candolle and other modern botanists, to indicate that we have seen an
authentic specimen of the author, or from the locahty cited. When the dash is
omitted after the character of a species, the description is derived from the author
whose name immediately follows : when the dash is inserted, wc are alone respon-
sible for the description. The abbreviations of the names and works of authors
are mostly those in common use, and will be generally understood : they will,
however, be fully explained at the close of the work.

ERRATA,

Page 9, line 28, {ot ^ parviflor a, ^ read pauci flora.

" 17, " 11 from bottom, for ' FallassiV read Pallasii,

" 27, " G, add t. 17.

" 33, lines 22 & 34, for ' petals,' read sepals.

" 41, line 1, for 20, read 21.

" 54, " 11, for ' Ovary,' read Stigma.

" 62, " 9, for 1677, read 1948.

" 76, " 15, <ZeZe 'the leaves.'

" 80, " 8, after ' stem erect,' add ' leaves.'

" 101, " 18, dele the exclamation point after ' Drummond.''

" " " 21, for ' stipulate' read stipitate.

"116, " 5 from bottom, for ' Forula,' read Florula.

" 135, " 11, dele ' more.'

" 141, " 20, for 9, read 79.

" 156, " 7, for 55, read 555.

" 157, " 20, for ' the preceding species,' read Cnix-Andreae.

" 194, " 16, for ' CuphcEa,' read Cuphea.

"223, " 11 {rom bottom, for ^ Schweintz,' read Schweinitz.

" 257, " 17, for ' Willd.' read Linn.

" 263, " 31, for ' coU. 2.' read coll. 3.

" " " 40, for ' E. Miehauxii,' read S. Michauxii.

" 265, " 18 from bottom, ) ^ . . ,

" 268, " 8 from top, \ ^"' P^?^^' '""^ P^PP^"^'

" 289, " 6, for 9, read 10.

" " " 27, for 11, read 14. The succeeding genera are incorrectly num-
bered.

" 309, " 19, for 'leaves' read leaflets.

" 320, " 2 from bottom, add ' Nutt.'

" 327, " 17 from bottom, for ' L. scriceus,' read H. Purshiana.

" 328, " 8, for ' monadelphous,' read diadelphous,

"'329, " 11, {or ^ pauciflora^ read paucijlorus.

" " " 35, for 739, read 474.

" 331, " 30, for 451, read 150.

" 360, " 17 from bottom, /or ' glabrous' reaeZ scabrous.

" 388, " 4 from bottom, for ' emargniate' read emarginate^

"411, " 4 from bottom, for ' iZici/oZJus' read j7fci/bZfa.

" 507, " 25, for ' acaulis' read subacauhs.

FLORA

NORTR AMERICA

I. CORMOPHYTA. Endlicher.

Dicotyledones, Monocotyledones, and Acotyledones in partj Juss.

Plants consisting of a root and stem growing in op-
posite directions, composed of regular cellular tissue
traversed (except in the very lowest forms) by woody
fibre and vessels. Stem increasing in size either at the
apex and circumference simultaneously, or at the apex
solely, producing huds^ and (with few^ exceptions) dis-
tinct leaves at definite points and in regular order : the
cuticle usually furnished with stomata. Propagation
effected by means oi Jioiocrs and seeds in the higher
forms, and of spoi'es in the lower.

Class I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.

Flowering plants.— Stem with a distinct bark and pith, sepa-
rated from each other by an interposed zone consisting of woody
fibre, ducts, and spiral vessels : increase in diameter effected by
the successive deposition, between the old wood and the bark, of
new woody and cortical matter, which in perennial trunks is
usually arranged in concentric zones, and traversed by medullary-
rays. Leaves furnished with stomata, commonly articulated with
the stem, their veins branching and reticulated. Floral enve-

1

2 ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.

LOPES commonly arranged in a quinary (sometimes binary or
quaternary, but very rarely in a ternary) manner, sometimes in-
complete or wanting. Ovules enclosed in a pericarp, fertilized
by the action of pollen through the medium of a stigma, and
finally becoming seeds. Embryo with 2 (rarely more) opposite
cotyledons ; the radicle in germination elongating directly into a
root.

Section I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Thalamiflorse and Calyciflorse, DC.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter
composed of distinct petals.*

Artificial Analysis of the Polypetalous Exogenous or*
ders, lohich are represented in the Flora of JVorth
America,

I. OVARIES SUPERIOR, OR PARTLY SO.

§ 1. Ovaries more than one, distinct {when in several whorls sometimes
aggregated or coalescent into a mass, but not syncarpous.)

Leaves (emersed ones) centrally peltate. Water-
plants.
Torus turbinate, enclosing the ovaries in sepa-
rate hollows. 9. Nelumeiace^.
Torus inconspicuous. Stamens 6-36. 7. Cabombace;e.
Leaves not centrally peltate.

Stamens numerous.
Ovaries (achenia) enclosed in the subglobose
calyx-tube, numerous.
Leaves opposite, not stipulate. 50. Cai,ycanthace£.

Leaves alternate, stipulate. 49. § Rose^;.

Ovaries not enclosed by the calyx-tube.
Petals and stamens perigynous. 49. RosacejE.

Petals and stamens hypogynous.
.Estivation of the calyx valvate.

Leaves alternate. Stamens monadelphous. 38. Malvace^.
Leaves opposite. Stamens distinct.
.Estivation of the calyx imbricated.

Herbs with acrid juice. Flowers perfect. I. RANUNcuLAnE^.

Climbing shrubs. Flowers small, dicecious. 5. MENispERMACEiE.
Trees or shrubs (bitter and aromatic). —
Flowers large, perfect. Anthers adnate.
Anthers (short) extrorse. Sepals per-
sistent. Albumen ruminated. 3. Anonace^.
Anthers (long) introrse. Albumen solid. 2. Magnoliace^.

* The student should bear in mind that the division of Exogenous plants into
Polypetalaj, Monopetalfe, and Apetalai, however convenient, is in a considerable
degree arbitrary ; and that polypetalous orders often contain apetalous genera and
species ; the petals, moreover, arc occasionally mo^e or less combined.

ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. :{

Stamens ftw (not more than twice the number of
the sepals).
Stamens monadelphous. Moncecious. Leaves

simple, dotted. 4. Schizandrace^e.

Stamens distinct, submoncecious. Leaves com-
pound, dotted. 33. Zanthoxylacea:.
Stamens distinct. Leaves not dotted.

Leaves stipulate. Stamens perigynous. 49. Rosacea.

Leaves not stipulate.

Carpels 1-seeded utriculi : styles united. 30. LiMNANTUACE^.t
Carpels 1-seeded, woody : styles from the

base. 64. Surianace«.

Carpels 1-seedcd, drupaceous, incurved. 5. MeKispermace^.
Carpels follicular.
Follicles 1-3-seedcd. Polygamous. 1. RANUNCULACE«.t

Follicles equal in number to the sepals,

several-seeded. 65. Crassolaceje.

Follicles 2 (rarely 3) ; seeds numerous. 66. SAXiFRAGACES.t

§ 2. Ovary solitary, simple {of one carpel).

Anthers (except in Podophyllum) opening by re-
curved valves. Stamens opposite the petals. 6. Berberidace.e.
Anthers not opening by recurved valves.
Corolla papilionaceous or irregular. Leguminous. 48. Leguminos;e.
Corolla (when present) regular.
.Estivation of the sepals and petals valvate. —

Fruit a legume. 48. § Mimose;e.

jEstivation of the sepals valvat©, of the petals

imbricated. Fruit an achcnium. 49. § Sanguisoree^.

JEstivation of the sepals (& petals) imbricated.
Stamens indefinite, perigynous.

Style terminal. 49. Subord. Amygdale.e.

Style lateral. 49. Sulord. Chrysoealane.e.

Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. L RANUNCULACE^.t

Stamens double the number of the sepals.

Leaves multifid. Aquatic. Petals none. 8. Ceratophtllace«.
Leaves compound, dotted. Drupe Qily. 35. Amyridace^.
Stamens the same number as the sepals. —
Drupe dry.* 34. Anacardiace.e.

§ 3. Ovary compound or syncarpous.
* Leaves alternate, or all radical,
t Stamens indefinite, or more than 12.

Placentae parietal.
Sepals 2 (very rarely 3). Juice milky or colored. 12. Papaverace.e.
Sepals 4. Juice watery. 15. Capparidace^e.

Sepals 5 (rarely 3). Petals fugacious. 20. Cistace^.

Sepals 5. Petals marcescent. Stamens all but 5

sterile. 19- Siibord. Parnassie^.

Placentae occupying the whole surface of tlie dis-
sepiments. 10. NlMPH5;ACEiE.
Placentae in the axis.

Stigma peltate, petaleid. Leaves hollow. 11. Sarracemiace.e,
Stigmas not petaloid.
Capsule 1-celled, with a free central placenta. 25. Portulacaceje.
Capsule more than 1-celled.

* Ovary apparently simple, but really compound, as is indicated by the triple
style.

ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.

Leaves compound (1-foliolate), dotted. 30. AuniNTiACEX.

• Leaves simple, not dotted.

^Estivation of the calyx imbricated. 37. Ternstr(Emiaceji:.
.Estivation of the calyx valvate.

Stamens monadclphous : anthers 1-celled. 38. Mai-vace^.
Stamens distinct: anthers 2-celled. 39. Tii.iace.e.

1 1 Stamens more or less definite {not more than 12), but'not equal or dovlle
the nwmler of the sepals.

Anthers opening by terminal pores.

Stamens mon;idelphous : anthers l-celled.
Stamens distinct : anthers 2-celled.
Anthers opening longitudinally.

Sepals 2. Petals 4, irregular, somewhat united.
Sepals 2. Petals 5, regular.
Sepals more than 2.
Placentae in the axis. Stamens 5.
Placentcc parietal.
Capsule of 3-6 carpels, opening at the top.
Capsule 2-valved. Petals and sepals 4.
Pod (silique) 2-celled. Stamens 6, two of

them shortest.
Pod 1-celled. Seeds reniform.

17. Por.TCALACE^E.

17. Subord. Kramerie.c.

13. Fn.MARIACE.gE.

25. porttjlacace^.
29. Eal.saminace.e.
IC. Resedace£.

14. Crucifer^.

15. Capparidace-e.

1 1 1 stamens as many, or twice as many, as the sepals.

Petals twice the number of the sepals. 12. Papaveracej;.+

Petals (when present) as many as sepals, irregular.
Sepals and petals 4. Capsule 1-cclled, 2-valved.
Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved.
Petals as many as the sepals, regular.
Seeds few, (1-2 in each cell).
Ovary half inferior. Stam. opposite the petals.
Stam. (partly sterile) twice
the number of the petals.
Ovary wholly superior, (rarely covered by a disk.)
Stamens twice the number of the petals, dis-
tinct.
^Estivation of the calyx imbricated.
jEstivation of the calyx valvate. Utriculi
distinct.
Stamens twice the number of the petals, mo-
nadelphous.
Carpels 5, 1- seeded : styles cohering to the

elongated axis.
Capsule woody. Seeds winged.
Drupe 5-celled. Seeds wingless.
Stamens as many as, and opposite^the petals —
Disk fleshy.
Calyx minute, hypogynous. Peduncles and

tendrils opposite the leaves.
Calyx perigynous with a valvate aestivation.
Stamens as many as, and alternate with the
petals.
Disk large and flat, perigynous. 40. Celastrace^.

Disk small and nearly hypogynous, or 'none.
Fruit samaroid, 2-celled. Leaves dotted. 33.
Fruit a dry 1-celled drupe. Stigmas 3. 34.
Fruit a 5-10-celled capsule. Stigmas 5. 27.
Seeds numerous.

Placentae parietal (sometimes inflexed nearly to
the axis).
Vernation circinnate. Hairs glandular. 19. Droseraceje.

Vernation not circinnate.

15.

18.

CAPPARIDACE.E.t
VlOLACE.E.

47,

. RHAM.VACEiE.

67

. Hamamelaceje;

45,

, Sapindace.e.

30.

Ll.MN.*NTHACEi:.

28.

Geran'iace.e.

41.
40.

Cedrelace^.
Meliace^.

42.

VlTACE^.

47.

Rhamnace^e.

Zan'thoxtlace*;.
Anacardiace^:.

LiSACEi.

ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.

Stamens monadelphous. Ovary stipiiaie. 59. pASsiFLORACEiE.
Stamens distinct.

Stigmas branching. Seeds arilled. 58. Tcrnerace£.

Sci^as simple.
Capsule 3-Talved,loculicidaL 20. Cistackje.

Capsule of 2 carpels distinct above, ^
or bipanible, septicidaL i

Placentae in the axis, [66. Saiifragacb^.

Capsule 2-( rarely 3-) celled, septicidal. J
Capsule 1-celled by the obliteration of the

dissepiments. Stigma capitate. 53. Ltthrace.e.

Capsule 4-5-ceUed.
Stiunens monadelphous below. Leaves 3-

foliolate. 31. OxALiDACE.t.

Stamens distinct. Leaves simple.

** Leaves opposite.

Stamens indefinite or more than 12.
Ovary half inferior.
Petals linear, very numerous.
Petals 2LS many as sepeds (4-10), broad.
Ovary wholly superior (Petals hypogynous).
Petals twice the number of the caducous sepals.
Peteds (contorted in aestivation), as many as
the persistent sepads.
Leaves marked with pellucid or black dots.
Leaves not dotted- Pet^d3 fugacious.
Stamens not more than twice the number of the pe-
tals or sepads.
Corolla irregular. Filamenta monadelphous.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 7-8, distinct. Leaves

compound.
Corolla regular.
Anthers opening by terminaJ pores. Angles of

the ovary cohering with the calyx-tube.
Anthers opening longitudinadly.
Leaves simple, entire, with pellucid or black

dots.
Leaves simple, entire, not dotted.
Capsule of 3-5, spuriously 2-celled carpels.
Capsule 1-celled, with parietal placentie.
Sepals distinct. Petals fugacious.
Sepals united. Petals unguiculaite.
Capsule 1-celled, or nearly so : placenta
in the axis.
Styles nearly distinct or very short:

stigmais capitate.
Styles united into one : stigma capitate.
Styles stigmatose along the inside.
Stipules scarious.
Stipules none.
Sepals 3-3. Petals 5.
Sepads and petals (when present)
equal in number.
Leaves serrate, lobed. or compoand.
Fruit 2 cohering samaras. Trees.
Fruit a 2-beaked, 2-vadved, many-seeded

capsule.
Fruit not a samaira; cells or carpels 1-few-
seeded-
Stamens ais many as, and opposite the

petals.
Stamens as many as, and aitemaie with
the petals.

65. CRASSCLACE^.t

63.
51.

Mesemertasthemace^.
Phii.adelphace£.

12. PAPATERACE£.t

17.
44.

HrPERICACE£.
ClSTACXjE.

PoLTGALACEfi.
HlPPOCASTASAC££.

52. ]VIelasto>lace£.

21.

Htpericaces.

27.

LiSACEi.

20. CiSTACEiE.

22. Frakkbxuce^.

26,
53.

, ElATI3JACE£.

Ltthrace£.

23.

Illeceeracee.

25.

PORTirLACACE.E-

24. CAETOPHTLLACEa:.

43.

ACIRACE.E-

66.

SATIKaAGACEiE.t

42.

VlTACEiE.

46.

Cexastrace£.

G ANALYSIS OP POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.

Stamens twice tlie number of the petals.
Fruit capsular. Leaves abruptly pin-
nate. 32. ZYGOPIIYLLACEiE,
Carpels 5 ; styles cohering around a
long axis. 28. Geraniace^.

II. OVARY INFERIOR, OR COHERENT WITH THE CALYX-TUBE.
* Stamens indefinite.

Fruit a pome ; carpels cartilaginous or bony, 1-3-

seeded. 'l^- Subord. Pome«.

Fruit capsular or succulent, many-seeded.

Capsule '1-5-celled, partly superior. Leaves op-

posite.

51. PniLAPELPHACEffi.

Capsule (or berry) 1-celled, with parietal pla-
centae.
Sepals and petals numerous, confounded. P2. Cactace;e;

Sepals 5. Petals 5 or 10, Herbs hispid, with

rigid or slinging hairs. 57. Loasace^e.

** Stamens definite.

Filaments 3-adelphous : anthers long and sinuous.''

Fruit a pepo. CO. CucurbitacejE.

Filaments bent downwards in sestivation : anthers

opening by 2 pores. 52. Melastomaoe^.

Filaments distinct : anthers opening longitudinally.
Ovary many-seeded.
Placentaj 2, parietal. Fruit pulpy. Leaves

alternate. 61; Grossulace^e.

Placentaj in the axis. Capsule 2-celled. Petals

5. Stam. 10. CG. SAxiFRACACEiE.

Sepals and cells of the ovary 4. Petals

and stamens 4 or 8. 56. Onagrace^s:.

Ovary with 1-2 seeds in each cell.
Leaves stipulate, opposite. Fruit indehiscent. 54. RHizopHORACEiF.
Leaves stipulate, alternate. Capsule loculicidal. 67. Hamamelace*.
Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers in um-
bels.
Styles 2 (rarely 3). Carpels separable. 68, Umbellifer^.

Styles 3-15 (rarely 2). Carpels mostly

baccate. 69. Araliace;e.

Leaves exstipulate, opposite (except one spe-
cies of Cornus), or none.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Drupe

baccate, 2-celled. 70. CoHNACEiE:

Stamens opposite the petals. Fruit fleshy

1-celled. 71. LoRANTHACEiE.

Leaves exstipulate, alternate, opposite, or whorl-
ed. Flowers not in umbels or cymes.

Style slender. Seed suspended. Trees. Flow-
ers spicate. 55. Combretaceje.

Style slender. Seeds erect. Flowers race-

jnoge. 56. Onacrace^.

Stigmas 1-4, sessile. Seeds suspended. —
Aquatics. Flowers sessile. 56. Subord. Halorages:.

Order I. RANUNCULACE7E. Jass.

Sepals 3-6 or more, but usually 5, distinct, hypogynous, mostly
deciduous: aestivation (except in Clematis) imbricated. Petals 2~l'-\,
hypogynous, sometimes deformed, occasionally absent. Stamens in-
definite in number, hypogynous, distinct : anthers adnate or innate.
Ovaries seated on the torus, numerous, sometimes few or solitary, dis-
tinct : ovules solitary or several. Carpels either dry achenia, or
baccate, or follicular. Seeds anatropous, solitary or several. Embryo
minute, near the base of horny or fleshy (and often more or less oily)
albumen. — Herbs (rarely shrubby), with acrid transparent juice.
Leaves alternate (opposite in Clematis) variously divided : petioles
generally dilated at the base and partly clasping the stem.

Tribe I. ANEMONES.

Clematidese and Anemoneae, DC.

Petals plane or none. Anthers mostly extrorse. Achenia numer-
ous, caudate or subulate with the style. Seed suspended.

■ I. CLEMATIS. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 31.

Involucre none, or resembling a calyx, and situated next to the flower.
Sepals 4 (4-8), colored, in aestivation valvate or with the edges bent in-
wards. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals. Anthers linear, extrorse.
Achenia terminated by long (mostly plumose or hairy) tails. — Perennial
herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly sannentose, with opposite
leaves and fibrous roots.

§ 1. Involucre none: petals none. — Clematis proper.
* Stevi herbaceous, erect.

1. C. ochroleuca (Ait.) : stem simple, silky-pubescent; leaves undi-
vided, ovate, entire, silky beneath ; flower solitary, terminal, pedunculate, in-
clined. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 260; Sims, hot. mag. t. 1175; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 45; DC. prodr. 1. p. 8. C. sericea, Michx. ! fi. 1. p. 319; Pursh,Jl. 2.
p. 385.

0. leaves broadly ovate, very tomentose.

8 RANUNCULACEiE. Clematis,

Banks of rivers and on mountains, New-York! to Georgia! P. North
Carolina, Schweinilz ! May-June. — Leaves reticulately veined, upper sur-
face glabrous when old, subsessile ; the upper ones rather acute. Flower
yellowish, (erect in fruit). Sepals silky externally.— /?. leaves larger, broadly
ovate or roundish.

2. C. oi^ato (Pursh): stem simple; leaves broadly ovate, on very short
petioles, glabrous, glaucous and rcticiilately veined beneath, the lower ones
subcordate ; peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered ; flower inclined. —
Pursh.fl. 2. p. 736 ; DC prodr. 1. p. 8.

Mountains of North Carolina, Le Conte ! South Carolina, Pursh. Geor-
gia or Florida, Baldwin! — Whole plant glabrous. Flower nearly as large
as in C. ochroleuca, purple 1 Sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the
margin, a little exceeding the stamens.

3. C.Baldwinii: erect, simple or a little branching, slender, slightly pu-
bescent ; leaves varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or 3-cleft
or lobed ; the lobes linear, often slightly laciniate ; peduncle terminal, elon-
gated, 1-flowcred; flower cylindrical-campanulate ; carpels with very
long plumose tails.

Pine woods, Tampa Bay, &c. Florida, Dr. Baldwin! Dr. Hidse! —
Plant 1-li foot high. Leaves often quite simple, 4-6 lines wide, narrowed
at the base into a short petiole. Peduncle 8-10 inches long. Sepals soine-
what membranaceous, woolly on the margin, purplish externally, yellowish
within. Tails of the carpels 2-3 inches long.

4. C. Douglasii (Hook.): stem simple, 1-flowered; flower nodding;
leaves hairy, twice or thrice pinnatifid; segments linear, rather obtuse.
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 1. t. 1.

Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Oregon. Douglas. — Stem 1
foot high, sparingly hairy, woolly at the joints. Sepals 4-5, deep purple
within, paler externally, l-J inch long, coriaceo-membranceous, oblong, erect,
spreading at the apex, much longer than the stamens. Hook. ^

5. C. Wyethri (Nutt.): woolly; stem erect, simple, 1-flowcred; flower
nodding; leaves somewhat bipinnately divided; segments 3-cleft; lobes
linear-lanceolate, attenuate, sparingly incised, rather acute. Nutt.! in
jour. acad. Phi lad. 1. p. 6.

Rocky Mountains ! June. — Stem 11 foot high. Lower leaves nearly un-
divided. Sepals 4, thick, oblong-lanceolate, nearly straight, deep brown
externally.— Very near C. Douglasii. Nutt.

** Stem more or less shrid)by, climbing by the petioles.

6. C. Virginiana (Linn.): flowers panicled, often dioecious or polyga-
mous ; leaves ternate, glabrous ; leaflets ovate, subcordate, incisely toothed
and lobed ; carpels with long plumose tails. — Willd. sp. 2. p. 1290 ; Michx. !
k. 2. p. 318; Pursh! Jl. 2. p. 384; DC. prodr. 1. p. 4. C. Catesbyana,
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 736? C. cordata, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 384; DC prodr. I. c. excl.
syn. bot. mag.

Canada to Georgia, and west to the Mississippi ! July-August. — Climbing
over shrubs and bushes, much branched, stem smoothish. Panicles trichoto-
mously divided, with small leaves at the divisions. Sepals 4, white, obo-
vate, exceeding the stamens. — A specimen named C. cordata by Pursh, in
Barton's herbarium, seems to be only C. Virginiana.

7. C%olosericea (Pursh): flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious;
leaves ternate, pubescent on both sides; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire,
DC prodr. 1. p. 5 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 384.

Clematis. RANUNCULACEiE. 9

Carolina, Walter ex Pursh. Flowers small, white. Sepals linear, lonn;er
than the stamens. Tails of the caqiels very Ions:, feathered. Pursh. — De-
scribed by Pursh from specimens in Walter's herbarium. It seems to be
ti mere variety of C. Virginiana.

8. C. li^usticifolia (Nutt. ! rass.) : " plant somewhat pubescent ; flowers
in paniculate corymbs, dicccious ; leaves pinnate and ternate ; leaflets ol)-
iong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely toothed and tri-
fid ; petals and stamens equal in length ; carpels with long plumose tails.
— C. Virginiana, Hook. Ji. Bo7\-Ain. 1. p. 1. (in part).

"/?. hrevifolia: leaves smoother, shorter and broader.

"Plains of the Rocky Mountains, in open and in bushy places, near
streams, ft. in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the ()regon. —
Very similar to C. Virginiana, but the leaves are mostly 6-foliolate, and al-
most lucidly coriaceous ; they are also much smaller, and in the var. a.
much narrower and longer. The tails of the carpels are also longer, and
more densely plumose in C. Virginiana. Flowers white and fragrant."
Nutt.

9. C. Drummondii : flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious ; leaves
pinnate, silky-villous beneath, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface; leaf-
lets rhombic-ovate, incisely 3-lobed, the lobes acute ; sepals 4, oblong ; car-
pels villous, with very long capillary plumose tails.

Texas, JJrummond ! — Stem slender, angular, somewhat hairy. Leaflets
mostly 5, about an inch long; the lateral lobes sometimes a little toothed.
Panicles about as long as the leaves, trichotomously divided. Sei)als wliite,
villous externally. Tails of the carpels very slender, nrore than two inches
in length, densely plumose. — Seems to be nearly allied to C. sericea of Central
America. It is also closely related to C. Virginiana.

10. C. pjxii0ora (Nutt. \mss.): "smooth; leaves pinnate and ternate ;
leaflets obovate, obtuse, mostly 3-lobed, the lobes short ; flowers axillary, ap-
proximated, on short peduncles ; carpels smooth, with slender plumose tails.

'^'ear the sea-coast of St. Diego, Upper California. — Climbing, but in-
clined to grow erect and bushy. Leaflets about an inch long and nearly as
broad, commonly dilated and 3-lobed ; petioles slightly pubescent. Pedun-
cles slender, and so near together as to appear aggregated. Flower not
seen. Carpels compressed ; the tail rather sparingly pQose-plumose." Nutt.

11. C. lasiantha (Nutt.! mss.) : "pubescent; leaves ternate, broadly
ovate, obtusely cuneiform at the base ; leaflets incisely toothed, the terminal
one 3-lobed or trifid; flowers dioecious, solitary, on 2-leaved aggregated
branchlets ; sepals cuneate-oblong, spreading, villous on both surfaces ; car-
pels

" With the preceding. — Leaflets an inch and a half long and about an
inch broad, almost villous beneath. Peduncles about three inches long, with
a pair of entire or toothed leaflets near the base. Flowers more than an inch
in diameter. Allied to C. orientale, but very distinct." Nutt.

12. C. Viorna (Linn.): peduncles l-(rarely 2-3-) flowered ; sepals con-
nivent, thick, acuminate, reflexed at the apex ; leaves glabrous, membrana-
ceous, pinnate ; leaflets entire or 3-parted, ovate or oblong ; floral leaves en-
tire; carpels with long plumose tails.— W7//d sp. 2. p. 1288; Michx.\ ft. 1.
p. 318 ; Pursh! ft. 2. p. 385; Ell. sk. 2. p. 46; DC. prodr. 1. p. 7. C.
cordata, Bot. mag. t. 1816.

Pennsylvania ! to Georgia ! and west to Kentucky ! May-Aug.— Leaves
pinnate: the two lowest segments often ternate ; "leaflets variable, mostly
acute, but sometimes obtuse. Peduncles axillary or terminal. Flower nod-
ding. Sepals coria»ebus, about an inch long, purple. Tails of the carpels
an inch and a half loi^, very plumose.

2

10 RANUNCULACEiE. Clematis.

13. C. cylindrica (Sims): peduncles 1-flowered ; flower cylindrical-cam-
panulate ; sepals membranaceo-coriaceous, acuminate, with the margin un-
dulate ; leaves membranaceous, pinnate ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
petiolulate; carpels with plumose tails. — Sims, hot. mag. t. 1160; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 385; Ell. sk. 2. p. 475 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 7. (excl. syn. Michx.'^)

0. Walteri: leaflets linear and linear-lanceolate.— C. Walteri, Pwrs/j,^.
2. p. 384; DC. prodr. l.p.l; Hook, in jour. hot. \.p. 86.

North Carolina ! to Florida! and in Louisiana ! June-Aug.— Flower lar-
ger than in C. Viorna, nodding. Sepals dilated above and acuminate, bluish
purple. Leaflets mostly entire.— Pursh, who described his C. Walteri from
specimens in Walter's herbarium, was probably mistaken in supposing the
flower to be white.

14. C. lineariloba (DC): peduncles 1-flowered; sepals very acute;
leaves pinnate, smooth ; leaflets entire or 3-parted; the segments linear, DC.
prodr. l.p.l; Deless. ic. 1. t. 3.

South Carolina, Fraser.— Stem slender, glabrous. Leaflets 3-4 paurs;
lobes aU linear, scarcely 2-3 lines wide. Peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Petals an inch long, about twice the length of the stamens. DC— A doubtful
species ; probably only C. cylindrica /?.

15. C. reticulata (Walt.): peduncles 1-flowered; sepals rather coriace-
ous ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 4 pairs, oval, undivided or lobed, obtuse, rigidly
coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated on both sides, glabrous ; carpels with
plumose tafls.- HV/7^. Car. p. 156; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 385; DC. prodr. l.p.l;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 47; Mich.v. ! fl. I. p. 318.

S. Carolina, Gecwgia ! and Florida ! May-Aug.— Leaflets aU petiolulate,
1-U inch long, undivided or variously lobed ; the lowest pair 3-parted, some-
times rather acute and mucronate. Peduncles longer than the leaves.
Flower as large as in C. crispa. Sepals dull purple, ovate-lanceolate, veltety
externally. Tail of the carpels long.

16. C. crispa (Linn.): peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves ;
leaves pinnate, ternate, or 3-lobed ; leaflets very acute ; sepals thick and cori-
aceous, with the apex reflexed, transversely undulated and crisped on the
margin, twice as long as the stamens ; carpels Avith a short, thick, naked (or
pubescent) tail.— Z>C. prodr. I. p. 9; Sims, hot. mag. t. 1892; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 49; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 384; Mich.v.! fl. 1. j). 318.

Virginia to Florida ! and west to Louisiana ! May.— Leaves glabrous, or
slightly hairy. Flowers a third smaUer than in C. Viorna, bright purple.
Tail of the carpels thick and rigid, about half an inch long.

17. C. Pitcheri : peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves pinnate, coriaceous, retic-
ulated ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, ovate, mostly obtuse, undivided or 3-lobed ; branch
leaves simple, ovate ; sepals coriaceous, a little longer than the stamens ;
carpels with a short pubescent tad.

On the Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! NuttalU— heaves gla-
brous or slightly hairy beneath; the lowest pair 3-lobed, often subcordate.
Sepals purple, about three-fourths of an inch long, reflexed at the summit,
even on the margin. Tails of the carpels half an inch long, the lower part
- pubescent and almost plumose.

§2. Tnvohocre none : sepals 4; petals several, minute.— ArRkCEUE, DC.

18. C. verticillaris (DC): peduncles 1-flowered; leaves verticfllate in
fours, ternate ; leaflets petiolulate, ovate, acuminate, subcordate, entire or
sparingly toothed ; petals acute.— Z>C. prorfr. 1. p. 10; Hook. Jl. Boi\-Am.
1. p. 2. Atragene Americana, -S/ms, bat. mag. t. 887; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 384.

Mountains and rocky places, British America, north to lat. 54°. and west
to the Rocky Mountains and N. W. Coast ; Vermont ! to North Carolina !

Anemone. RANUNCULACEiE. 11

April-May. — Climbing. Flowers very large, campanulate. Sepals oblong-
lanceolate, bright purplish-blue.

19. C. Columbiana : peduncles 1-llowered ; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate,
acute, obscurely crenulate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, nearly twice the length
of the stamens. — Atragene Columbiana, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. y. 7.

Rocky Mountains, Mr. Wyelh. March.— Flowers smaller than in C.
verticillaris, pale blue. Nuttall.

X Doubtful species.

20. C. Plukenetii (DC): peduncles l-flowercd; leaves ternate, gla-
brous ; leaflets elliptic or obovate, entire, obtuse ; flowers dioecious, erect. —
DC.prodr. I. p. 7; Pluk. aim. 109.

Described by De CandoUe from specimens of Catesby in Banks's herba-
rium, supposed to be from America.

2. ANEMONE. Linn.; DC. syst. l.p. 188.

Involucre 3-leaved, distant from the flower; the leaflets variously incised.
Sepals 5-15, petaloid. Petals none. Achcnia mucronate (in § Pulsatilla
caudate). — Perennial herbs with radical leaves. Scapes when branched
bearing leaf-like involucres at each division.

§ 1. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre sessile^
palmately divided, with linear lobes. — Pulsatilla, DC,

1. A. patens TLinn.): silky-viEous ; leaves 3-parted or ternate; segments
cuneiform, 3-clen, incised; lobes linear-lanceolate; involucre linearly many-
cleft; sepals 5-6.— Z>C. prodr. 1. p. 16.-(/?. ochroleuca); Hook ! f.. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 4. A. Ludoviciana, Null. ! gen. 2. p. 26. A. Nuttalliana, DC.
prodr. I. c. p. 17; Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 158. t. 8. and l.p.l ;
Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. (ed. 2.) p. 21. Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 385.

British America as far north as lat., 67° ! Valleys of the Rocky Moun-
tains, Drummond, Nuttall! On' the Missouri and Platte, Nuttall! Galena,
lUinois ! — About a span high. Sepals an inch or more in length, duU blue or
purple. Tail of the carpels nearly two inches long. — Appears to be identical
with the European plant.

§ 2. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre petioled, 3-
cleft. — Preonanthus, DC.

2. A. alpina (Linn.): somewhat silky-villous ; leaves on long petioles,
biternately pinnatifid; leaflets laciniate, with the segments hnear, acute ;
those of the involucre similar; flower erect; sepals 6, spreading. Hook, f..
Bor.-Am. l.p. 5; DC. prodr. 1. p. 17; Bot. mag. t. 2007. A. sulphurea, .
Linn. A. apiifoha, Willd. sp. 2. p. 126.

Eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°— 55°, Drummond ;
Kotzebue's Sound, Capt. Beechey. —Flovfers white, with a purpUsh tinge at
the base. Stems from 6 inches to a foot and a half high. Heads of carpels
very large. Tails long, very silky, ^oo/c.— Inhabits also the mountains of
Europe.

13 RANUNCULACEJ3. Anemone.

§ 3. Carpels oval, without tails : pedicels solitary or in pairs (rarely
more), all leafless and l-flowered: leaves of the involucre sessile or
petioled. — Anemonanthea, DC.

3. A. Caroliniana (Walt.): root tuberous; leaves ternately divided; seg-
meiits 3-cleft or incised ; lobes linear and somewhat cuneiform, toothed at
the apex ; involucre very distant from the flower, 3-leaved ; leaflets sessUe,
cuneiform, 3-cleft, with the lobes linear, divaricate, mostly entire ; sepals 15-
20, oblong or oblong-linear.— W'aZ^. Car. p. 157; Ell. sk. 2. p. 53; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 19. A. tenella, Ptirsh > ft. 2. p. 386 ; Mitt. > gen. 2. p. 21.

P. heterophylla: radical leaves 3-parted, or 3-lobed, or almost undivided ;
segments undivided or 3-lobed, roundish-oval, crenately serrate. — A. he-
terophylla, Nutt. ! mss.

North Carolina, Schweinitz ! S. Carolina, Walter; Louisiana and
Arkansas, Z>r. Pitcher! Dr. Leavenworth .' On the Pl^itte, Dr. James !
and Missouri, Nuttall! Texas, Drummond! P. on rocks, Arkansas, Nut-
tall I March-April. — Plant from 4-12 inches high, slender, clothed with a
loose hairy pubescence. Leaves variable in the breadth of their segments
and lobes, sometimes tripartite and very narrow. Flower an inch, some-
times an inch and a half in diameter : sepals white, often tinged or spotted
with purple; the outer ones (6-8) thicker; the others petaloid, often al-
most linear. Head of carpels cylindrical-oblong, woolly. The flowers in P.
are smaller and greenish, and the head of carpels cylindrical. — We are un-
able to discover any character that will distinguish this species from A. de-
capetala, Linn, of S. America. Hooker and Arnott (in hot. of Beechey^s
voy. p. 4. t. 1.) have indeed shown that the latter species sometimes bears
several flowers on each scape, and hence they place it in the section Anem-
onospermos. In our Chilian specimens, however, the scapes are only 1-
flowered, as usually described ; and A. St. Hilaire (ft. Bras, merid. 1. p.
5.) who appears to know the plant well, makes no mention of the scapes
bearing more than one flower.

4. A. parviftora (Michx.) : leaves 3-parted ; lobes cuneiform, 3-cleft, cre-
nate, obtuse ; ' those of the involucre nearly similar, but longer and narrower,
sessile ; sepals 6, oval. Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. l.p.5; Michx. ft. 1. p. 319;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 19. A. cuneifolia, Juss. ann. Mus. 3. p. 248, t. 21. f. 1;
Pjirsh ! fl. 2. p. 386. A. borealis, Richards, app- Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 22.

Labrador ! Canada to the Arctic Sea, lat. 70°; Kotzebue's Sound, Beechey;
Anticosti, Pursh.'— Plant 2-12 inches high. Flowers white tinged with
blue. Heads of carpels rounded, compact, woolly.

5. A. Baldensis (Linn.) : leaves nearly glabrous and somewhat fleshy,
ternately divided ; segments laciniately 3-parted, with the lobes linear, ob-
tuse ; those of the involucre similar, on short villous petioles ; scape vfllous,
1-floAvered ; sepals 6, obtuse, spreading, with the lower surface somewhat
hairy. Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. I. p. 5; DC. prodr. 1. p. 19.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52° — 55°, Drummond. — Flowers tinged with blue.
Root fusiform. — A native also of high mountams in Europe.

6. A. nemorosa (Linn.): leaves ternate ; leaflets undivided, or with the
middle one 3-cleft and the lateral ones 2-parted, incisely toothed, acute ;
those of the involucre similar, petioled ; sepals 4-6, oval. — Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am.. 1. p. 6 ; Michx. ! ft. 1. ^. 319 ; Pursh ! ft. 2. p. 387 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 53 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 20. A. lancifolia, Pursh! ft. I. c. ; DC. prodr. I. c.

P. quinquefolia : lateral leaflets of the involucre 2-parted to the base.—
A. quinquefolia, Linn.

Woods, very common, Canada ! to Georgia, and west to the Rocky Moun-
tains. April-May. — Plant 6-8 inches high. Sepals mostly 5, white or
pale purple.

AwEMONE. RANUNCULACEiE. KJ

i. A. deltoidea (Hook.): sparinjjly hirsute; leaves ternato ; Icailets
(and those of the involucre) deltuid-ovate, undivided or 3-lol)ed, incisely
serrate, acute, those of the involucre sessile ; sepals 5-6, ohovate, obtuse.
Hook.! ft. lior.-Am. 1. ;;:-G. t. 3. /'. A.

Oregon River, near the sea, Seoul er! Nidtall. '—Vlant 10-12 inches
high. " Radical leaves on long petioles rising from a fdiform rhizoma.
Flower solitary, on a long peduncle, as large as in A. Pennsylvanica, Avhite.

8. A. Richardsoniana (Hook.): somewhat hairy; leaves renifonn,
3-5-parted, lobes slightly 3-cleft, acutely toothed ; those of the involucre
roundish-cuneiform, sessile 3-cleft and toothed ; sepals 6, spreading ; carpels
compressed, glabrous ; style long, dellexed, uncinate. Hook! ft. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 6. t. 4./. -4. ^ in Richards, app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 21.

Shores of Hudson's Bay, and Rocky Mountains from lat. 55° to C8°; also
Unalaschka and throughout Siberia.— Plant 8-10 inches high. Radical
leaves mostly springing from filiform rhizomas. Head of carpels large com-
pared with the flower, depressed. Carpels numerous, oblong-ovate, termi-
nated by a long slender deflexed style, the extremity of which is curved up-
ward.

9. A. cylindrica (Gray): silky-pubescent; leaves ternately divided;
lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one 3-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceo-
late, with the apex incisely toothed ; those of the involucre petioled ; pe-
duncles 2-6, rarely one ; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse ; carpels woolly, in a long
cylindrical head. Gray ! in ami. lye. Neiv-York, 3. p. 221.

Western part of the State of New- York, Gray ! ; near Boston, Mr.
Greene ! NiUtall ! Bellows Falls, New Hampshire Mr. Carey ! Michi-
gan, Dr. FolwellJ Indiana., Darliiigton! May-June.— Plant 1-3 feet high.
Peduncles flowering simultaneously, subumbellate, 1-flowered, in fruit
8-12 inches in length. Leaves of the involucre 2-3 times the number of
the peduncles. Sepals subcoriaceous, pale yellowish-green. Style very
short. Head of carpels an inch in length.

§ 4. Carpels without tails, subcompressed : pedicels several from each
involucre, one of them leafless and Iflowered, the others bearing a
2-leaved involucel. — Anemonospermos, DC.

10. A. Virginiana (Linn.) : leaves ternately divided ; segments 3-cleft,
acuminate, incisely serrate, those of the involucre and involucels similar, pe-
tioled; sepals 5, somewhat coriaceous, elliptical ; head of carpels ovate-ob-
long, wooUy.— Mc/i.r. .'/. 1. p. 320 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 388 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
21;^ Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 7. t. 4./. B.

Banks of rivers and in woods, Canada! (from lat. 55°) to South Caro-
lina.— Plant 2-3 feet high, hairy. Peduncles elongated, 3-4 from each in-
volucre. Sepals acute, pale yellowish-green, silky-pubescent beneath.
Head of carpels three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch in diameter.
—We have a variety of this plant, found near Philadelphia by Mr. Durand,
in which the flower is considerably larger than usual, the sepals nearly white,
and several of them quite obtuse.

11. A. midtifida (DC): hauy; leaves ternately divided ; segments
cuneiform, laciniately 3-cleft, lobes linear, acute, those of the involucre and
involucels similar, on short petioles ; sepals 5-8, oval, obtuse.— Z>C;)ro(Zr. 1.
p. 21 ; Deless. ic. l.t. 16?; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. I. p. 7. A. Hudsoniana,
Richards, app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 22.

0. Hudsoniana (DC. l. c): stem. 2-flowered ; flower red.— A. sangui-
nea, Pursh ! in herb. Lamb. A. Hudsoniana P. sanguinea, Richards. I. c.

y. globosa: stem mostly l-( sometimes 2-3-) flowered; head of carpels
globose. — A globosa, Nutt, ! mss.

14 RANUNCULACE^. Hepatica.

Canada! and Arctic America; west to the Oregon. Shore of Lake
Superior, Dr. PUchcr! Watertown, New-York, (var. Hudsoniana) Dr.
Craxoe ! Vermont, Dr. Bobbins ! Mr. Carey ! June. v. Plains of the
Platte and Valleys of the Rocky Mountains in lat. 42°, Nuttall .'—About a
loot high. Flower white, yellow, or purple, but mostly deep red. Head of
pericarps oval, very wooUy. — It is possible that the North American plant
may prove to be a distinct species from A. multifida of the Straits of Ma-
gellan. The single-flowered variety figured in Delessert, ic. 1. t. 17, is so
unlike the ordinary form, t. 16, that it can hardly belong to the same species.

12. A. Pennsylvanica (Linn.): somewhat hairy; leaves 3-5-parted; seg-
ments oblong, incisely toothed at the apex; involucre and involucels similar,
24eaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obovate ; carpels hairy, compressed, margined,
with a nearly straight persistent style. — Pursh, ft. 2. p. 3S7; DC.prodr. 1.
J). 21; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 8. t. 3. f. B. A. dichotoma, Linn, amcen.
acad. 1. p. 155 ; DC. prodr. I. c. ; Pursh ! Jl. I. c. A. aconitifolia, Michx. !
fi. 1. p. 320. \

Banks of rivers, in rocky places, Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! and north to «!.
Arctic America. Michigan! Ohio! June- July. — About 18 inches high.
Radical leaves large, on long petioles. Flower an inch or more in diameter.
Sepals white, membranaceous. Style longer than the ripe carpels, and when
young, short and hooked. — We fully accord with Sir W. Hooker in uniting
A. Pennsylvanica and A. dichotoma. Siberian specimens of the latter are
taller and the flower smaller than in our plant, but in other respects there is
no dijQference.

§ 5. Carpels without tails, much compressed, roundish-oval, glabrous :
pedicels several, umbelled, leajless, 1-Jlowered. — Omalocarpus, DC.

13. A. narcissijlora (Linn.): villous; leaves palmately 3—5 parted; seg-
ments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft ; lobes linear, acute ; involucre some-
what similar, sessile, leaflets 3-5-cleft. — Willd. sp. 2. p. 1283 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 387 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 21 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 8.

Canada (Pursh) and N. W. America '(Menzies) to Kotzebue's Sound.
Unalaschka, Fisher. — Plant clothed with long silky hairs. Flowers white.

I Doubtful species.

14. A. Walteri (Pursh) : root tuberous ; stem 1-flowered, naked ; leaves
palmate, on long petioles; sepals 5. Pursh, fl. 2. p. 387. Thalictrum Caro-
linianum, Walt. Car. p. 157.

North Carolina, Walter. — Pursh found no specimen of this plant in
Walter's herbarium, and it is quite unknown to aU our botanists.

15. A. pedata (Raf.) : stem short, 1-flowered ; leaves pedately 5-parted,
lobes laciniate; sepals 6. Raf. in jour. bot. l.p. 230; DC.prodr. l.p 22.

New Jersey, Rafinesque. — Probably A. nemorosa.

16. A. minima (DC.) : involucral leaves 3-parted ; lobes ovate, acuminate,
serrate towards the apex; sepals 5, oval-oblong, obtuse. DC. syst. l.p, 206.

Alleghany Mountains in Virginia, P. de Beauvois. — Probably also a va-
riety of A. nemorosa.

3. HEPATICA. Dill; DC. syst. l.p. 215.

Involucre resembling a 3-sepalous calyx, very near the flower. Sepals pe-
taloid, 6-9, in 2 or 3 rows. Petals none. Achenia without tails. — Involucre
1-flowered. Leaves radical, entire or 3-lobed.

Ranunccuis. RANUNCULACE^. 15

1, H. triloba (Chaix): leaves broadly cordate, 3--5-lobpd; lobes omire.—
Chaix in Vill. Ddph. 1. p. 336; DC. prndr. 1. p. 22 ; Pur.sh, Jl. 2. p. 391 ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. S. Anemone Hepalica, Linn. ; Michx. ! jl. 1.

V- 319- „ .

a. obtusa : leaves 3-lobed ; lobes roundish, obtuse, Pursh, I. c— H. Ameri-
cana, Ker, in bat. reg. t. 387 ; J) C. I. c.

0. acuta: leaves 3-5-lobed; lobes spreading, acute. Pursh, Jl. I. c.—H.
acutiloba, J)C. I. c.

Canada! to South Carolina; very common. ^\tc\\n, JJ on g a rd. March-
April. — Leaves coriaceous. Petals and scapes villous. Involucre villous;
segments ovate, mostly obtuse. Sepals oblong, obtuse, blue, pale purple,
or white.

4. ADONIS. Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 220.

Sepals 5, appressed. Petals 5-15, with a naked claw. Achcnia spicate
upon the elongated torus, tipped with the short style. — Herbs with pin-
nately-parted cauline leaves, the segments linear and numerous. Flowers
solitary on the extremity of the stem or branches, yellow or red.

1. A. autumnalis (Linn.): calyx glabrous; petals 6-8, concave and con-
nivent, a little longer than the calyx; carpels somewhat reticulated, collected
into an ovate head, crowned with a very short style ; stem branched. DC.
prodr. 1. p. 23; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. \.p. 9.

Labrador, Hooker; near New Orleans, Mr. Teinturier ! Banks of the
Mississippi, Nuttall ! " Genesee Flatts" [New-York,] v. s. in herb.
Muhl. (l)-— Leaves three times compound, the segments scarcely a line wide.
Flowers bright scarlet, as large as in Ranunculus acris.

Tribe II. RANUNCULE^. DC.

Petals with a small nectariferous scale or gland at (he base inside*
Anthers cxtrorse. Seed erect, or sometimes suspended.

5. RANUNCULUS. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 231.

Ranunculus &. Casalaa, A. SLHil.

Sepals 5. Petals 5 (sometimes 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale or
glandular spot on the inside of the claw. Stamens numerous, or sometimes
few. Achenia ovate, pointed, compressed, disposed in cylindrical or round-
ish heads. Seed erect (rarely suspended).— Annual or perennial herbs.
Leaves mostly radical, the cauline ones at the base of the branches and pe-
duncles.

§ 1. Carpels transversely wrinkled : petals white : claw yellow, with
a conspicuous nectariferous pore.— Batrachium, DC.

\. R. aquatilis (Linn.) : stem floating ; submersed leaves filiformly dis-
sected; eraersed ones 3-parted, with cimeiform dentate lobes; petals ob-
ovate, exceeding the calyx.— Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 395 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 26 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 10.; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 327.

16 RANUNCULACEiE. Anemone.

a. heierophyllus : cmcrscd leaves 3-parted. DC. I. c. — R. aquatilis,
Pursh, I. c.

p. capiUaceus: leaves petioled, all immersed and filifofmly dissected.
DC. I. c. ; Honk. I. f.— R. pantothrix, DC. syat. 1. p. 235 ; Ell. Wc. 2. ;;. 57.
R. fluviatilis, Willd. sp. 2. p. 1333 ; Pursh, I. c.

y. ca'spitosus : leaves petioled, all emersed, with a nearly orbicular cir-
cumscription, filiformly dissected, the segments rigidly divergent; base of the
petiole broad, sheathing and auricled. DC. I. c; Hook. I. c.

f). stagnalis: leaves sessile, all immersed, filiformly dissected, circinnatc ;
segments short; sheaths obscurely auricled; carpels rather acute, nearly
smooth. DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c.

Ponds and rivers, Arctic America to South Carolina, and west to the
Rocky Mountains! and Columbia River! California, {Hook tf Am. in
hot. Beechey's voy.) June-Aug. — Stem long, slender, jointed. Leaves
dichotomously or trichotomously divided. Flowers smaller than those of R.
acris. Calyx glabrous. — We have never seen American specimens of Var. o.
Var. y and ^, British America, Hooker.

§ 2. Carpels smooth {not wrinkled), ovate or suhrotunO, in roundish
heads : root jibrous. — Hecatonia, DC.

* Leaves divided : flowers, ivhilc.

2. R. glacialis (Linn.): radical leaves petioled, palmately 3-parted or 3-
cleft ; lobes rather obtuse and thick ; stem about 1-flowered ; calyx very hir-
sute; carpels compressed, margined. DC. prodr. 1. p. 30.

Greenland.

** Leaves all undivided ; flowers yellow.

3. Jl. Flammula (Linn.): leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lance-
olate, often denticulate ; stem declined, more or less rooting at the lower
joints; peduncles opposite the leaves; carpels smooth, with a distinct sub-
ulate beak ; petals much longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 32 ; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 391 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 327.

/?. laxicaulis : stem weak, much branched; leaves all entire; lowest
ones eUiptical-oblong, upper ones linear; petals oblong, attenuate at the base,
three times as long as the calyx.

Inundated places, ditches, &c. Canada ! to North Carolina. P. Milledge-
ville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin J July. — Whole plant glabrous. Stem 1-2 feet
long, a little branched; leaves 3-6 inches long, 4-8 lines broad, those of the
stem acute at each end ; lower ones petioled, more or less obtuse at the base.
Peduncles 1-2 inches long. Flowers 4—5 lines in diameter. Head of car-
pels globose. Beak two-thirds the length of the car])el.

4. R. reptans (Linn.): leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, acute at each
end, glabrous, entire; stem creeping (rooting at the joints); carpels glabrous,
puncticulate, with a minute blunt point. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 32.

jff. oralis, (Bigel.) : leaves oval and lanceolate ; petals 6-10. Bigel. I. c.
y. intermedius (Hook. !) stem creeping, slender, leaves narrow, lanceolate,
the upper ones linear ; flower middle sized.

5. jiUformis (DC): stem filiform, creeping extensively, leaves linear;
flowers small.— R. filiformis, Mich. v. ! fl. 1. p. 320; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 392;
Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 224.

Banks of rivers and low grounds, Labrador and Canada to New- York ! west
to Oregon ! June-August,

Ranunculds. RANUNCULACE^. 17

Sir W. Hooker refers R. reptans to R. Flammula, and should we have adopt-
ed his views were it not for tiie dilference in tlie carpels uf the two species.
The most connnon variety throws out numerous filiform stems, j)ruducin<T
leaves and roots at the joints. Leaves mostly very narrow ; hut in /?. and > .
inclining to lanceolate or even ovate. Flowers in P. ahout a third of an incii
in diameter, in the other varieties smaller. Petals obovate. Carpels roundish-
ovate, the beak very short and oblique.

5. /?. pusillus (Poir.) : leaves all on long petioles ; lower ones ovate, sub-
cordate, entire or sparingly toothed ; upper ones linear-lanceolate ; stem erect
or decumbent ; petals mostly 3 (sometimes 1-5), as long as the calyx ; car-
pels ovate, with a minute blunt point. — Puir. diet. 6. p. 99 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p.
:U2; Ell.sk.2. p. 58; BC. prodr. 1. p. 32; Deless. ic. 1. t.2S. R.
Flammula, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 221; Wait. Car. p. 159.

(i . denticrdatu.^ : leaves acutely and remotely repand-denticulate, lowest
ones ovate-lanceolate ; those of the stem lanceolate-linear ; flowers minute ;
carpels roundish-ovate.

Y. mxUicus : resembling a. but the carpels very smooth and without any
beak; tlowers very small.

S. oblong if oliu.'i : leaves petiolate, denticulate, lower ones oblong-oval, up-
per ones linear-lanceolate ; petals a little longer than the calyx ; carpels
globose, not pointed, smooth. — R. oblongifolius. Ell. sk. 2. p. 58.

Boggy places. Var. a. North Carolina ! to Georgia. /?. Texas, Drum-
mond ! y. New York ! to Pennsylvania. <5. near Savannah, Georgia !
Elliott! — The varieties y- fin'l ^» may prove to be distinct species. — This
species would be referred to Casalea, St. Hil.

6.7?. Cijmhalaria (Pursh): stoloniferous ; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform,
petioled, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; scape 1-3-fiowered ; petals spatulate,
rather longer than the calyx. — Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. 392 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 11. R. Cymbalaria P. Americana, DC. prodr. l.p. 33.

/?. alpinus : very small ; leaves 3-toothcd at the apex ; scape 1-flowered.^
R. halophyllus, Schlecht. animad. hot. ? (fide Hook?)

Arctic Sea, lat. 68°, to the coast of New-Jersey ! Salina, New-York !
Salt plains of the Platte, Dr. James ! Banks of the Oregon and neighbour-
ing streams, as well as on the contiguous coast of the Pacific, Nuttall !
0. Summits of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond., &c. August — Scapes 2-
6 inches high, with one or two minute linear leaves. Stolons extensively
creeping. Leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy, roundish-ovate or oblong. Se-
pals oval, concave. Petals 5-8. Carpels ovate, acute, compressed, with seve-
ral elevated ribs, disposed in dense oblong heads. — Very near R. salsuginosus,
Pall. The Siberian plant is commonly smaller than the North American
variety, but in other respects there is no essential diflference.

♦** Leaves more or less divided : Jloioers yellow.

C^ 7. R. Pallas^ii (Schlecht.) : stem creeping, fistulous ; leaves oval or obovate,
cuneiform, 3-parted ; sepals 3 ; petals 8 ; head of carpels spherical ; carpels
thick, ovate, glabrous, beaked. Schlecht. animad. hot. l.p. 15. t. 2; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am.\ p. 10.

On the western shore of extreme Arctic America, beyond Behring's Straits.
Chamisso. — AUied to Ficaria.

8. R. auricom,us (Linn.) : leaves glabrous, radical ones petioled, cordate,
mostly 3-parted or lobed ; cauline ones divided into linear entire or slightly
toothed lobes; calyx pubescent, shorter than the petals. DC. prodr. l.p. 33.

Greenland. — Pursh records this species as a native of Pennsylvania, but
no other botanist has found it in any part of the United States.

3

18 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus.

9. R. affinis (R. Brown) : radical leaves petioled, pedately multifid ;
canline ones subsessile, digitate, with linear lobes ; stern erect, few-flowered
and, with the calyx and ovaries, pubescent ; carpels with a recurved beak,
disposed in oblong-cylindrical heads. R. Br. in Parrifs \sl voy. ajrp. p.
265; Hook.Jl. Hor-Am. I. p. 12.

a. petals twice as long as the calyx. Hook. I. c. t. 6. A. — R. affinis, R. Br.
I. c; Richards, in Frankl. l.s^ jour. app. cd. 2. p. 23 ; Hook, in Parry's
2nd voy. app. p. 384. R. arcticus, Richards. I. c. ed. 1.

/?. petals a little shorter than the calyx, or none ; lower leaves more or less
divided. Hook. I. c. i. 6. A. b.

y. the exterior radical leaves suborbicular, undivided. Hook. I. c.

Canada to the Arctic Sea, and from long. 95° to the western declivity of
the Rocky Mountains. Kotzebue's Sound, Hook. P. & y. Melville Is-
land and shore of the Arctic Sea, Hook. — Very near R. auricomus. Broun.

10. R. ovalis (Hook.) : pubescent ; radical leaves oval, cordate or truncate
at the base, undivided, rarely crenately 3-lobed ; cauline ones subsessile,
digitate, Avith the lobes all linear ; stem erect, many-flowered ; calyx pubes-
cent as lono- as the corolla ; heads of carpels globose. Hook.fi. Bor.-Ain. 1.
p. 13. t. Q.f. B ; Raf. in Desv.jour. hot. 2. p. 268 ? ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 43 1

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°, and about Carlton House.— Root fasciculately '
fibrous. Radical leaves crenate, undivided, trifid, or pedately palmate. Se-
pals spreading, at length reflexed. Petals oval. Carpels as in R. affinis.

11. R. hrevicaulis (Hook.): pubescent; radical leaves all undiAaded,
cordate-oval, crenate, cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; stem much shorter
than the leaves, erect, many-flowered ; heads of carpels globose ; petals 6.
Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. I. p. 13. t. 7. A.

Shores of Lake Huron, Drummond; Fort Gratiot, St. Clair River, Dr.
Pitcher .'—Plant 2-6 inches high. Leaves on long petioles, large in proportion
to the size of the plant. Flower about half an inch in diameter.— Probably
only a variety of the preceding species.

12. R. rhomboideus (Goldie) : hirsutely pubescent; radical leaves ovate-
rhomboid, undivided, serrate (or crenate), cauline ones palmate, floral ones
deeply laciniate ; sepals spreading, pilose; head of carpels globose, glabrous,
with an extremely short heak.— Goldie, in Edinb. phil.jour. G. p. 329. t. 11.
/. 1 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 12.

Canada, 'Goldie, Denke! Near Montreal, Dr. Holmes .'Stem 3-6
inches high, branching above. Radical leaves orbicular-ovate, rhomboidal or
obovate-cuneiform. Petals 5, oblong-obovate, longer than the sepals.

13. R. cardiophyllns (Hook.) : hirsutely pubescent ; radical leaves round-
cordate, with the base rather deeply emarginate, undivided or many-cleft ;
cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; the lobes linear, incisely crenate ; petals
broadly oval, very obl:use, twice as long as the spreading sepals ; head of
carpels oblong.— //oo/f. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 14. t. 5./. B; Nutt. in jour. acad.
Phi lad. l.p'.S.

Canada to lat. 55°; Rocky Mountains, Drummond; Flat-Head River,
N. W. America, Mr. Wyeth.— Stem 1 foot high, robust. Stem-leaves nearly
sessile. Carpels numerous, roundish, small, terminated Avith a minute ra-
ther long hooked style. Flowers golden yelloAV, as large as in R. bulbosus.
Hook.— This and the four preceding species are nearly allied, and aU of
Ihera, Avith the exception of R. rhomboideus, may be, as Hooker suspects,
only varieties of R. auricomus. They all have fibrose-fasciculate roots.

14./?. micranthus (Nutt.! mss.) : "hairy, dAvarf, (small-flowered);
leaves petiolate, somcAvhat rhombic-OA'ate, crenate, some of ihem 3-parted or
3-cleft ; cauline ones subsessile, Avith 3 to 5 linear-oblong divisions; sepals
AA'ith a bj-oid membranaceous border, as long as the corolla.

Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEaE. 19

"Margin of ponds throughout the upper and western part of Missouri;
likewise in Arkansas, collected by Dr. Pitcher." Nullall ! — Dislin<,nii-hed
iroin R. abortivus, which it much resembles, by the constant hairiness of the
stem, calyx, and petioles, as will as by the very ditlerenl form of the primary
leaves. " From R. ovalis it dillers in the flower being less than half as large,
and also by the shorter radical leaves with much fewer serraturcs." Niui.

/?. '? Cidifurnkiui : stem very short; leaves much crowded; primary
ones reni form-cordate, cauiine trifoliolate ; the leaflets on long petioles, 2-|j
lobed.

California. DoHcrlas ! — Stem short and thick, scarcely 2 inches high.
Leaves nearly glabrous, except a little hairiness on the margin, the petioles
pubescent. Flower subsolitary, as large as in R. abortivus. — We have but a
solitary and rather imperfect specimen of this plant, and are therefore unable to
determine whether it is a distinct species, or a mere variety of R. micranthus.

•15. R. glahervimus (Hook.) : leaves all (except the uppermost) petioled ;
radical ones roundish, entire or coarsely 3-toothed ; cauiine ones somewhat
cuneiform, 3-cleft ; petals twice as large as the oval spreading sepals ; heads
of caqiels globose. Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 12. t. 5. A ; Nuit. ! in jour,
acad. Philad. 1. p. 7.

Rocky Mountams near perpetual snow, Douglas ; WallaAvallali River, &c.
Nuttall ! — Roots fibrose-fasciclcd. Whole plant very glabrous, somewhat
succulent. Stem a span high, 1-3-flowered. Cauiine leaves 3-cleft ; seg-
ments lanceolate, obtuse, entire. Corolla half an inch in diameter. Petals
5, oval, twice the length of the calyx.

16. R. abortivus (Linn.) : glabrous and very smooth ; radical leaves peti-
oled, reniform or broadly ovate and subcordate, crenate, sometimes 3-cIeft ;
cauiine ones 3-5-parted, with linear-oblong nearly entire segments ; sepals
reflexed, longer than the petals ; head of carpels globose or ovate. — Willd.
sp. 2. p. 1334 ; Pnrsh ! fl. 2. p. 392 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 34 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 1. Tj. 14. (excl. /?.) R. nitidus, ^YaU. Car. p. 159?; Pursh ! I. c.

Newfoundland, and Canada lat. 57°, to S. Carolina ! west to Arkansas !
and the Rocky Mountains ; in rocky woods. April-June. — Root fibrose-
fascicled. Stem simple or branching. Flowers 2-3 lines in diameter. Se-
pals oval, obtuse, colored. Petals pale yellow, with a conspicuous truncate
scale. Carpels roundish, margined, with a very short straight style (or some-
times with a long and stout recurved miicro. Hook.) — Near R. auricomus,
but a smoother plant with much smaller flowers. Var. P. of Hooker is per-
liaps a form of that species.

17. R. sceleratus (Linn.) : glabrous ; leaves petioled, 3-parted ; radical
ones with the divisions 3-lobed and obtusely incised ; the upper cauiine ones
Aviih oblong-linear nearly entire lobes ; sepals reflexed, about equal to the
petals ; camels minute, disposed in oblong-cylindrical heads. — WUJd. sp. 2.
p. 1315 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. jj. 293 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 34 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 59 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 15.

p. midtijidus (Nntt.lmss.): "leaves much divided ; flowers larger ; headof
carpels ovate, thick."

In ditches, &.c. Canada! (lat. 67°) to S.Carolina, p. Ponds of the Platte,
Nuttall ! — Stem thick and succulent, fistulous, very leafy. Flowers small,
pale yellow. Carpels very numerous, scarcely pointed. /?. About a span
high, more slender ; the head of carpels much shorter and thicker.

IS. R. Pnrshii (Richardson): submerged leaves filiformly 2-3-choto-
mously dissected, with the segments flat ; emersed ones reniform, 3-5-parted,
the lobes variously divided ; petals twice as large as the reflexed sepals ; car-
pels in globose heads, smooth, with a short and straight ensiform style. —
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 15.

a. leaves all filiformly dissected (flowers as large as in R. acris) ; stem fis-

20 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus,

tulous. Hook. I. c. — R. multifidus, Purah ! Ji. 2. p. 736 ; DC. I. c. R. aqua-
ticus, flore fiavo, tbliis infiinis tenuissime divisis &c., C'layt. / Virg. ed. 2.
no. 885. R. (iuviatilis, Bisrel. Jl. Bost. ed. 1. p. 139. -R. delphinifolius,
Torr. in. Eat. hot. ed. 3. (1822) p. 424. R. lacustris, Btck (^ Tracy in
Eat. I. c. p. 423, d^ in trans. Albany inst. 1. p. 148. t. 5.

p. submersed leaves filiformly dissected; floating ones reniform, palmately
many-cleft. Hook. I. c. t. 7. B.f. i.

y. creeping; lower leaves many-cleft, with linear segments; the upper
ones reuiibrm, pahnately many-cleft. Hook. I. c. t. 7. B. f. 2. — R. Purshii
a. Richards. ! in apj). Frank I. journ. ed. 2. p. 23.

y. creeping ; leaves all round-reniform, palmately 3-5-clcft. Hook. I. c. t.
7. B. f. 3. — R. Purshii /?. Hie hards, i. c. R. Gmeleni. DC.prodr. 1. p. 35.
(excl. syn.) R. Langsdorfii, DC. I. c.

In ponds and muddy places, from extreme Arctic America to N. Carolina !
Louisiana! Ohio! &c. West to the Rocky Mountains! and Kotzebue's
Sound. May-July. — Flowers bright yeUow.

19. R. liniosus. (Nutt.l mss.) : " subaquatic, procumbent, somewhat hairy ;
leaves reniform, palmately 5-cleft, the segments 2-3-toothed or somewhat
lobed ; the divisions blunt, short and shallow ; stem 1-2-flowered ; sepals
shorter than the rounded petals; carpels scarcely keeled, with a short nearly
straight beak.

" Margins of ponds in the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, Lewis's
River, &.c. Near R. Purshii y. Hook. ?" Nidt. — It appears scarcely to differ,
except in the pubescence, from some of the numerous varieties of R.Purshii.

20. H. Lapponicus (Linn.) : leaves glabrous ;- radical ones on long pe-
tioles, 3-parted, with the lobes dilated, obtuse, coarsely toothed ; scape
1-flowered, (sometimes 1-leaved,) longer than the leaves ; sepals 3, reflexed.
DC. — Linn.Ji. Lapp. t. 3.f. 4; DC.prodr. 1. p. 35; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 16.

Arctic America, from lat. 50° to the Arctic Sea. Kotzebue's Sound,
Hook. ^ Am. in Bat. Beechey.' — Petals 6 (8, Sclilecht.), spatulate. Car-
pels 6-10, in roundish heads. AUied to Ficaria. Hooker.

21. R. hyperboreus (Rottboell) : leaves glabrous, petioled, 3-cleft ; lobes
oblong-oval, divaricate, the lateral ones somewhat 2-cleft, the middle one
undivided ; sheaths with the base biauriculate ; stem filiform, creeping.
DC.—Fl. Dan. t. 331 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 35 ; Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 16. R.
Gmeleni, Schlecht. animad. bot. 2. p. 85. (fide Hook.)

Arctic America. — Heads globose, compact ; carpels distinctly margined on
the back. Hooker. — Allied to R. Cymbalaria, but distinguished by its trifid
leaves. DC.

22. K.pygmceits (Wahl.) : leaves glabrous, 3-5-cleft, radical ones petioled,
cauline ones sessile ; stem 1-flowered ; calyx glabrous, longer than the
somewhat reflexed petals ; carpels roundish, pointed with a short hooked
style. DC— Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 157. t. 8. /. 1 ; Pursh^ Jl. 2. p. 393 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 35; Hook..' Jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 17.

Coast of Arctic America ! and Rocky Mountains in lat. 55°. Spitzber-
gen ! Unalaschka ! Kotzebue's Sound, Hook. ^ Am. in bot. Beechey.
Labrador, Pitrsh, and herb. Schweinitz .' — Stem erect, never creeping,
1-2 inches high. Heads oblong. Carpels subglobose, not margined at the
back. Hooker. — Intermediate between R. hyperboreus and nivalis. DC.

23. R. Sabinii (R. BroAvn) : radical leaves on long petioles, 3-parted ;
lobes elliptical, the lateral ones 2-cleft ; cauline ones sessile, 3-parted, the
divisions linear ; calyx hirsute, nearly equal to the retuse petals. R. Br. in
Parry^s 1st voy. app.p. 264; Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. I. p. 17.

Melville Island and Shores of the Arctic Sea. — Verj' near R. nivalis. R. Br.
.24. R. nivalis (R. Brown) : radical leaves on long petioles, dilated, lobed ;

Ranunculits. RANUNCULACEiE. 21

the lobes somewhat ovate ; cauline ones nearly sessile, palmate ; stem erect,
about 1-Howered ; calyx very hirsute, shorter than the obovate entire petals ;
style nearly straight, as long as the glabrous ovaries. It. lir. I. c. j Hook.!
I. c.

a. radical leaves reniform, deeply lobed ; the middle lobe cuneiform-obo-
vate, narrowed at the base. R. lir.— R. nivaVis, Linn. ; DC. prod r. ].]>.
35.

0. radical leaves cuneiform at the base, lobed scarcely to the middle ; the
middle lobe semi-ovate, broad at the base ; petals round-obovate, once and a
half the length of the very hirsute calyx, li. Jir.—R. sulphureus, Holand. ;
iScklcclit. (niinuid. hot. 2. p. 15.

y. radical leaves somewhat cuneiform at the base, or deeply lobed trans-
versely ; the middle lobe cunciform-obovate, narrower at the base. B. Br.

Arctic America ! and from Labrador ! and Spitzbergen ! to Kotzebue's
Sound (Beechey), and the Rocky Mountains, lat. 55°.

25. R. Eschscholtzii (Schlecht.) : leaves ciliate; radical ones petioled,
3-parted, the divisions lobed ; stem about 1-Howered ; calyx hirsute, shorter
than the petals ; carpels obliquely ovate, terminated by a short style. DC. —
Schlecht. animad. hot. 2. p. 16. ^ 1; DC. prodr. 1. j). 35; IIuolc. fi. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 18.

0. petals abortive or very small. Hook. I. c.

Unalaschka, &c. N. W. America. /?. Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-56°.—
Near R. nivalis.

26. R. pedatijidus (Smith) : leaves minutely pubescent ; the radical ones
petioled, palmately or pedately divided, with the lobes linear and entire ;
scape erect, nearly naked, 1-2-flowered ; calyx spreading, somewhat villous.
Hook.— Smith, in Rees's cycl. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 36 ; Hook. I.e. t. 8. B.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-55^. — Leaves somewhat ciliate. Scape
1-leaved, 3 inches high. Carpels disposed in a roundish head, ovale, at-
tenuate into a recurved style which is scarcely as long as the fruit. Hook.

27. R. acris (Linn.) : leaves pubescent or somewhat glabrous, 3-5-part-
ed, with the segments deeply and laciniately trifid ; lobes lanceolate, acute,
the uppermost linear ; stem many-flowered ; peduncles terete ; calyx spread-
ino-, villous ; carpels roundish, compressed, terminated with a short recurved
style.— PMr«/i, fl. 2. p. 394; DC. prodr. 1. j). 36; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 18.

13. hairy ; petals oblong, 10-14.— R. Deppii, Nutt. ! mss.

Meadows and pastures, Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania ! H. California,
Nuttall ! June.— Stem 1-2 feet high, hirsute, with the pubescence appressed
or spreading ; sometimes nearly glabrous. Flowers large. — Butter-cups.

28. R. repens (Linn.) : stems sending ofT from the base long prostrate or
creeping branches ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets cuneiform 3-lobed incisely
toothed, the middle one (and generally the lateral one also) petiolulate ; pe-
duncles sulcate ; calyx spreading ; carpels Avith a broad rather straight point.
—DC. prodr. 1. p. 38 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 394; DarKngt.fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 329.
R. prostratus, Poir. diet. 6. p. 113. R. intermedins, Eat! man. ed. 3. R.
Clintonii, Beck,Jl. p. 7. R. fascicularis, Bart. fl. Philad. 2. p. 25. R. niti-
dus, Mnhl. cat. ed. 2. p. 56; Ell. sk. 2. p. 60; 'Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20.
(excl. syn. DC.)

13. linearilobus (DC.) : prostrate ; stems very long, floriferous ; lobes of the
leaves very narrow.

y. Marilandicus : stem and petioles densely hirsute with rather soft hairs;
leaflets distinctly petiolulate. — R. Marilandicus, Poir. diet. 6. p. 126; DC.
syst. 1. p. 291 ; Piirsh ! I. c.

Wet shady places, particularly along rivers, Canada ! to Georgia ! and

22 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus,

west to the Pacific ! y. Pennsylvania to Kentucky ! — May^uly. — Stems at
length 1-4 feet long, commonly prostrate, and olten rooting; the earliest
iiowering ones erect; usually hairy below, but often nearly smooth. Leaves
with the petioles more or less pilose. Peduncles 1-3 inches long. Flowers
middle sized (in sy)eciinens from Oregon smaller). Carpels in a globose head,
margined, suborbicular, pointed with a short beak, which is nearly straight
or somewhat incurved. A variable plant; the stem being procumbent or
erect; the flowers sometimes much smaller, sometimes larger than in R.
acris, and the leaves presenting much diversity of form and lobing. — Pursh's
specimen of this plant in Lambert's herbarium is labelled in the hand-^vrit-
ing of De Candolle.

29. JR. hispidus (Michx.) : stem erect, branching and, Avith the petioles,
very pilose with stiif spreading hairs ; leaves trifoliolate or 3-parted ; seg-
ments oval, acute, laciniate ; pedicels with the pubescence appressed ; calyx
appressed ; carpels smooth, pointed with a very short style. — DC. proch: 1.
p. 38 ; Michx.! fl. 1. p. 321; Ell. sk. 2. p. 62. R. Belvisii, DC. I. c. R.
Penusylvanicus, Pmsh ! fl. 2. p. 393.

Shady rich soils, often in very wet places, New Jersey ! to S. Carolina !
and west to Oregon. May-July. — Stem 1^-2 feet high, widely branching,
rather naked above. Leaves very hairy, often divided nearly to the base
into many acute segments. Flowers as large as in R. acris.

30. i?. occidentalis (Nutt.! mss.): "hirsute with shining spreading hairs;
leaves trifid or 3-parted ; segments cuneate and trifid, or incisely toothed, the
lateral ones often subdivided ; the uppermost leaves trifid, with linear acute
segments ; stem divaricate, many-flowered ; sepals reflexed, half as long as
the eUiptical-oblong petals ; carpels smooth, much compressed, with the re-
volute style nearly their own length." — R. recurvatus, Bong. ! veg. Sitcha,
in mem,, acad. St. Petersb. (6 ser.) 2. p. 123. (excl. syn.) ; Hook. ! fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20. (in part.)

Plains of the Oregon River, near woods, Nuttall ! Dr. Scouler ! ; Sitcha,
Bongard! — Root composed of fasciculate fibres. Stem slender, about a
foot high, somewhat branching, rather naked, densely clothed with shining
brown hairs. Leaves scarcely more than an inch in length and breadth.
Flowers Avhen expanded 8-10 lines in diameter. Carpels slightly hairy, mar-
gined ; the beak, when mature, so much recurved as to be revolute. — Nearly
related to R. lanuginosus of Europe, but differs in its slender naked stems,
smaller leaves and flowers, narrow petals, &c. — We refer to this species R.
recurvatus of Hooker, in part, because we have specimens under that name
from Dr. Scouler, collected in Oregon.

31. R. Pennsylvaniciis (Linn.): stem and petioles pilose-hispid with
spreading hairs ; leaves ternate, villous, Avith the hairs appressed ; lower ones
on long petioles, the leaflets petiolulate ; lobes lanceolate, incised ; calyx re-
flexed, longer than the small petals ; heads oblong or somewhat cylindrical ;
carpels pointed with a very short straight style. — DC pi-odr. 1. p. 40 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 63 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 19. R. Canadensis, Jacq. ic. rar.
1. t. 165. R. hispidus, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 395.

Wet places, Maine ! Michigan ! New-York ! to Georgia. British America,
west to the Pacific. June-Aug. — Whole plant hispidly pilose. Stem stout
and erect, 1-2 feet high, branching. Flowers very small.

32. R. recurvatus (Poir.): erect; stem and petioles clothed with spread-
ing somewhat stiff" hairs; leaves 3-parted, villous with appressed hairs or
nearly glabrous; segments broadly oval, incisely toothed, the lateral ones
2-lobed ; calyx reflexed ; petals narroAvly oblong, shorter than the sepals
(sometimes abortive) ; heads ovate-globose ; carpels Avith a short hooked style.
—Poir. diet. 6. p. 123; Pursh, fl.2. p. 394; DC.prodr. 1. p. 39; Deless.
ic. 1. t. 41 5 Ell. sk. 2. p. 63 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20. (in part.)

Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE.E. 23

(i. Nelsonii (DC.) : lobes of the leaves appoximatc ; pedicels approximate ;
pubescence of the pedicels apprcssed. Hook. I. c.

y. stem and leaves nearly glabrou?;. Honk. I. r.

6. stem and petioles retrorsely and hispidly pilose with reddish hairs ; pedi-
cels very short ; petals often abortive.

Shady rich soils, Labrador to Georgia! ,5. Oregon River, Dr. Scnulcr !

0. Unalaschka. )-. Oregon and Canada. May-June.— About a foot high.
Leaves 2-3 inches in diameter, the outline pentangular, all of them petiolate;
lobes dilated, coarsely toothed and incised. Flowers few, very small, on
short peduncles. Sepals oblong. Petals always shorter than the sepals, and
often scarcely half their length, pale yellow. Scale very conspicuous, cuneate,
bidentate at the summit. Carpels much compressed ; the beak very slender,
about half the length of the carpel.

33. R. Carolinianus (DC.) : stem erect, with a few slender branches,
hairy, the hairs on the lower part somewhat spreading, above appressed ;
radical leaves cordate, 3-lobed or 3-parted ; lobes ovate, subincised or cre-
nately toothed ; cauline ones 3-parted, Avith the lobes linear-lanceolate and
nearly entire ; sepals shorter than the oblong-obovate petals ; carpels few, con-
spicuously margined, with the beak broad and nearly straight.— />C'. syst.

1. p. 292. R. palmatus, Ell. sk. 2. p. 61. R. lanuginosus, Pursh, ji. 2. p.
294?

Pine-barren swamps, South Carolina, Elliott. West Florida, Dr. Chap-
man! April-May.— Stem 12-18 inches high, slender, the upper part pro-
ducing several long 1-flowered branches. Leaves scarcely more than an
inch in length and breath ; lobes rhombic-ovate, obtusely toothed. Flowers
about half an inch in diameter. Carpels 5-8, large, the margin almost
winged. — A very distinct species, allied to R. occidentalis, Nictt.j but easily
distinguished by the short nearly straight beaks of the carpels.

34. R. tomentosus (Poir.) : stem ascending, very villous with spreading
hairs, 1-2-flowcred ; leaves tomentose. petiolate, 3-cleft ; the upper ones ses-
sile, ovate, undivided ; calyx very villous, somewhat rcflcxed. DC. — Pair,
diet. 6. p. 127 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 292 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 264; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 394.

In South Carolina, Bosc. — Root fibrous-fasciculate. Stern short, as-
cending at the summit, densely clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves
3-cleft r segments 3-lobed, ovate, dentate, with the pubescence appressed.
Petals obovate, a little longer than the calyx. DC.—De Candolle remarks
of this obscure species that it resembles R. pubescens and R. Marilandicus.
He refers to it R. tomentosus of Pursh, whose specimen in Lambert's her-
barium is too imperfect for comparison. He also refers R. lanuginosus of
Pursh both to R. tomentosus and R. Carolinianus, noting it, in the latter in-
stance, with the mark (!); but we did not observe any Purshiau specimens
of that species in Lambert's herbarium. Is R. tomentosus, Poir. a variety
of R. repens ?

35. R. ienellus (Nutt.! mss.): " leaves somewhat hairy on the upper side,
the radical ones on long petioles, cordate, 3-5-cleft; the divisions 2-3-cleft,
acute ; those of the stem 3-parted or entire ; stem slender and someAvhat
spreading, smooth ; flowers minute ; carpels much compressed, smooth, with
a minute curved style.

" Shady woods of the Oregon and AVahlamet Rivers," Nuttall .'—Stem U
-2 feet high, nearly naked, almost filiform. Leaves an inch long.— FloAvers
as large as in R. sceleratus. Sepals hairy. Petals obovate, a little larger
than the sepals. Peduncles much elongated in fruit. Carpels 6-8, suborbicu-
lar ; the style slender and very short.

36. R. fascicularis (Muhl.): plant clothed Avith an appressed silky pubes-
cence; stem short, erect or spreading; leaves pinnately divided; segments

24 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus.

oblong-obovate or cuneiform, pinnatifidly lobed ; calyx spreading, villous, half
the length of the petals; heads subglobose; carpels orbicular, tumid; style sub-
ulate, somewhat curved, nearly as long as the carpels.— Mu/i/. / cat. p. 56 ;
VC.prodr. 1. p. 40; Bigel. fl. Host. ed. 2. p. 226; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 20. t. 8. / 1 ; JJarlingt. ! ji. Cest. p. 329.

Rocky woods, &c. Canada! to Pennsylvania! and Wisconsin! April-May.
— Root fascicled. Leaves variously divided, but the middle lobe always
petioled. Petals obovate or oblong (5-6-7 Hook.). Flowers as large as in
R. acris. Carpels glabrous, scarcely margined, minutely punctate, abruptly
terminated by a slender curved or nearly straight style (in our specimens),
or margined, the margin tapering upward into a recm'ved filiform style,
which is fiat and membranaceous at the base (Ilook.). — We have not seen
the carpels as they are described by Hooker; — nor is the style more than
slightly curved as represented in his figure.

37. R. Schlechtetidalii (Hook.): pilose with spreading hairs ; stem some-
what branching, short; leaves on long petioles, reniform-cordate, 3-parted;
lobes obovate, 3-cleft or laciniately divided; sepals- pUose, spreading, at
length reflexed, shorter than the petals ; style as long as the ovary. Hook,
fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 11. R. fascicularis, Schlecht. animad. hot. 2. p. 30. t. 2.
(Me Hook.)

Rocky Mountains, lai. 52°-55°. — A span high. Leaves somewhat hirsute,
ciliate, all except the uppermost cordate or reniform. Petals obovate.
Fruit not seen. Hook.

38. R. orthorhynchus (Hook.): hairy, with the hairs closely appressed ;
stem erect, slender, branching and nearly naked above ; radical leaves petiol-
ed, 3-foliolate ; leaflets linearly many-cleft, with white callous points ; calyx
reflexed ; carpels semi-ovate, compressed, strongly margined, shorter than the
nearly straight style. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. ^. 21. ^. 9.

Low lands near rivers, Oregon, Douglas^ Nuttall ! — Stem 1-2 feet high,
sparsely hirsute. Leaves ternately pinnatifid, with the leaflets mostly pin-
natifidly divided ; segments linear or oblong. Flowers as large as in R. acris.
Sepals oval, half the length of the obovate petals. Carpels few and large,
glabrous.

39. R. bulbosus (Linn.): hairy; radical leaves petioled 3-foliolate and
somewhat pinnately divided ; leaflets 3-cleft, incisely toothed ; stem erect,
bulbous at the base; calyx reflexed, shorter than the sepals; carpels sub-
ovate, with a short acute recurved beak. — DC prodr. 1. ji. 41; Michx ! fl.
1. p. 321; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 392; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 331.

Fields and pastures; introduced from Europe. May. — Stem about a foot
high ; hairs appressed. Leaves variously cut. Peduncles sulcate. Petals
sometimes more than 5, deep yeUow, and shining. Carpels in a globose
head. — Butter-mps.

§ 3. Carpels tuherculate or aculeate-hispid. — Echinella, DC.

40. R. miiricatns (Linn.): leaves petioled, glabrous, somewhat orbicular,
mostly 3-lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed; stem sparingly pilose, erect or
diffuse ; calyx spreading, shorter than the petals ; carpels tuberculate-acule-
ate, margined, terminated by a strong, ensiform, straight or somewhat hook-
ed beak.— M/r/(,.r..'.^. 1. p. 321; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 395; Ell.sk. 2. p. 64;
Lam,, ill. t. 4:98 ; DC. prodr. (P. Carolinus) 1. p. 42.

Virginia to Louisiana ! May — July. Introduced '? — Leaves sometimes
undivided, sometimes cleft to the base ; floral ones oblong or lanceolate^
entire. Flowers small. Petals obovate, bright yellow.

Myosurcs. RANUNCULACEiE. 25

41. R. parviflorus (Linn.): villous; leaves somewhat orbicular, 3-lobed or
ternate ; stem subdocuinbent ; calyx equalling the petals, at hiii^th rellexed ;
carpels roundish, (granulated and hispid ; style short, straicht, or slightly
hooked. — DC. proflr. 1. ]>. 42. R. trachyspermus, Eli.! sk. 2. p. G5.

p. leaves 3-lobed, with the lobes iucisely and acutely toothed.

y. leaves cleft to the base or ternate ; leallets cuneiform, 3-lobed.

Virginia, North Carolina! /?. Georgia!). California, Dovgla.'i! — (J) ! Stem
6-15 inches high, slender. Leaves less than an inch in diameter. Flowers
small. Petals 3-4-5. Carpels with a thin acute margin ; beak scarcely one
third the length of the carpel.

X Doubtful species.

42. R. Ilornemanni (Schlecht.): leaves ternate, hirsute ; leaflets 3-lob"d ;
calyx reflexed, pilose; peduncles sulcate. DC. prodr. 1. p. 44; Schlecht.
animad. bot. 2. p. 36. — Allied to R, Philonotis. DC.

43. R. CJiiJensis (DC): stem procumbent, and with the petioles hispid;
leaves somewhat villous, roundish-cordate, 2-3-cleft; lobes coarsely dentate;
calyx very villous. DC. syst. 1. p. 286 ; Ilook. ^ Am. in bot. Beechey,p.
4. t. 3.

Cahfornia? Hook. ^ Am. (1. c.) The plant may have been introduced by
mistake among the Californiaa collections of Beechey's voyage.

44. R. sepientrionalis (Poir.) : smoothish ; leaves membranaceous, gla-
brous, 3-foliolate ; leaflets somewhat 3-lobed, incised, acute ; stem and base
of the petioles hirsute ; peduncles about 2-flowered; calyx reflexed. Poir.
diet. 6. p. 125 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 395.

De Candolle refers Poiret's plant to his R. Carolinianus ; but it can hardly
be that species.

R. Robini, Raf. Jl. Liidov.=K. Flammula.

R. meganthusj Raf. 1. c.

R. polypetaluSj Raf. 1. c.

R. leptopetalus, Raf. 1. c.

R. obtusiusculus, Raf.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 43.

6. MYOSURUS. DHL; Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 231.

Sepals 5, produced downward at the base beyond their insertion. Petals
5 ; the claw filiform and tubular. Stamens 5-20. Achenia triquetrous, very
closely spicate on a much elongated torus. Seed suspended. — A minute
annual, with linear entire radical leaves. Scapes 1-flowered; flower mi-
nute.

M. minimus (Linn.) — DC. prodr. 1. p. 25; Ell. sk. I. p. 582. M.
Shortii, Raf. ! in Sill. jour. 1. p. 379 ; DC. I. c.

Rocky borders of the Wahlamet, Oregon: and in alluvial situations in
Arkansas, Nnttall ! Georgia and Louisiana, Z>r. /yeare??7/-or?/i .' Kentucky,
Short ! April. — Leaves 1-2 inches long, less than a line in breadth. Scape
1-4 inches high. Flowers pale yellow. Spike of carpels terete, tapering,
resembling the tail of a mouse : — hence its vulgar name-'Motise-tail.

4

26 RANUNCULACE^. Caltha.

7. CYRTORHYNCHA. Nutt. mss.

V

" Sepals 5, petaloid, narrow, spreading. Petals 5, narrow and unguiculate ;
the claAV nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity
at its summit. Stamens rather numerous: anthers rounded. Stigmas ^hort
and subulate, strongly incurved. Achenia oblong-cylindrical, somewhat con-
spicuously grooved (not carinated), collected into a spheroidal head. Seed
suspended. — A small perennial herbaceous plant. Leaves mostly arising
from a short caudex, ternate and bipinnatcly divided. Panicle loose and cy-
mose. Calyx petaloid and, like the corolla, bright yellow. In the fruit it
resembles Thalictrum; in the flower, both Anemone and Ranunculus."

C. ranuncrdina (Nutt.! mss.)

" By the sides of gravelly brooks in the eastern range of the Rocky Moun-
tains, around the place known by the name of Independence Rock on the
banks of the Sweet Water of the Platte, but not further to the Avestward.
Flowers in June. — Caudex clothed with numerous brown vestiges of sheath-
ing petioles. The whole plant quite smooth. Leaves somewhat coriaceous
and shining ; radical ones on long petioles, the subdivisions pinnatifid ; la-
cinise entire or 2-3-toothed. Stem, or scape, about a span high, cymosely
branched above ; bearing at the lowest division a single sessile 3-parted
leaf, and at the upper divisions minute and undivided leaves. Sepals ob-
long-ovate, spreading but not reflexed. Petals somewhat longer than the
sepals, oblong, obtuse, very conspicuously narrowed beloAv into a long claw,
(almost like the nectaries of Coptis) ; the upper part of the claw thickened
bv a scale-like process. Stamens 20 or more : anthers adnate. Carpels
10-15, quite glabrous, cylindrical-oblong, grooved (as in Thalictrum). Stig-
ma subulate, shorter than the ovary, inflexed so as to be almost concealed
in the mature fruit."

Tribe III. HELLEBORES. DC.

Petals IrreQ-ular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous, sometimes
wanting. Calyx petaloid. Anthers mostly extrorse. Carpels few
(rarely solitary), follicular, with several seeds.

8. CALTHA. Linn.; DC. sysi. 1. p. 306.

Sepals 6-9, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 5-10.
Follicles 5-10, compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial very gla-
brous herbs. Leaves cordate or reniform (rarely sagittate). — The North
American species belong to § 2. Populago, DC.

1. C. palustris (Linn.) : stem erect ; leaves suborbicular, cordate or reni-
form, obtusely crenate or nearly entire ; the lobes rounded ; sepals 5-6,
broadly oval. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 44; Micli.v. fl. 1. p. 324; Piirsh^ f. 2. p.
390; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 336.

/?. integerrima : leaves wholly entire ; floral ones sessile, obscurely cre-
nate, petals obovate. — C. integerrima, Pursh! Ji. 2. p. 390; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 45.

y. parnassifolia: stem 1-flowered, 1-leaved; leaves all petioled, broadly-
reniform, sharply toothed ; sepals elliptical. — C. parnassifolia, Raf. in med.

Trollius. RANUNCULACEiE, 27

rep. 2. p. 361 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 22. DC. prodr. 1. p. 45. C. ficarinides,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 309. C. palustris /?. J3C. /. c? Ranunculus Ficaria, Mult.
Cav. p.' 1591

(5. flabelUfoHa: stem procumbent; leaves all petioled, broadly renifbrm,
the lobes widely spreading. — C. dcntata, Muhl cat. C. flabcllifolia, Pursh !
fl. 2. p. 390. /;

Swamps, Canada ! to South Carolina, and west to the Pacific ! April-
May. — Stem mostly erect, rather thick and succulent (in 6. more slen-
der), 6-10 inches high, corymbosely or dichotomously branched above (ex-
cept in y.). Radical leaves 2-4 inches broad, on petioles 3-8 inches or more
in length, crenatelv or acutely dentate, or quite entire. Flowers few, 1-1 i
inch in diameter (in S. smaller), pedunculate, bright yellow. Carpeh ob-
long, somewhat recurved, mucronate with the style ; the point at first in-
flexed, but at length nearly straight.

2. C. osarijolia (DC): stem nearly erect, 1-flowered ; leaves reniform-
cordate with the sinus obtuse, crenate ; sepals 6-7, oval. DC! .^tjst. 1. p.
309. (v. s. in herb. Lamb.)

Unalaschka and the Aleutian Isles. — Stem weak, longer than the leaves.
Leaves 12-15 lines long, 2 inchf^s broad ; those of the stem nearly ses-
sile. Sepals yellow, like those of C. palustris, but smaller. DC — Scarcely
more than a variety of C. palustris, and apparently identical with the var.
minor of De CandoUe.

3. C natans (Pallas): stem procumbent, floating; leaves reniform-cor-
date, crenate, Avith the lobes somewhat approximated, obscurely crenate to-
wards the base, toothed towards the summit; sepals oval; carpels with a
straight beak. DC. prodr. I. p. 45; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22.

Creeping on the surface of deep sphagnous swamps, in tne woody central
districts of British America, from Canada to lat. 60"; rare. Dr. Richard-
son. — Flowers white, not half as large as in C. palustris. Hook. Capsules
in a dense head ; anthers oval. R. Br.

4. C arctica (R. Brown): stem creeping; leaves reniform, repandly
crenate, obtuse; carpels (12-16) imbricated; stigma persistent, with the
apex rounded ; stamens 20 or more, with the anthers linear. R. Br. in
Parry\'i 1st voy. app. p. 265 ; Hook. f!. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22.

Melville Island, and coast of the Arctic Sea. — Flowers yellow. Near C.
radicans, and by its creeping stem allied to C. natans. The latter hassmaller
leaves, white floAvers and oval anthers. — R. Br.

5. C leptosepala (DC): stem 1-leaved or naked, mostly l-flowered ;
radical leaves on long petioles, ovate-cordate, obscurely crenate ; sepals 8-10,
oblong; pistils 8-15. — DC! syst. 1. p. 310. (v. s. in herb. Lamb.);
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22. t. 10. C. sagittata, Torr. ! in ann. lye. New-
York, 2. p. 164. (excl. syn.)

North West America, and Rocky Mountains, south to lat. 40^ ! — A span
high. Scape? 1 -(rarely 2-) flowered, smaller than in C. palustris. Sepals Avhite.
Carpels 8-10, oblong. Styles none, or very short ; stigma obtuse, recurved.

6. C bijlora (DC): stem with a single leaf, 2-flowered ; radical leaves
petioled, reniform, crenate, with a very broad sinus ; sepals oblong. DC.
syst. 1. p. 310 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22.

North West America. — Sepals rather acute, broader and shorter than in
the preceding species. Carpels 3-16, acuminate with the style. DC — Per-
haps, as Hooker intimates, not distinct from C leptosepala.

9. TROLLIUS. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 311.
Sepals 5-10-15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5-20, small, 1-lipped, tubu-

28 RANUNCULACE^. Coptis

lar at the base. Stamens and ovaries numerous. Follicles numerous, ses-
sile, somewhat cylindrical, many-seeded. — Perennial glabrous herbs ; with
fibrous-fasciculate roots, and palmately divided leaves ; the segments many-
cleft.

1. T. laxus (Salisb.): sepals 5-6, spreading ; petals 15-25, shorter than
the stamens.— 5'a//.s-/>. in Linn, trans. S.p. 303 ; Pursh,f. 2. p. 391 ; Gray !
in Ann. ]yc. New-York, S.p. 222. T. Amcricanus, Miihl.! cat. p. 56'; DC.
prndr. I. p. 46 ; Ilook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 23.

Sphagnous swamps, Canada to Pennsylvania ! Delaware ! Eastern de-
clivity of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52° and 55^, Drummond. May.-—
Plant 1-2 feet high, erect. Flowers twice as large as in Ranunculus acris.
Sepals ochroleucous with a tinge of green beneath. Petals minute, much
shorter than the stamens, deep orange-yellow. Carpels 8-15.

10. COPTIS. Salisb. in Linn, trans. S.p. 305.

Sepals 5-6, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-6. Stamens 15-25. Follicles
5-10 ; on long stipes, somewhat stellately diverging, membranaceous,
ovate-oblong, pointed with the style, 4:-S-seeded.— Herbs with radical, di-
vided, subcoriaceous leaves, and very slender extensively creeping roots.

§ 1. Petals very small, citcidlate-obconic. — Chryza, Raf.

1. C. trifolia (Salisb.): leaves 3-foIiolate ; leaflets cuneiform-obovate,
crenately and mucronately toothed, obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-floAvered. —
Salisb. I. c. ; Pursh,jl. 2. p. 390 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 47 ; Hook. ! f. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 23 ; Bigel. med. bot. 1. t. 5. Helleborus trifolius, Linn. ; Michx. fl.
1. p. 325. Chrysa borealis, Raf. in Desv. jour. bot. 2. p. 170.

Bogs, Greenland, and Labrador ! to Pennsylvania! North West America!
Sitcha! Unalaschka! May- June.— Roots consisting of long bright-yelloAV
fibres, intensely bitter. Leaves evergreen; leaflets about an inch long.
Scape slender, 3-5 inches high. Sepals 5-7, oblong, obtuse, white. Petals
much shorter than the sepals, yelloAv at the base. Carpels acuminated with
the persistent style. Seeds oblong, black and shining ; raphe very indis-
tinct, ■

§ 2. Petals and sepals linear^ co5«sm//ar.— Chrysocoptis, Kutt.

2. C. occ?V/e»to//5; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets petiolulate, broadly ovate,
subcordatc, 3-lobed, incisely toothed ; scape short, 3-flowered.— Chrysocoptis
occidentalis, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Phil ad. 7. p. 9. t. 1.

Rocky Mountains, Mr. VVyeth /—Roots long and slender, bright
yellow, arising from a short thick rhizoma. Leaves sempervirent, dark green,
about an inch and a half long, and nearly of the same breadth. Flowers on
very short pedicels. Petals about 6, with claws, similar to the sepals and of
equal length, not hooded. Ovaries 8-10. Fruit not seen. A%«.— Habit and
leaves of C. trifolia: flowers near C. asplcnifolia. The scape probably
lengthens in maturity.

§ 3. Petals and sepals somewhat similar : petals dilated and cucullate
in the middle, longer than the sepaZs.— Pterophyllum, Nutt.

3. C. asplenifoUa (Salisb.): leaves bitemate; leaflets somewhat pinna-

Aqoilegia. RANUNCULACE^. 29

tifid, acutely serrate ; scape 2-Ho\vere(l ; sepals 5, linear-lanceolate, rettexed.
Sulisb. I. c. ; Purs/i, fl. 2. ]). :^91 ; Hook. ft. lior.-Am. 1. p. 23. ;. U.

North West America! Sitcha ! — Rhizoma thick, horizontal, branchin<T,
lhro\vin<^ ofl' lon^ blackish fibres. Scape at first shorter than the leaves, in
fruit elongated ; pedicels very Ion?. Flowers white. Petals 5, very long
and narrow, dilated and concave-cucullate in the middle, fililbrmly attenuated
upwards. Carpels with a very short point at the summit.

11. ENEMION. Raf. in jour. phys. (1S20) 2. p. 70.

Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 20-30. Ovaries
3-6 (mostly 4), 2-ovuled : style as long as the ovary : stigma glandular, re-
curved. Follicles 2-6, sessile, ovate, compressed, acuminate with the style,
2-5eeded. Seeds large, ovate, compressed, with a prominent cord-like raphe :
albumen oily. — A slender smooth herbaceous perennial. Leaves biternately
divided, with lobed membranaceous segments. Flowers white. Roots fi-
brous and grumous.

E. hiternatum (Raf.! 1. c.)—DC. prodr. 1. p. 48. Isopyrum thalic-
troides. Short I cat. pL Kentucky, 1. p. S; Hook ! in jour. hot. p. 187.
(note.)

Moist shady places, Kentucky, Dr. SJwrt ! Dr. Peter ! Indiana, Dr.
Clappf Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! Ohio, liidt I ell. May.— Root consisting
of a tuft of thick fibres, often grumous. Stems several, 6-10 inches high,
moderately branched. Radical leaves, and those on the lower part of the
stem, on long petioles, biternate : leaflets roundish, 3-lobed ; the lobes very
obtuse. Petioles auricled at the base. Flowers on filifomi peduncles which
are at length much elongated, temiinal, and axillary near the upper part ot
the stem, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Sepals obovate, obtuse,
white. Petals always wanting. Stamens half as long as the sepals : fila-
ments filiform: anthers ovate. Ovaries seldom less than 3, or more than 5,
ovate. Style someAvhat clavate ; nearly the upper half stigmatic on the
inner side. Carpels broadly ovate, marked with a few strong oblique veins,
spreading in a radiated manner and at length reflexed, acuminated with the
persistent style. Seeds nearly a line and a half in length, minutely pubes-
cent. Embiyo very minute.— This plant so greatly resembles Isopyrum
thalictroides, that without the fruit, it can only be distinguished by a close
examination.

12. AGIUILEGIA. Lin7i.; DC. syst. 1. p. 333.

Sepals 5, deciduous, colored. Petals 5, somewhat bilabiate ; the outer lip
large, flat and spreading ; inner one veiy small, produced at the base into as
many hollow spurs or horns, which descend between the sepals. Follicles 5,
erect, many-seeded, pointed with the style. — Perennial herbs Avith hi- or tri-
ternate leaves. Flowers teraiinal, scattered. Columbine.

1. A. Canadensis (Linn.): spur straight, longer than the limb; sepals
ovate or oblong, a little longer than the petals ; stamens and styles exserted.
—Michx. .' ft. 1. p. 316 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 50 ; Bot. mag. t. 246 ; Hook.!
ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 24 (in part) ; Bart. ft. Am. Sept. 1. t. 36.

0. hybrid a (Hook.): spurs incurved at the apex; styles shorter; flowers
purplish.- //oo/f. Z. c— "A. Canadensis /?. violacea; spurs nearly twice the
length of the petals." Nutt. ! mss.

30 RANUNCULACEiE. Delphinidm.

On rocks, Hudson's Bay to Gf orgia ; west to Missouri ! fi. Big Blue Ri-
ver of the Platte, Nuttall! Rocky Mountains, Drummnvd. May-July. —
Root fusiform. Stem 12-18 inches high, and Avith the leaves, glabrous.
Leaves commonly biternate ; leaflets cuneiform, crenately lobed. Flowers
pendulous, scarlet externally, yellow inside. Spurs about an inch long, swol-
len and callous at the extremity. Ovaries pubescent.

2. A. /orwosa (Fischer): spur straight, much longer than the limb; se-
pals lanceolate, acute, three times the length of the petals ; styles as long as
the sepals. — Finch, in DC. prodr. 1. p. 50. A. Canadensis, Bov^.! veg.
Sitcha. in viem. acad. St. Petersb. (6 se?:) 2. p. 124 ; Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 50. (in part.)

Oregon, Nuttall ! Dr. Scovler ! Sitcha and Unalaschka, Bongard ! —
This species much resembles A. Canadensis; but differs in the comparative
nakedness of the stem, the upper part of which is clothed with a few small
leaves. The flowers are larger, pubescent and brighter colored, and the se-
pals are nearly as long as the spurs.

3. A. ccBrulea TTorr.) : spurs straight, very slender, about twice as long as
the limb ; sepals rnomboid-ovate, acute, longer than the petals ; stamens and
style shorter than the corolla. — Torr. ! in ann. lye. New-York, 2. p. 164.
A. leptocera, Nutt. ! in joiirn. acad. Philad. 7. p. 9.

Rocky Mountains, lat'. 40 \ Dr. James ! Mr. Wyeth! June.— Stem about
a foot high, slender, glabrous. Leaves mostly radical, glaucous beneath ;
leaflets deeply cleft. Flowers somewhat solitary, large, bright blue (ochro-
leucous, Nutt.). Sepals narrow at the base. Petals very obtuse.

4. A. brevistyla (Hook.): someAvhat pubescent; spurs incun-ed, shorter
than the limb^ styles short, included; petals a little exceeding the stamens. —
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 21. A. vulgaris? Richards, app. Frankl. jour,
ed. 2. p. 21.

Western parts of Canada, as far north as Bear Lake, Dr. Richardson. —
Stem and leaves as in A. vulgaris, but the flowers (Avhich are blue) only half
the size. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Carpels one inch long, pointed with a
short style. — Near A. vulgaris and A. cserulea. Hook.

13. DELPHINIUM. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 340.

Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid, irregular; the upper one produced into a spur
at the base. Petals 4, irregular ; the 2 superior ones furnished with a spur-
shaped appendage at the base, inclosed in the spur of the calyx. Ovaries 1-5,
mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. — Annual or perennial herbs Avith erect
branched stems. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. FloAvers in terminal
raceixies, commonly blue. — Larkspur.

§ 1. Ovary solitary : petals united into one: inner spur of one piece:
annual. — Consolida, DC.

1. D. Consolida, (Linn.) : stem erect, someAA'hat glabrous, divaricately
branched ; floAvers few, in a loose raceme ; pedicels longer than the bracts ;
carpels smooth. DC. prodr. 1. p. 51 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 372.

" Near Staunton, and on dry hills near the South Mountain [Virginia] na-
tive." Pursh., in herb. Barton .'—In fields, and along road-sides ; introduced
from Europe, and almost naturalized. July.

Delphinium. RANUNCULACE^. 31

§ 2. Ovaries 3-5; petals not coherinsr^ the inferior ones 2-cleft : sprir
elongated: perennial. — Dt'lphinastrum, DC.

2. D. e.raltattim (Ait.): petioles not dilated at the base ; leaves deeply 3-
5-cleft ; lobes cuneiform, divaricate, 3-cleft, acuminate ; raceme strict ; spur
straii^ht, as long as the calyx; lower petals deeply 2-cleft, sparingly beard( d ;
with a minute spur-like process at the base of the claw. — Ait. Keic. (ed. 1.)

2. p. 2H; DC. prodr. 1. /;. 51 ; Pur.';h, fl. 2. p. 371 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 18 ;
Hook. ft. Bnr.-Ani. \. p. 25. D. tridaetykim, Michx.! Jl. 1. p. 314. D. ur-
ccolaturn, Jacq. ic. rar. 1. t. 91. (fide Hook.) D. alpmum, Waldst. and
Kit. 3. /. 246. (fide Hook.)

Canada to South Carolina! Kentucky, Short! Ohio, Eiddell. June-
Aug. — Stem 2—1 feet high, glabrous below, pubescent towards the summit.
Lower leaves 4-5 inches in diameter, about 5-cleft ; upper ones somewhat
3-parted, with the divisions incised and widely spreading; lateral ones 2-
lobed. Racemes, and outer surface of the sepals, canescent. Flowers bright
blue (sometimes white, Drummond). Sepals with a pubescent, yellowish,
longitudinal line externally. Limb of the upper petals entire. Carpels 3,
straight,

3. D. Californicum: petioles dilated at the base ; leaves palmately 3-5-
cleft ; divisions incisely 3-lobed; raceme strict, and Avith the flowers, pubes-
cent ; spur as long as the calyx, somewhat incurved ; limb of the superior
petals notched; lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded on the inside ; the claw
furnished with a minute spur-like process at the base.

California, Douglas ! — Stem smooth below. Lower leaves deeply 5-cleft ;
the divisions cuneiform, 3-lobed ; segments of the upper leaves lanceolate,
divaricately lobed. Flowers as large as in D. exaltatum, pale blue ? Ovaries

3. Petals as long as the sepals.

4. D. tricorne (Michx.): petioles slightly dilated at the base ; leaves .5-
parted, with the divisions 3-5-cleft ; lobes linear, acutish ; petals shorter than
the sepals, the lower ones 2-cleft and bearded w:ithin; spur straight, as long
as the calyx, ascending. — Mich.r. ! Jl. 1. p. 314 ; Pvrsh ! Jl. 2. p. 371; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 54 ; Deless. ic. 1. t. 59 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 18.

Hills and woods, Pennsylvania! Virginia ! Louisiana and western States!
to Arkansas \ April-May. — Sparingly pubescent. Stem 6-18 inches high.
Root tuberous. Leaves with an orbicular circumscription. Raceme some-
what loose, 6-12-flowered. Flow^ers bright blue, sometimes white, pubescent.
Lower petals densely bearded ; claw slightly gibbous at the base. Carpels
3, ovate, spreading, reticulately veined.

5. D. Menziesii (DC.) : petioles slightly dilated at the base ; leaves 3-
parted; lobes 3-cleft, linear, entire; bracts 3-cleft; raceme strict; petals
bearded; spur straight, longer than the limb; root grumous. DC. syst. 1.
p. 355; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 25; Bat. reg. t. 1192. D. simplex, Hook.
I.e.

fi. ochroleuca (Nutt.! mss.): "flowers pale yellow, the tips of the sepals
only blue."

Western coast of America ! from California to Kotzebue's Sound, and on
the plains of the Oregon ! down to the sea, (never in the shade of the forest,
Nutt.) 0. Open prairies and along the banks of the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! —
Root grumous and tuberous. Stem from a span to two or more {eet high,
nearly simple but sometimes paniculately branched, and as well as the
leaves, pubescent. Raceme elongated; rachis and pedicels velvety-pubes-
cent. Flowers (except in /?.) deep blue, marked externally Avith a hairy Hne.
— Near D. azureum.

32 RANUNCULACE.E. Delphinium.

6. D. azureum (Michx.): petioles slightly dilated at the base; leaves 3-
5-parted, many-cleft, with linear lobes; racemes strict; petals shorter than
the sepals ;the lower ones deeply 2-clcrt, densely bearded; claw hispid on one
side, the other side with a spur-lil<:e process at its base ; spur ascending.

a. leaves (and lower part of the stem) nearly glabrous; lower petals with
a yellowish pubescent line externaOy ; spur somewhat incur\-ed, longer than
the sepals; lobes of the lower petals somewhat obtuse; flowers azure. —
D. azureum, MicJix. ! fi. 1. p. 314 ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 371 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
54; Deless. ic. 1. t. 60; Ell. sk. 2. p. 18. D. Carolinianum, Walt. Car. p.

135-

/?. canescently pubescent ; divisions of the leaves many-cleft; segments
all linear-subulate; flowers smaller, azure; spur incurved. — D. azureum,
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 14.

y. puberulent; segments of the upper leaves subulate; flowers ver}' pale
blue ; spur straight, about as long as the sepals ; lobes of the lower petals
narrow, acute, someAvhat divaricate.

S. stem densely velutinous; leaves minutely pubescent, with narrowly
linear or subulate segments; flowers pale blue; sepals with a brown pubes-
cent spot ; spur slightly curved ; lobes of the lower petals oblong, acutish.

e. minutely puberuleftt ; stem velutinous above ; leaves 3-parted. many-
cleft ; segments divaricate, very acute ; flowers large, greenish-white ; se-
pals with a brownish spot ; spur thick, somewhat curved.

Var a. North Carolina to Georgia! Texas, Dnimmond .' /?. Arkansas,
Nuttall ! y and S. Arkansas, JDr. Pitcher! 0. Lake Winnipeg, Dr.
Houghton !

7. D. viminenm (Don): petioles scarcely dilated at the base; leaves flat,
3-parted ; segments cuneifonn, obtuse, 3-lobed, mucronulate, uppermost ones
linear, undivided or 3-parted ; racemes loose, velvety ; limb of the inferior
petals bifid at the summit; spur straight, as long as the sepals; ovaries silky.
Don in Sweefs Brit.Ji. gard. ^.374; Hook.! in hot. mag. t. 3593.

Velasco, Texas, Drummond! July-Aug. — Stem 1-3 feet high, slightly
branched, slender. Leaves all petiolate ; the seginents narrow. Flowers
middle sized, bright azure. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse, with a callous pro-
tuberance near the middle. "Upper petals resembling the carina of a papilio-
naceous flower. Lower petals with the limb spreading, purple, trifid, beard-
ed with a tuft of yellow hairs." Hook. — In our ;?pecimens of what we con-
sider to be this species, the lower petals are not bearded. The plant seems
to be nearly allied to D. azureum.

8. D. virescens (Nutt.) : pubescent ; petioles scarcely dilated at the base ;
leaves 3-5-parted, the middle division mostly undivided, lateral ones 2-3-
cleft; lobes lanceolate; raceme loose, few-flowered; sepals oblong or lanceo-
late; spur longer than the sepals, ascending; lower petals deeply 2-cleft;
claw gibbous at the base. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 14; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53.

Plains of Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall ! North Carolina, Schiceim'tz !
Georgisi, Le Conte! .Tune.— Stem 8-12 inches high. Raceme simple. Pe-
dicels longer than the flowers. Bracts subulate. Flowers large, yellowish
or greenish white, minutely pubescent. Sepals marked with a brownish
spot near the apex, much longer than the petals. Spur straight or somewhat
incurved. Lower petals rather densely bearded. Ovaries 3.

9. D. variegatum : pubescent ; petioles dilated at the base ; leaves 3-
parted ; divisions cuneiform, many-cleft, with the lobes bnear and rather ob-
tuse ; raceme few-flowered ; spur scarcely as long as the sepals ; lower petals
orbicular-ovate, 3-lobed, Avith the middle lobe small, sparingly bearded.

California, Douglas ! — Stem 1-2 feet high, sulcate. Raceme strict, nearly
simple. Lower bract 3-cleft. Sepals deep violet-blue, somewhat pubescent

Delphinium. RANUNCULACE.^3. ^3

externally, obovate-oblong, obtuse, longer than tlic thick straight spur. Ujiprr
petals yellow (often tipped with blue), eniarginate: lower ones sparinu'ly
bearded on the inner surface and niar;t(ins, waved, unequally 3-k)bed, the
central lobe small and blue; one of the lateral lobes blue, the otlier yellow;
claw with a small spur-like process at the base.

10. D. hicolor (Mutt.): pubescent; petioles somewhat dilated at the ba'^e;
leaves digitately 5-parted ; lobes 3-5-cleft; divisions linear, short, rather
acute; raceme lax, few-flowered, the pedicels elongated and spreading; spur
rather slender, as long as the sepals ; lower petals broadly obovate, entire,
sparingly bearded. — Niitt. ! in jour, acctd. P/iilad. 7. p. 10.

Dry lulls near Flat-Head River, towards the southern sources of the Oregon,
Mr. Wijetli ! and in open plains on the sources of the Platte, Nulla II ! April.
— Stem about a span high. Leaves about 3, near the base of the stem, the
circumscription reniform; divisions short and radiating, slightly pubescent.
Lower bracteal leaves deeply 3-5-parted, with nearly undivided segments. tSe-
pals large, deep violet-blue, oblong-ovate. Upper petals yellow veined with
blue. Spur curved a little downward ; claw of the lower petals Avithout a
spur at the base. Carpels 3.

11. D. 2i(iucij!orum (Nutt.l mss.) : "somewhat hirsutely pilose ; petioles
scarcely dilated ; leaves reniform, lobes bitid or trifid, linear and entire;
bracts simple minute ; raceme 3-5-{lowered ; spur subulate, straight, about

the length of the oblong acutish^«*si* ; stigmas and styles smooth; root *t-/»*tS
grumous.

" Rocky Mountains and Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Scarcely a foot
high, slender ; the lower part and the stem more or less minutely and roughly
pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth on the upper surface ; two or three divided
ones on the stem, the uppermost beneath the flowers simple. Flowers 2-3,
large, blue. Lower petals with a central line of pubescence ; upper ones
hirsute externally. Carpels pubescent." Nittt.

12. D. (lepauperatum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "lower part of the stem (and leaves)
glabrous ; upper part and the carpels densely villous ; petioles scarcely dilated ;
leaves reniform, o-parted; the lobes 2-3-cleft, oblong and rather broad; bracts
simple, minute ; rajcyiJI'- 1-5-flowered ; spur subulate, straight, longer than
the oblong obtuse ^e4«fe>; stigmas and styles pubescent; root grumous.

" In the shade of pine woods in the Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Stem
very slender, simple, about 2-leaved. Leaves scarcely an inch in diameter, the
lower one glabrous, with broad simple segments ; upper ones smaller, with
narrow linear segments. Upper part of the stem and carpels minutely villous.
Petals shorter than the spur ; lower ones hairy. Flower often solitary, deep
blue ; upper petals yellowish." Nutt.

13. D. niidicaule: leaves all radical, on short petioles, 3-parted; lobes obo-
vate-cuneiform, the lateral ones 2-lobed, terminal one somcAvhat 3-lobed ;
scape racemose, loosely flowered ; pedicels elongated ; spur straight, longer
than the broadly ovate sepals ; upper petals a little exceeding the calyx, lower
ones 2-cleft, with a minute spur-like process at tjie base.

California, Douglas '. — Scape 12-18 inches high, glabrous, 10-12-flowered.
Pedicels elongated, spreading, 2-4 inches long, above the bracteoles pubescent.
Bracts subulate, very small. Bracteoles minute, seated above the middle of
the pedicels. Flowers (in dried specimens) purplish-red. Sepals obtuse or mu-
cronate. Lower petals smooth on both sides ; margin sparsely fringed ; upper
ones emarginate. Spur thick. Carpels 3, recurved-spreading, reticulately
veined, pubescent.

t D elegans{DC. syst. 1, p. 355.) was described from specimens transmitted by
Delile from Elgin Botanic Garden, New-York, li is known to be an introd"''»d
plant, and is therefore left out of our Florn.

5

34 RANUNCULACEiE. Aconitum.

14. ACONITUM. Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 364.

Sepals petaloid, irregular, deciduous ; the upper one (galea) large, vaulted.
Petals 5; the 3 lower ones minute, often converted into stamens; the 2 upper
on long claws, expanded into a sac or short spur at the summit, concealed
under the galea. Follicles 3-5, many-seeded.— Perennial herbs. Leaves pal-
raately divided.

1. A. uncinalnm (Linn.) : panicle rather loosely (lowerrd, with diverging
branches; galea obtusely conic, compressed, with an obtuse beak; spur
thick, inchned ; leaves deeply 3-lobed.— Mc/to:. '. Ji. 1. ;>. 315; Bot. mag. t.
1 119 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 60 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 20.

Mountains, in wet places, New-Yom (Chenango county, Le Covte.')&
Pennsylvania! to Georgia ! June-July. — Root tuberous. Stem flexuous, slen-
der (climbing. Ell.). Leaves truncate at the base, coarsely toothed : lateral
segments often 2-lobed. Flowers blue, as large as in A. NapeUus. Ovaries
3-5, villous.

2. A. Nap('llii,<} (L\nx\.) — 0. delphinifoUvm (Seringe): flowers racemose,
with the peduncles elongated ; galea semicircular ; sac somewhat conic, with
a short inchned spur; ovaries 4-6; lobe^ of the leaves pinnatifid; lobules
undivided. Scringe, mus. Helv. 1. p. 159; DC. prodr. \.p. 63 ; Bong. !
veg. Sitcha,l. c. p. 124. A. delphimfoUum, var. Americanum, DC. syst. 1.
p. 380 ; Beichenb. aconit. t. 9.

North West America, Sitcha ! and north to Kotzebue's Sound ; Rocky
Mountains. — Flowers deep blue.

3. A.na.mtmn (Fisch. mss.) : petals erect, with the spijj arcuate ; ga-
lea conical, prone; spur descending ; raceme someAvhat panicled ; divisions
of the leaves rather broad. Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 26. A. Fischeri,
jReichenb. aconit. t. 22. (fide Hook.)

Near the source of the Wallawallah River, in the Blue Mountains of Ore-
gon, Douglas.— A native also of Kamtscatka, Siberia, and the south of Eu-
rope.

4. A. Columbionum. (Nutt. ! mss.): "petals erect, with the spur ar-
cuate; galea narrow and oblong ; beak small and acutely projecting ; stem
attenuated ; panicle small and racemose ; leaves palmate, 5-7-cleft ; seg-
ments rhombic-ovate, acute, incisely and sharply toothed; petioles very
short.

" Springy places on the Oregon, below Wallawallah. — Plant glabrous ex-
cept towards the summit^ about 3 feet high, attenuated and leafy. Flowers
small, pale dull blue, hairy. Galea narrower than the other sepals, with a
prominent acute beak. Lateral sepals very unequal." Nntt.—'Y\\is may be,
as Mr. Nuttall suspects, not distinct from tlie preceding species.

X Doubtful species.
A. pallidum (Nutt.) — Loudon^s hort. Brit, suppl. p. 482.

Tribe IV. CIMICIFUGEiE.

Subord. Cimicifugese, Am.

Sepals petaloid, caducous. Petals (or rather dilated sterile filaments,
or staniinodia) 3-6. Anthers introrse or innate. Carpels few, some-

CiMiciFUGA. RANUNCULACE.E. 35

times solitary, raroly numerous, follicular or baccate, with several
seeds, sometimes indehiscent and l-seeded. — Flowers occasionally by
abortion unisexual.

15. ACT^A. Linn.; Juss. gen. p. 22b; Fischer «f Meyer,
ind. sem. St. Petersb. 1835.

Sepals 4-5. Petals (or staminodia) 4-8, spatulate. Stamens numerous,
anthers introrse. Stigma capitate, sessile. Carpels solitary, baccate, many-
seeded. Seeds compressed, smooth, horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Leaves
2-3-ternately divided j segments incisely serrate. Flowers in simple ra-
cemes, white.

1. A. rubra (Bigel.) : raceme ovate; pedicels longer than the flower,
scarcely any thicker in fruit ; petals rhombic-ovate, acute, shorter than the
stamens; fruit subovate (red). — Bigel.! fi. Botit. eel. 2. p. 211; Iliok. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 27 ; Fiavh. t^ Mey. I. c. p. 20. A. Americana a. rubra, Ptirsh,
J1. 2. p. 366. A. brachvpetala /^. rubra, DC. prodr. 1. jy. 65. A. spicata <i'
rubra, Mich. v.! Ji. 1. //. 308.

Rocky woods, Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania! west to the Rocky Moun-
tams. May. — Stem about two feet high, " leafless and scaly at the base "
Fisch. <^ Mey. Leaves ternately decompound ; leaflets ovate, acuminate
1-2 inches long, unequally and incisely serrate ; the terminal one often 3-clelt.
Raceme 20-4d-flowered, broadly ovate or hemispherical. Sepals 4, greenish,
ovitte. Petals sometimes 8 or 10, minute. Berries bright cherry -red shin-
ing, about 16-seeded, on pedicels half an inch in length, and not one-fourth
as thick as the peduncle.

2. A. alba (Bigel.) : raceme oblong; pedicels as long as the floAver, much
thickened in fruit ; petals oblong, truncate at the apex, shorter than the
stamens ; fruit roundish-ovate (white). — Bigel. I. c. ; Hook. I. c; Finch. &■
Mey. I. c. A. Americana /?. alba, Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 336. A spicata /?. alba,
3fich.7\ I. c. A. brachvpetala a &, S. DC. prodr. 1. p. 65. A. pachvnoda'
Ell. sk. 2.p.l5.' f n ,

Rocky woods, Canada! to Georgia, west to the Mississippi. May. — Re-
sembles the preceding very much in its foliage and inflorescence. "Stem
leafy at the base," Fisch. cf Meyer. Petals often 2-toothed at the apex.
Pedicels of the flowers nearly as thick as the peduncle, at length i-1 inch
long, spreading, red. Berry one-fourth of an inch in diameter, 8-12-seeded
milk-white and often tipped with purple. — Very near A. spicata of Europe.

3. .4. arguta (Nutt. ! mss.): "raceme oblong, sometimes divided to-
wards the base, loose ; pedicels longer than the flowers, filiform, scarcely
thickened in fruit ; petals oblong, oljtuse, shorter than the stamens ; fruit
subglobose, (red); leaflets doubly and incisely serrate.

"Woods of the Oregon and its tributary streams. — A much larger plant
than A. rubra, with smaller dark red berries, and more deeply serrated
leaflets. Low^er pedicels H inch in length." Nutt.

16. CIMICIFUGA. L;';???. amain. 7. p. 435 ; Juss. gen. p. 234,

Cimicifuga, Actinospora, & Botropliis, Fisch. (^ Meyer.

Sepals 4-5. Petals (or rather staminodia) 3-5, concave or unguiculate
sometimes by abortion fewer or none. Stamens numerous: anthers introrse.
Style short : stigma simple. Carpels 1-8, follicular, many-seeded. — Peren-

36 RANUNCULACEiE. Cimicifcq

nial herbs. Leaves 2-3-ternately divided ; segments incisely serrate.
Flowers in virgate racemes, white.

§ 1. Monogynoxis : carpels suhglobose: seeds compressed^ smooth^ hori-
zontal: staminodia several, very small, with long claws. — Macrotys,
Raf. (Botrophis, Raf. ; Fisch. f Meyer.)

1. C. racemosa (Ell.): racemes very long; leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely
toothed; staminodia slender, 2-forked.— £//. sk. 2. p. 16. C. serpentaria,
Pur.^h, ft. 2. p. 372. Actaa racemosa, Linn.; Michx. ! ft. 1. p. 308; DC.
prodr. i. p. 64; HooTi. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 27. A. monogy'na, Walt. Car. p.
151. Macrotys actaoides, Raf. in Desv. jour. hot. 2. p. 170. Botrophis
serpentaria, Raf. med. Ji. 1. p. 85. B. acta^oides, Fisch. ^ Meyer, I. c.

Woods, Canada! to Georgia! and Western States. July. — Root thick
and knotted, with long fibres. Stem 3-8 feet high, glabrous, furrowed,
leafy near the middle. Leaves 3-ternate: leaflets 2-3 inches long. Ra-
cemes branching, 6-12 inches long: pedicels 3-4 lines in length, bracteate.
Flowers very fetid. Sepals caducous, greenish-white, concave. Stamino-
dia 4-8 ! Carpels globose-ovate, glabrous. Seeds 7-8, compressed and
angular as in Actsa. — De CandoUe states that the flowers are sometimes
digynous ; but we have never observed more than a single ovary in a flower.

§ 2. Di-octogynous {rarely monogynous): follicles pod-shaped: seeds
flat, vertical, echinate with little scales : staminodia several, spatidate,
or concave and nectariferous at the base ; rarely none. — Cimicifuga,
Fisch. & Meyer.

2. C. cordifolia (Pursh) : leaves biternate ; leaflets broadly cordate, 3-5-
lobed ; ovaries 1-3, glabrous ; petals spatulate, bifid ; follicles oblong, sessile.
— Pursh, JI. 2. p. 373 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 17. (excl. syn.) ; Fisch. ^ Mey. I. c. ;
Bot. mag. t. 2069. C. Americana, MuM. ! cat. ed. 2. p. 54. Actaa cordi-
folia, DC. prodr. 1. p. 64.

Shady woods on his:h mountains of Carohna, Pursh, Muhlenberg! —
About 3 feet high. Leaflets inequilateral, large. Racemes paniculate, elon-
gated, glabrous. Sepals 5, nearly orbicular. Petals 2-3 (or none), cleft
nearly one-third their length ; the segments obtuse and thickened. FolHcles
about three-fourths of an inch long, acuminate with a short hooked beak.
Seeds 8-10, oblong, thickly invested with brown chaff'y scales.

3. C. elata (Nutt. ! mss.) : " leaves bhemate ; leaflets cordate, lobed, in-
cisely toothed, pubescent beneath ; ovaries 2-3, glabrous ; petals none ; fol-
licles oblong, sessile."— C. foetida, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 373?

" Shady woods of the Oregon.— Much taller than C. cordifoha (6-8 feet
high), with the leaves smaller, thinner, and more distinctly lobed. The
flowers smaller and rather distant, instead of being crowded." iVM«.— Ra-
cemes short and paniculate, as in C. foetida; while in C. cordata they are
elongated, as in C. racemosa. The petals seem to be always wanting in C,
elata.

4. C. Americana. (Michx.) : leaves triternate ; segments ovate ; the ter-
minal 3-parted or 3-cleft, incisely lobed, cuneiform or subcordate at the
base ; ovaries 2-5, stipitate, glabrous ; petals concave, sessile, nectariferous
at the base, 2-lobed ; foflicles obovate, on slender stipes.— il//c/?.-i\ .' /. 1. p.
316 ; Fisch. (f- Mey. I. c. C. podocarpa. Ell. sk. 2. p. 16. Actaa podocarpa,
DC. prodr. l.p. 64 ; Deless. ic. 1. t. 66. A. pentacarpa, Michx..' herb.

High mountains of North Carolina, Michaux ! Mr. Curtis! Pennsylva-
nia and Virginia, Mr. J. McXab .'—About four feet high, glabrous. Leaflets

THALicTRnM. RANUNCULACEiE. 37

2-4 inches long, thin, coarsely serrate and incised ; the serratures mucro-
nate. Panicle (in fruit) nearly 2 feet long. Flowers smaller than in C ra-
ceinosa, on short bracteate pedicels ; the upper ones often with but 2 or 3
ovaries. Sepals 5. !'?etals resenii)ling those of C. foctida, l)ut smaller, and
more distinctly 2-lob'>d. Follicles very obtuse, scarcely beaked ; the j)ersis-
tent slender style siibterminal. Seeds 6-8, oblong, with long light-colored
chaff.

17. TRAUTVFiTTERIA. Fisch. f Meyer, ind. sem. St. Petersb.

1835, p. 22.

Sepals 4-5. Pf;tals or sterile filaments none. Stamens numerous : an-
thers introrse. Carpels 15-20, membranaceous and indchiscent, 3-carinate,
l-seeded, tipj)ed vnth the very short hooked style. Seed erect. — Perennial
herbs. Leaves palmately lobed. Stems simple or branching above. In-
florescence cyraose.

1. T. pahnata (Fisch. &. Meyer) : leaves slightly coriaceous, with
conspicuous reticulated veins ; cvme mostly compound. — Cimicifuga pal-
mata, Mirh.v. ! fi. 1. p. 316; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 373 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 17. Actsea
pahnata, DC. fiyst. 1. p. 383 ; Bat. mag. t. 1630. Thalictrum ranunculinum,
Muhl. in Willd. enuni.7 Hydrastis, Lam. ill. t. 500; Pair, suppl. 3.
p.l\.

a. lobes of t.he leaves incisely lobed and serrate.

/?. lobes of the upper leaves lanceolate, serrulate.

Along stre ams and mountain rivulets. North Carolina! to Tennessee! P.
Kentucky, — Short! July— Aug. — Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 2-3, large,
5-9-lobed (t'le lowest on a long petiole), with smaller sessile ones subtending
the branches of the cyme. Cyme fastigiate, nearly simple or much branched,
diehotomously corymbose, loosely flowered: pedicels ebracteate. Sepals or-
bicular, concave (the veins arranged after the same manner as in the leaves).
Achenia utriculate, small, gibbous on the back, carinate, als.o with 2 lateral
ribs. Seed very small.

2. T. grandis (Nutt. ! mss.): "leaves membranaceous, the veins scarcely
prominent; cyme nearly simple. — Cimicifuga palraata, Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 26.

" Shady i 70ods of the Oregon. A taller and larger plant than the preced-
ing, with th inner, more acuminate, sharply and deeply toothed leaves. The
flowers are also larger." Nuit. — Perhaps scarcely distinct: the more mem-
branaceous leaves may be owing to the shady situations.

18. THALICTRUM. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 168.

Sepals 4, rarely 5. Petals none. Stamens numerous : anthcxs innate.
Carpels (ichenia) 4-15, pointed with the style or stigma, sulcate or ribbed,
sometime s inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 2-3-ter-
nately di /ided. Flowers corymbose or paniculate, often dioGcious or polyga-
mous, gr aenish, white, or yellow.

* Carpels inflated or stipitate : sepals caducous.

/

1. T. clavalum (DC): floAvers perfect (moncEcious, DC); filaments

clavate • anthers elliptical, pointless ; carpels compressed, not striate, stipi-

38 RANUNCULACE^. Thalictrum.

tate, when old inflated, longer than the style ; lea-\-es triternate ; leaflets
suborbicular, crenately lobed, glabrous, glaucous beneath.— floo/c. fi. Bor-
Am. l.p.2; DC. 1. syst.! p. 171; Deless. ic. 1. t. 6.

Sandhills of Portage La Loche, lat. SC, Dr. Eichardson ; Canada?
Mkkaux. (v. s. in herb. mus. Paris.)— Plant. l-U loot high. Leaflets as large
as in T. dioicum. Panicle few-flowered, loose ; pedicels long. Flowers
erect. Stamens foAV, as long as the sepals. Filaments conspicuously dilated.
Ovaries 8-10 (//«o/f.) (5-6, DC.) ovate gibbous; the persistent style ^ the
leno-th of the ovary. Hook. This plant was described by De Candolle Irom
specimens in the herbarium of Michaux. The locaUty is not recorded, nei-
ther is the plant described in Michaux's Flora. Hooker asks whether it
may not be a state of T. dioicum ; but that species has remarkably slender and
scarcely dilated filaments, and linear mucronate anthers.

2. T.JiUpes: polygamous (?) : carpels semi-obovate, compressed, striate,
each on a slender stipe, nearly its own length, acute ; style none ; leaves
biternate ; petiolate ; leaflets roundisli, obtusely 3-5-lobed, ^laucous beneath.

Linville, North Carolina, Mr. Chirtis !—V\d.i\i 2 feet or more in height,
very smooth. Leaves thin, on petioles an inch long, exstipellate. Panicle
corymbose, loose and capillary. Flowers not seen. Carpels 4-6, widely
spreading, membranaceous, marked Avith several prominent branching veins,
acute, and tipped with a minute stigma, but not rostrate ; the base tapering
into a long almost capillary stipe. Seed much smaller than the cavity.— This
species, the flowers of which we have not seen, is nearly related to T. clava-
tum ; but differs in the veined carpels, the entire absence of the style, and the
long slender stipe.

** Carpels ovate or oblong, ribbed, sessile or slighily stipilatc : sepals caihicous.

• '" 3. T. dioicum (Linn.): very glabrous, dioecious or polygamous ; filaments
"' filiform ; anthers linear, elongated, mucronate ; leaves on short petioles, ter-
nately decompound ; leaflets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous
beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; carpels oblong, sessile, strongly
ribbed twice the length of the slender curved style.— />C.^ro(?r. 1. p. 12 ;
Pursll ! f. 2. p. 3SS; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 3. T. tevigatum, Mich.r.!
fl. 1. p. '222. T. purpurascens ! (excl. syn.), rugosura, 6c Carohnianum,
'DC. I.e. . .

/? 7 stipitatnm. : carpels conspicuously stipitate.

Rockv woods, Mackenzie's River, lat. 67=', to the mountains of S. CaroUna I
and west to Oregon ! P. Table Mountain, N. Carohna, Mr. Curtis ! April-
May .—Stem 1-2 feet high. Common petioles an inch or mor- in length.
Leaflets about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, commonly somewhat 3-
lobed ; the lobes crenate-toothed. Panicles loose, 15-20-flowered. Sepals 4-
5 oval, obtuse, often purple. Filaments much longer than the sepals, alniost
capillary and nearly of the same thickness throughout ; anthers yellowish.
Fertile flowers with 6-8 stamens. Ovaries 6-10.— The variety k we have
only seen in fruit. The stipes are more than half the length of the strongly-
ribbed carpels ; and the persistent style is as long as the stipe. In other
respects the resemblance to T. dioicum is very striking.— T. purpurascens,
DC. is referred to this species; but we are not certain that his plant is the
same as that of Linnaeus.

/' 4. T. CornuH (Linn.) : dicEcious or polygamous ; filaments su-^clavate ;
anthers oblong, obtuse; leaves sessile (the petiole divided to the bise), ter-
nately decompound ; leaflets round ish-obovate or elliptical, 3-lobed, whh the
lobes rather acute, glaucous or pubescent beneath ; peduncles longer than
the leaves ; carpels subsessile, ribbed, twice as long as the style ; stigma
linear.— Linn. sp. p. 768 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 388 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.

Thalictrum. RANUNCULACE.E. 39

3, t. 2. T. pubescens, Pursh ! I. c. T. revolutum ! &, T. corynellum,
DC. prodr. 1. p. 12. T. polygainurn, JMiiht. ! cat. ed. 2. p. 56. T. ru^o-
suin, Ail. Ki'W. {ed. 1.) 1. p. 2G2. T. purpurascons, Pitrsh ! in herb. Bart.
T. rugo.suiu & Cumuli, JJurlingt. ! Ji. (.'est. p. '.V3L

Banks of rivers and in wet meadows, Canada (lat. 5G ) to Georgia;
Western States! June-July. — Stem 3-6 ft-et liigh, branching. Leaves very-
large, always sessile ; divisions of the petiole elongated. Leaflets variable
in size, form, and pubescence, ovate, elliptical, or roundish ; often cordate at
the base, but sometimes cuneifonn ; the veins scarcely prominent, or eleva-
ted and rugose ; margin commonly revolute. Panicle compound. Sepals
white, oblong, small. Filaments more or less clavate ; anthers somethaes
linear-oblong and slightly pointed. Carpels glabrous, about o lines long.

• -^ 5. 7'. alpinum (Linn.): Mowers perfect, in a simple raceme, nodding;
filaments tiliform ; anthers oblong-linear ; stem simple, nearly naked ; leaves
biternate; leaflets glabrous ; stigma linear; carpels ovate, sessile. — Linn. sp.
p. 767 ; DC. si/st. 1. p. 175.

Canada, Kabn ; Island of Anticosti, Pursh! (v.s. in herb. Shepherd);
Newfoundland, Banks ; Greenland, Hornemann.—^Piant scarcely a span
high. Leaves mostly radical, petiolate ; leaflets about one-third of an inch
Jong, roundish, subcoriaceous, crenately toothed. Stem scapiform. Raceme
6-10-tiowered : pedicels slender. Sepals 4, oblong. Ovaries few : styles
almost wanting : stigmas thick and pubescent. — The American plant exactly
resembles our specimens of T. alpinum from the North of Europe.

*** Sepals petaloid, not caducmis, longer than the stamens : root grumous.

./ 6. T. anemonoides (Michx.) : root fasciculately tuberous ; flowers few,
umbellate ; floral leaves involucriform ; radical ones biternate. — Michx. ! fi.
I. p. 322; DC. prodr. I. p. 15; Hook.Jl. Bar. -Am. 1. ^. 4 ; Juss. ami.vms.
3. p. 249. t.2\. f. 2 ; Darlingt. ! ji. Cest. p. 333. Anemone thalictroides,
Linn.; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 387; Bart. Ji. Am. Sept. 2. t. 44 ; Bot. mag. t.
866.

Canada! to N. Carolina !&. Western States ! April-May. — Root composed
of 4-6 clavate tubers. Radical leaves on long petioles : cauline leaves 1-3,
sessile, trifoliolate, verticillate ; leaflets petiolulate, roundish, obtusely 3-5-lob-
ed. Stems 4-8 inches high, commonly several from one root. Peduncles
3-6, one-flowered, 1-2 inches long. Flowers nearly an inch in diameter. Se-
pals 6-10, elliptical, white, sometimes slightly tinged with purple. Fila-
ments filiform, or somewhat clavate: anthers oblong. Ovaries 6-10: style
none: stigma simple. Carpels oblong, acute, prominently ribbed, substipitate.
— "Habit and frondescence of Isopyrum, with the inflorescence of Ane-
mone, and the fruit of Thalictrum." DC.

In the herbarium of the late Rev. L. D. von Schweinitz are specimens of a Tha-
lictrum, which may be distinct from any of the preceding ; but for want of the fruit,
it is here recorded only as a provisional species.

7. T. 7wrZi^«(iZc (Schwein. mss.) : flowers perfect (or polygamous 1) ; filaments
somewhat clavate ; anthers oblong, obtuse ; leaf solitary, radical, on a long petiole,
biternate, leaflets membranaceous, roundish, obtusely lobed, subcordatc; stem slen-
der, nearly naked (tall), the summit a little branched, and bearing several 3-foliolate
leaves and a small few- (4-8) flowered panicle ; stigma simple, sessile.

On rocks, Patrick county, Virginia, and on the Yadkin River, North Carolina,
Schweinitz ! — Stem 2 feet high. Leaflets glabrous, about three-fourths of an inch
long. Cauline leaves at the summit of the stem, very small. Panicle as long as the
leaves. Flowers very small. Sepals 4-5, greenish, oblong. Ovaries 4-6, subses-
sile, ovate, acute, pointed with the small simple stigma.

40 RANUNCULACEi53. Hydrastis.

19. ZANTHORHIZA. Marsh, arb.; Lam. ill. t. 854; DC. sijst. 1. p. 386.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5-
10. Ovaries 5-10, pointed with the styles, 2-3-ovuled. Follicles small,
mostly 1-seeded. Seed suspended. — Suffrutescent : the root and bark yellow
and bitter. Leaves pinnately divided. Racemes appearing with the leaves,
axillary, compound. Flowers minute, dark purple, ofter, by abortion polyga-

Z. apiifolia (L'Her.) stirp. nov. p. 79. t. 38 ; MicLr: ! Ji. 1. p. 186 ; Bart.
veg. mat. med. 2. t. 46; DC. prodr. 1. p. 65. Xanthorhiza simplicissima,
Mamh. I. c.

Shady banks of rivers, Pennsylvania ! to Georgia '1 and Texas ! March-
April. — Root large. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; lePi.flets incised. — Yellow-
root.

Tribe V. HYDRASTIDEiE.

20. HYDRASTIS. Linn.; Jiiss. gen. p. 232; Micha;. f. 1. p. 317 j
DC. syst. 1. p. 217.

Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous :
anthers innate. Ovaries numerous, 2-ovuled : styles short: stigmas dilated,
induplicate. Fruit composed of the baccate 1-2-seeded carpels, crowded in
a globose head. — A perennial herb ; the rhizoma and roots yelloAV and bitter.
Stem simple, 2-leaved, 1-flowered ; the fohage and fruit resembling a Rubus.

H. Canadensis (Unn.)—Mich.T. ! fi. I. c. ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 389; Ell. sk.
2. p. 55; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53. Warneria Canadensis, Mill. diet.

In shady woods, particularly on the sides of mountains, Canada ! to Caro-
lina ; west to Ohio ! and Kentucky ! April-May.— Leaves pubescent Avhen
young, cordate, palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes doubly serrate; lower leaf pe-
tioled, the upper subsessile. Peduncle an inch long. Calyx pale rose-color.
Fruit red. Seeds obovate: testa crustaceous, nearly black, shining, lined
with the thin and membranous tegmen. Embryo minute, at the base of the
somewhat fleshy and oily albumen.

Suborder P.EONIE.E. Arn.

Sepals 5, unequal, fDliaceous, persistent. Petals 5 (6-10 by culture),
destitute of claws. Stamens very numerous : anthers adnate, introrse.
Ovaries 2-5, the base surrounded by a fleshy annular disk i stigmas
sessile, thick, of two lamellae, persistent. Carpels follicular, opening
above. Seeds several : albumen fleshy. — Herbaceous (rarely shrubby,)
plants. Roots fasciculate, thick. Leaves 2.ternately divided. Flow-
ers terminal, solitary, large, purple, rose-color, or white.

Pjeonia. MAGNOLIACEiE. 41

2|. PiEONIA. Linn.; Jass. gen. p. 231 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 3SG.

Character same as of the Suborder.

1. P. Brownii (Dougl.): carpels 5, oblong, very glabrous, erect; leaves
smooth on both sides, somewhat glaucous, biternatc ; leaflets ternately divid-
ed or pinuatifid, laciniate ; laciniac oblong, those of the lower leaves obtuse.
Ilonk. f. Jior.-Am. 1. p. 27.

"Near tlie confines of perpetual snow on the subalpine range of Mount
Hood, N. W. America." Douglas in Hook. " East of the Blue Mountains
of Oregon, not in subalpine situations," Nuttall ! June-July.— Stem striate.
Sepals very unequal, oval. Carpels very smooth, oblong, scarcely recun-ed at
the apex. Hook. " Petals reddish-purple, never fully expanding." Nutt.

2. P. Californica (Nutt. ! mss.) : " carpels 3, glabrous ; leaves smooth on
both sides (not glaucous), ternate; leaflets broadly cuneate, nearly twice 3-
cleft ; laciniffi oblong-lanceolate, acute. .

"Margins of bushy plains, and in the valleys of the mountains, in the vici-
nhy St. "Barbara, Upper California. March- April.— Ditfers from the preced-
ing in the smaller, less divided and broader leaves, Avhich are deep green on
both sides; and the leaflets bifid or trifid, never pinnatifid. Sepals never expand-
ing, one, and sometimes two, of the outer ones ending in a small trifid
leaf jPetals small, scarcely exceeding the length of the calyx, deep blood-red.
Seeds large, light brown, cylindrical-ovoid." Nutt.

Order II. MAGNOLIACEiE, Juss.

Magnoliacese & Winteracere, R. Br. ; Lindl.

Parts of the flowers arranged in a ternary order. Sepals 3-6, do-
ciduous. Petals 3-30, hypogynous, in several rows : aestivation ini-
bricated. Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous : filaments very
short : anthers adnatc, introrsc. Ovaries several in a single row, or
numerous and spicate in several rows, on a torus raised above the sta-
mens : styles short or none : stigmas simple. Fruit consisting of
numerous 1-2-seeded carpels, follicular or baccate, or woody, or fleshy,
aggregated or connate in a strobiliform manner upon the clongat-
ed torus ; sometimes samaroid. Seeds anatropous, suspended or as-
cending. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy homogeneous albu.
men. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, (pubescent when
young) mostly minutely punctate with transparent dots, coriaceous,
with convolute caducous stipules. Flowers rarely diclinous, solitary,
usually large, fragrant.

The presence of pellucid dots in the leaves of WintcrfxceEe, and their absence in
Magnoliacea;, is considered a chief mark of distinction by those autliors who view
the two orders as distinct. These dots, liowever, exist in all our Mas^nolias, as well
as in the exotic forms we have examined, and may he ob'served witli a lens of very
moderate power (if the leaves be too coriaceous at least in tlie petals) quite as readi-
ly as in lllicium. Several species are also slightly aromatic and stimulant as well
as bitter. The leaves, or at least the petals, of all our species of Auonacea:, and of

6

42 MAGNOLIACEiE. MACNouit.

all the foreign species which we have examined, are dotted in the same manner. —
De CandoUc states that the American species of Magnolia (§ .Mugnoliaslrun|, DC.)
have extrorse anthers ; which is not the case. •

Tribe I. ILLICIE^. DC.
Winteracea;, R. Br. ; Lindl.
Carpels in a single whorl. Anthers short. — Aromatic & stimulant.

1. ILLICIUM. Linn. ; Gcertn. Jr. 1. j). 338. t. 69.

Sepals 3-6, petaloid. Petals 9-30. Follicles stellate, 1-seeded. Seeds smooth
and shining.— Evergreen glabrous shrubs ; the bruised leaves and carpels ex-
hahng the odor of anise.

1. /. Floridanum (EUis): leaves oval or oblong, acuminate ; petals 27-30,
dark purple, the outermost oblong, the inner ligulate.— i;///s, in phil. trans.
60. p. 524.- 1. 12 ; Lam. ill. t. 493 ; Michx.fi. 1. p. 526 ; DC. prodr. 1 p. 77.

Florida! Alabama! & Louisiana: in swamps. May.

2. /. parviftorum (Michx.) : leaves oblong ; flowers yellowish ; petals
ovate or roundish, ^12.— Micli.T. ! I. c. ; DC. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 35 ; Nutt. 2
gen. 2. p. 18. I. anisatum. Bartr. trav.

Georgia ! &, Florida ! May-June.— Leaves rather obtuse. Flowers nod-
ding, much smaller.

Tribe II. MAGNOLIE^. DC.

Carpels splcate on the elongated torus. Anthers long. Scales of
the leaf-bud formed of convolute stipules.

2. MAGNOLIA. Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. 1. p. 343. i. 70.

Sepals 3^ caducous, sometimes none or confounded with the petals. Pe-
tals 6-12, caducous. Carpels 1-2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like
fruit, dehiscent by the dorsal suture. Seeds baccate, subcordate, suspended,
hanging, when ripe and the carpel opens, by a long funiculus composed entke-
ly of spiral vessels.— Fme trees (except M. glauca.)

1. M. grandifiora (Linn.): leaves evergreen, oval-oblong, coriaceous,
shining above, ferruginous-tomentose beneath ; petals 9-12, obovate, expanding.
— Walt. Car. p. 158; Lam. ill. t. 490; Michx. ! fi. 1. p. 327 ; Michx. f.
sylv. 1. p. 269. t.71; Ell. sk. 2. p. 36.

N. Carolina ! to Florida ; west to the Mississippi ! May-Aug.— Trunk
naked 60-70 feet high, crowned with a pyramidal head ; branches somewhat
whorled. Leaves 6-8 inches long. Flowers white, 7-8 inches broad ; pe-
tals abruptly unguiculate.

2. M. glauca (Linn.) : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath ; pe-
tals '9-12, ovate, narrowed at the base, erect— Michx. ! fi. 1. p. 327 ; Michx.

Magnolia. MAGNOLIACE^. 43

/ sylv. 1. p. 274. t. 52 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 27 ; Bigel. ft. Bost. ed. 2. p. 229, ^
tned. Ipt. t. 26.

Swamps, Massachusetts! to Louisiana! and Missouri. May -Juno. — A
shrub ; leaves deciduous (often silky beneath when young): in the Suutliern
Slates sometimes a tree with evergreen leaves. (Ell.) Flowers white, 2-o
inches broad, very fragrant.

3. M. Umbrella (Lara.) : leaves deciduous, oblong or obovate-lanceolate ;
petals fl, narrow ; sepals 3, reflexcd. — Lam. diet. 3. p. 673 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
80. M. tripetala, Linn. ; Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 327 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. p. 285. t.
54 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 38.

Southern and Western States ! New- York, Michx. f. (sed ?) and Pennsyl-
vania, Muhlenberg. May-.Tune. — Tree 30-40 feet high. Leaves crowded
in an umbellate manner on the extremity of the irregular branches (whence
the name Umbrella-tree), 1-2 feet long, acuminate. Flowers white, 7-8
inches in diameter ; odor unpleasant. Fruit rose-color, 4-5 inches long.

A.M. acuminata (hinn.): leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate (pubescent
beneath); petals 6-9, oblong-obovate. — Michx.! fl.l.p.32S; Mich.v.f. sijlv.
l.p. 278. t. 53; Pursh,Jl.2.p. 381.

New- York ! to Georgia ! confined to the mountains in the Southern States.
June- July. — Tree 60-80 feet high, 4-5 feet in diameter at the base. Flowers
slightly fragrant, 3-4 inches in diameter: petals scarcely expanding, yellow-
ish, glaucous externally. Fruit cyhndrical, 3 inches long, when green slightly
resembling a young cucumber (whence the name. Cucumber-tree).

5. M. cordata (Michx.) : leaves deciduous, broadly ovate, subcordate, acute,
whitish and pubescent beneath; petals 6-9, oblong. — Michx. fl. 1. />. 328;
Michx. f. aylv. 1. p. 282. t. 54; Ell. sk. 2. p. 38 ; Bot. mag. t. 325; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 18.

N. Carolina ! to Georgia! on mountains. April-May. — Tree 20-40 or 50
leet high ; bark deeply furrowed. Leaves 4-6 inches long. Flowers yel-
low, faintly streaked with red.

6. M. Fraseri (Walt.) : leaves deciduous (glabrous on both sides or glau-
cescent beneath), spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base ; sepals 3, spread-
ing ; petals 9, oblong, attenuate at the base. — Walt. Car. p. 159. M. auriculata,
Lam. diet. 3. p. 673; Bartr. trav. ; Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 328; Michx. f. sylv.
1. p. 287. t. 56 ; Bot. mag. t. 1206 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 39.

/?. pijraviidata (Nutt.): leaves broader and shorter. Niitt. gen. 2. p. 18,
— M. pyramidata, Bartr. ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 381.

On the Alleghany Mountains, from the head waters of the Susquehannah
(Pursh? ?) (Virginia Michx. f.) to Georgia ! /?. S. Carolina, Georgia and
Florida ! near the coast. April-May. — Tree 30-40 feet high. Leaves 8-12
inches long, mostly green on both sides, somewhat rhomboid ; auricles nar-
row, rounded. Petals oval-lanceolate or subspatulate, white, 2-3 inches
long. Fruit oval-oblong, rose-color. — The specific name of Walter having
been first published must of necessity be restored. .

7. M. macrnphylla (Michx.) : leaves deciduous, oblong-ovate, narroAved
and subcordate at the base, glaucous and whitish beneath ; petals 6, ovate.
—Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 327 ; Michx. J. sylv. l.p. 292. /. 57 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 18 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 40.

Lincolnton, N. Carolina ! and in Tennessee, near Cumberland River.
Georgia, on the Chattahouchie River, Dr. Chapman ! Dr. Boykin. May-
July. — Trunk naked below, 30-40 feet high ; bark white. Leaves crowded
on the end of the branches, 1-3 feet long, scarcely auricled at the base.
Flowers when fully expanded 8-10 inches in diameter, white : petals with
a purple spot on the inside at the base. Fruit ovate, rose-color.

44 ANONACEiE. Uvaria.

3. LIRIODENDRON. Linn.; Gcertn.fr.t. VIS.

Sepals 3, caducous. Petas 6, campanulate. Carpels densely imbricated,
1-2-seeded, indehiscent, deciduous; the apex produced into a lanceolate
wing. — A large tree. Leaves 3-lobed, the terminal lobe emarginately trun-
cate, the lateral ones with 2 sinuses. Flowers greenish-yellow, orange with-
in. Stipules flat.

L. Tulipifera (Linn.)— Michx.Jl. 1. p. 326 ; Michx.f. sylv. 1. p. 302. L
61; IJigel.med.bot.t. 31.

Canada ! to Louisiana and Florida. May-June.— Trunk sometimes 140
feet high, and 8-9 in diameter.— Tulip-tree. Wliite-xcood.

Order III. ANONACE^. Jiiss.

Sepals 3-4, persistent, often united at the base. Petals 6, in two
rows, hypogynous, coriaceous : aestivation valvular. Stamens inde-
finite, packed closely together on a hypogynous torus : filaments short :
anthers adnate, extrorse ; connectivum large, sometimes nectariferous
at the apex. Ovaries usually numerous and closely packed, separate
or sometimes cohering : styles short or none : stigmas simple : ovules
solitary or several, erect or ascending. Fruit consisting of dry or
succulent, 1- or many-seeded carpels, which are distinct or concrete
into a fleshy mass. Seeds anatropous ; testa brittle. Embryo minute,
at the base of hard ruminated albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves
(and branches pubescent when young) alternate, exstipulate, distinctly
articulated with the stem, entire. Flowers axillary, mostly solitary.
Petals, and commonly the leaves, minutely punctate with pellucid
dots.

AnoTM glabra, Linn. (Anona foliis latis, &c. Catcsb. Car. t. 64.) a West Indian
species, has not been met with in the United States. Catesby was doubtless mis-
taken as to the locality.— Prof. Bailey, of West Point U. S. Military Academy, has
seeds of a large-fruited species of Anona from Key West.

1. UVARIA. Linn. ; Blume,f. Jav. ex. Alph. DC. mem. A7ion. p. 25.

Uvaria, Asimina, and Porcelia, of Authors. Orchidocarpum, Mic/ix.

Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in a double series. Ovaries few or
numerous. Carpels oblong, baccate, often torulose, pulpy within, several-
seeded. — Aromatic shiubs or trees.

§ Carpels by abortion 2-3 or solitary: inner petals smallest: flowers
solitary on short axillary peduncles, which are sometimes bractcolate.
— Asimina, Adans.

UvARiA. ANONACE^. 45

* Leaves membranaceous : flowers expanding at or before the time of leafing ^ arising
from the axils of former leaves.

1. U. triloba: leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate ; petals dark purple; the
exterior orbicular, 3 or 4 times the length of the sepals. — Anona triloba, Linn.;
Michx. ! f. spiv. 2. t. 60. Porcelia triloba, Pers. syn. 2. p. 95 ; Fnrsh,fl. 2.
p. 383. Orchidocarpum arietinum, Michx. ! jl. 1. p. 329. Asimina triloba,
Dunal., Anon. ;j. 81 ; FAl. sk. 2. p. 42.

Banks of streams. Middle, Southern, and Western States ! March-April.
— A small tree 15-20 feet high. Branches and leaves nearly glabrous.
Ovaries often 8. Fruit of a single carpel (2-3 inches long), or sometimes of
2-3 connate carpels, yellowish, esculent, very fragrant. — Papaw.

2. U. parviflora : leaves oval-obovate, acuminate ; petals greenish-pur-
ple ; the exterior oval, hardly twice the length of the sepals. — Orchidocarpum
parviflorura, Midu:. ! I. c. Porcelia parviflora, Ptrs. L c. Asimina pui vi-
flora, Dunal, Anon. p. 82. t. 9; Ell. sk. 2. p. 41.

Woods, Virginia to Florida! — A low shrub. Leaves and branches nearly
glabrous except when very young. Flowers not half the size of U. triloba :
peduncles shorter than the flowers. Fruit as large as a plum, somewhat
fleshy.

3. U. ohorata : leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, ferruginous-tomentose be-
neath; petals (very large) yellowish-white; the exterior obovate, many
times larger than the sepals. — Anona grandiflora, Bartr. trav. t.2. A. obo-
vata, Willd. .'ip.2. p. 1269. Orchidocarpum grandiflorum, M7V //.r. .' ^. \.p.
330. Porcelia grandiflora, Pers. I. c. ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 19. Asimina gran-
diflora, Dunal, Let. 11 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 42.

Sandy woods, Georgia ! and Florida. ! — Shrub 1-2 feet high, tomentose
when young. Outer petals 2 inches or more in length : inner ones much
shorter, linear-oblong. — The oldest and most appropriate specific name is
pro-occupied in Uvaria.

.** Leaves coriaceous, persistent : flotcers arising from the axils of present leaves.

4. U. pygrruea : leaves elongated, oblanceolate, obovate, oblong, or ellip-
tical ; petals reddish-brown ; the exterior obovate-oblong, many times longer
than the sepals. — Anona pygma?a, Bartr. trav. t. 1. Orchidocarpum
pygmeeum, Michx. ! I. c. Porcelia pygma^a, Pers. I. c. ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
19. Asimina pygmaca, Dunal, I. c. t. io ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 43.

0. flowers all terminating short leafy branches.

Sandy fields, Georgia! and Florida! — Sufiruticose, 6-20 inches high,
glabrous. Leaves variable, when narrow often 6 inches long, sometimes 1§
inch broad, obtuse or acute. Outer petals an inch long : the inner much
smaUer, linear-oblong.

Order IV. SCHIZANDRACEiE. Blume.

Flowers monoecious, or rarely dicecious ; the floral envelopes in a
a ternary order. Sepals 3-6, imbricated in a double series, deciduous ;
the inner ones similar to the petals. Petals 3-12, imbricated in 1-4
rows, hypogynous. Stamens 5 or indefinite, with very short filaments,
coadunate on a subglobose torus. Ovaries numerous, aggregated on a

46 MENISPERMACE.E. Schizandra.

conical, at length elongated torus : styles minute : stigmas simple :
ovules 1-2. Carpels baccate in fruit, l-2.seeded, loosely spicate upon
the slender and much elongated torus (glomerate on the conical torus
in Kadsura). Albumen fleshy, homogeneous. — Trailing or twining'
glabrous shrubs (somewhat aromatic). Leaves alternate, entire or
denticulate, minutely and sparsely punctate (as also the petals) with
pellucid dots. Flowers axillary, on slender peduncles ; the uppermost
staminate.

1. SCHIZANDRA. Michx. fl. 2. p. 218. t. 47.

Moncecious. Sepals and petals 9-12, confounded with each other, roundish,
concave. Stamens 5: anthers subsessUe, connate. Carpels inequilateral,
1-seeded, loosely scattered m fruit on the fihform torus. " Embryo included
in fleshy green albumen ; radicle oblong ; cotyledons ovate." Richard in
Michx. — A trailing or somewhat twining shrub. Leaves entire or repandly
denticulate. Flowers small, crimson.

S. coccinea (Michx. 1. c.)—Ell. sk. 2. p. 582 ; DC. syst. l.p. 544 ; Bot.
mag. t. 1413 ; Audubon, birds ofAmer. t. 74.

In damp woods, S. Carolina ! Georgia ! and Louisiana ! May-Tune —
Stem 10-15 feet long. Leaves ovate or oval, mostly acute or acuminate at
each end, on slender petioles. Carpels small, ovoid, red when mature : torus
also red. Seed suspended 7

The order Schizandracccc, established by Bkime in his splendid Flora Javae, al-
though indicated in an earlier work, is founded upon Schizandra and two Asiatic
genera, viz : Sphserostema (which diflers from the former chiefly in its indefinite
stamens,) and Kadsura, Juss., which was formerly referred to Anonacere.

Order V. MENISPERMACE.E. Juss.

Flowers dioecious, rarely moncecious or polygamous. Sepals usually
in a double row, 2-4 in each, imbricated in testivation, deciduous.
Petals 1-8 (usually equal in number to the sepals), h5'pogynous, dis-
tinct or sometimes united, rarely none. Stamens distinct or mona-
delphous, equal in number to the petals and opposite them, or 2-4 times
as many : anthers adnate (extrorse or introrse !), or innate and con-
sisting of 4 globose lobes, or with the cells horizontal and placed end
to end, opening longitudinally. Ovaries usually several, distinct or
rarely united. Drupes baccate, 1-seeded, oblique or lunate, or incurv-
ed so that the apex and base are brought into contact ; the nut (endo-
carp) bony, and often tuberculate on the broad margin. Seed hetero-
tropous, conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo curved, included
in the rather thin fleshy albumen : radicle directed towards the style. —
Flexible and climbing shrubs or sutfruticose plants. Leaves alternate,

Menispermum. MENISPERMACEiE. 47

without stipules, simple, palmately veined. Flowers minute, in ra-
cemes or panicles.

The true structure of the fruit in this order, is f^iven by A. St, Hilairc, in his
Flora Brazihiu Mcridionalis. After fecundation tlie ovary begins to grow on one
side, and curves until, in most cases, the summit is brought close to the base. Tlic
fruit, Avhich is a true drupe, has an obovatc or subglobose form, and the nut is curv-
ed like a horse-shoe, so that -when it is cut transversely it appears to be ^-celled, a
false dissepiment being formed by the bending together of the two ends of the fruit.
The shell or cndocarp is often mistaken for the testa of the seed, the proper integu-
ments being membranaceous. According to De Candolle, the anthers are extrorse ;
but they arc certainly introrse in Menispermum Lyoni, and in some species of
Cocculus.

1. COCCULUS. Baiihin; DC. syst. l.p. 515.

Flowers diojcious. Sepals 6, in a double series. Petals 6, distinct. Sterile
Fl. Stamens 6 (rarely 3), distinct. Fertile Fl. Sometimes G abortive
stamens. Ovaries 3-6. Drupes 1-6.— Racemes axillary.

Differs from Menispermum chiefly in the stamens being equal in number to the
sepals (or rarely half as many), and not twice or more than twice as numerous.

1. C. CaroUmis (DC): minutely pubescent ; leaves cordate or ovate, en-
lire or obscurely lobed (rarely hastately 3-lobcd), mostly obtuse, mucronate,
velvety-pubescent underneath ; petals biauriculate at the base and embracing
the filaments, emarginate ; anthers innate, 4-lobed; ovaries 3-6. — DC. syst.
1. p. 524. Menispermum Carolinianum, Walt. Car. p. 248 ; Michx.fi. 2. p.
242. Wendlandia populifolia, Willd. sp. 2. p. 275 ; Pursh, fi. 1. p. 252.
(excl. syn). W. Caroliniana, Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 241.

Woods and banks of rivers. North CaroUna, Mr. Curtis ! Georgia, Lc
Conte! Mississippi, Mitt all ! Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! Kentucky, Dj\
Shnrt ! — Stem slender, sarmentose. Leaves extremely variable in form, 2-4
inches long, and of nearly the same breadth, often quite entire, but usually
with several sinuate obtuse lobes, sometimes nearly orbicular-cordate, some-
what coriaceous when mature : petioles 1-4 inches long. Flowers sometimes
polygamous? Sterile Fl. in compound racemes which are often 3-parted to
the base, greenish-white. Bracteoles mostly sohtary. Sepals 6, orbicular, or
obovate, concave. Petals 6, fleshy, with 2 inflcxed auricles at the base of
each. Stamens 6: filaments thickened at the summit, on which is borne the
didymous anther-cells, appearing like 4 approximated spherules. Drupe red,
as large as a small pea, compressed ; the nut curved into nearly a complete
ring, notched on the margin. Seed terete, filling the circular cavity of the
nuL Embryo in the axis of the fleshy albumen and about the same length :
cotyledons hnear, approximated.

2. MENISPERMUM. Linn. ; DC. syst. I. p. 539.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4-8, in a double series. Petals 4-7, in a double
series ; sometunes none. Sterile Fl. Stamens 12-20, distinct. Fertile
Fl. Ovaries 2-4 (usually solitary). Drupes 1-4 (usually solitary), globose-
reniform.— Racemes axillary or supra-axillary. Sterile and fertile flowers
often dissimilar.

InM. Dauricum, DC. {Dcless. ic. t. 100.) the sepals are 6 in number and the
corolla is wanting.

48 MENISPERMACEiE. Menispermdm,

§ 1. Fertile flowers without abortive stamens: mit forming a nearly com-
plete ring.

1. M. Canadense (Linn.) : leaves peltate (with the petiole near the base),
somewhat glabrous, obtusely angled ; angles obtuse or acute ; racemes com-
pound ; sepals 4-7 ; petals 6-7 ; very small, somewhat fleshy ; stamens 15-19 ;
anthers innate, 4-lobed.— .'kT/c/i.r. / /. 2. p. 241 ; Pzirsh, fl. 2. p. 370 ; DC.
sysl. 2. p. 54:0 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 715. M. Virginicum, Linn.; Willd. sp. 4.
p. 824.

Banks of rivers and in thickets, Canada ! to S. Carolina, and Arkansas !
July. — Stem lierba;ceous or suflruticose at the base, 8-12 feet long, slender.
Leaves 3-4 inches long, rather broader than wide, with 3-5 angular lobes.
Flowers small, greenish-yellow ; the sterile ones in paniculate supra-axillary
racemes : pedicels about a hne long, bracteolate. Sepals commonly 4-5, obo-
vate-oblong. Petals much smaller than the sepals, orbicular, obtusely cuneate
at the base. Filaments scarcely thickened at the summit : anthers of 4
spherical lobes. Drupe stipitate, about one-third of an inch in diameter, nearly
black when mature, pruinose, curved so that the style and base are nearly in
contact ; pulp small in quantity. Nut much compressed, forming a nearly
complete ring. Seed terete, annular. Embryo linear, in the axis of a
fleshy albumen, and nearly of the same length.

§ 2. Sepals 6 : petals none : sterile flowers with 12 stamens ; the anthers
adnate, parallel with the fllament : fertile flowers with 6 abortive sta-
mens : ovaries 3 : drupe solitary^ oval, the style nearly at the summit .-
nut concavo-convex, deeply excavated in front. — Calycocarpum, Nutt.
mss.

2. M. Lyoni (Pursh) : leaves 3-5-lobed, not peltate ; the lobes acuminate
and sometimes crenulate ; petioles very long ; racemes somewhat compound.
—Pursh, fl. 2. p. 371 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 103.

Near New Orleans, Dr. Ingalls .' Arkansas, Nuttall ! Kentucky and
Tennessee, Pursh. — Stem climbing, about twenty feet long (PitrsA,). Leaves
3-7 inches in diameter, sparsely hirsute on the veins underneath ; the sinuses
commonly rounded, and often extending beyond the centre of the lamina.
Racemes shorter than the petioles, supra-axillary ; the pedicels 1-4-flow^ered.
Sterile Fl. Bracteole at the base of the sepals minute. Sepals obovate-
oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than the sepals : filaments compressed, ra-
ther thick ; anther cells linear-oblong, introrse, the cells parallel with the axis
of the filament. Fertile Fl. Sepals as in the sterile flowers. Abortive
stamens half the length of the sepals ; the spurious anther cells oblong and
somewhat diverging. Ovaries oblong, straight: stigmas sessile, fimbriate.
Drupe exactly oval, nearly an inch long (black, Pursh), compressed contrary
to the sutures. Nut deeply excavated in front, convex and smooth on the
back. Albumen fleshy and oily, in the fonn of a shallow cup. Embryo very
broad, lying in a shallow cavity in the midst of the albumen; cotyledons
oval, very thin and membranaceous, at length diverging. — The back and front
layers of albumen at length become soldered together, so that the shallow
cavity is divided into two cells, in each of which a cotyledon is lodged ; as in
Cocculus suberosus, DC. figured by Gsertner {Fr. 1. i. 70. /. 1.), and as de-
scribed by Wight & Arnott {Prodr. ft. Penins. hid. 1. p. 11). We have
seen the ripe fruit of this species only when deprived of its pulp. In the
half-grown state it is ovate, nearly straight, and slightly pointed at the summit
with a very short style. When fuUy grown the style appears to be still
nearly terminal. The shell is smooth, exactly oval, with a large cavity in

Berberis. BERBERIDACEiE. 49

front, capable of holding a grain of coffee. In our only ppccimcn, kindly
coinniunicated by Mr. Nuttall, the sutures are very distinct and have opened
at tiie suniinit.

Menispermum smilacinum, DC. sijst. 2. p- 5H (Cissampelos smilacina, Linn.*?)
seems to be only M. Caiiadense with smoother leaves and more simple racemes than
usual. The number of petals is very inconstant in the latter species, there being
sometimes only four. The figure in Catesby (^Carol. 1. t. 51.) is probably Cocculus
Carolinus, and is certainly not a Menispermum.

Order VI. BERBERIDACE7E. Vent. ; R. Br.

BerberideK & Podopliyllacese of Authors.

Sepals deciduous, 3-4-6, imbricated in two rows, often calyculate
with petaloid scales. Petals hypogynous, as many as the sepals and
opposite them ! or twice as many, frequently appendaged or glandular
at the base within. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them !
(twice as many in Podophyllum) : filaments short : anthers adnate,
extrorse, opening by recurved valves, (i. e. the face of each cell sepa-
rating elastically from the connectivum from the bottom to the top,
like a valve) except in Podophyllum. Ovary solitary, simple : style
continuous, often somewhat lateral or oblique : stigma orbicular or
peltate. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds 1 or few, rising from the
bottom of the cell, or numerous and attached to the ventral suture in
one or more rows, sometimes arillate. Embryo in the axis or near
the base of fleshy or horny albumen.

Tribe I. BERBERIDE^.

Embryo in the axis, and occupying nearly the whole length of i\\e
albumen : radicle long : cotyledons flat, elliptical. — Shrubs. Leaves
compound or reduced to a single leaflet, often stipulate. Flowers
yellow. Filaments irritable.

1. BERBERIS. Linn.; GcBrtn.fr. t. 42.

Sepals 6, usually 3-bracteoIate. Petals 6, commonly with 2 distinct glands
at the base. Stamens 6. Stigma orbicular, depressed, nearly sessile (rarely
a distinct style). Fruit a 1-9-seeded berry. Seeds erect.

§ 1. Primary leaves changed to spines, in the axils of which the secon-
dary leaves (produced by the developement of the" leaf buds, and re-
duced to a single leaflet) are fascicled. — Berberis, Nutt. DC.

1. B. vulgaris (Linn.) : branches mmutely dotted, with triple spines ;
leaves oval-obovate, closely serrate with bristly teeth ; racemes nodding, many-
flowered; petals entire; berries ohlong.— Willd. sp. 2. p. 227; Lam. ill. t.

7

50 ' BERBERIDACEJ3. Berberis.

, 243 ; Bigel fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 128 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. \. j). 28, excl. syn.
B. vulgaris, var. Canadensis, Torr. ! ji. 1. p. 336, not of Willd.

In waste places and about cultivated grounds, Canada! and Northern
States I doubtless introduced from Europe, but naturalized in many places.
Newfoundland, Morrison ex Hook. May-June. — Stem 3-8 feet high : pith
yellowish ; the spines sometimes simple. Berries acid. — Barberry-bush.

2. B. Canadensis (Pursh) : branches verrucose-dotted, with short triple
spines ; leaves spatulate-oblong, remotely serrate with somewhat bristly teeth ;
racemes subcorymbose, few-flowered ; petals cmarginate ; berries subglobose
or oval— Pursh! Jl. 1. p. 219 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 412 ; Mitt. ! gen. 1. p. 211.
B. vulgaris, Walt. Car. p. 120 ; Michx.fl. 1. p. 205. B. vulgaris, var. Can-
adensis, Willd. sp. 2. p. 228.

In the Alleghany Mountains, &c. Virginia ! N. Carolina ! Tennessee !
to Georgia. Also Canada, Pursh, but this is very doubtful. May- June. —
Shrub 2-3 feet high (stem and roots yellow, Nutt.) Leaves much smaller
and narrower than in the preceding species, attenuate at the base, but nearly
sessile ; the margin serrulate with 6-8 distant, often inconspicuous, mucro-
nate teeth. Raceme 5-8-floAvered, nodding : flowers smaller than in B. vul-
garis; fruit smaller and much shorter. — This indigenous species, very dis-
tinct from B. vulgaris, with which it has been in some degree confounded, is
probably a native of the Southern States only ; the Barberry of the New Eng-
land States and, doubtless, of Canada, being the European species, and cer-
tainly not indigenous. Our species was first noticed, apparently, by Marshall,
who states that he has a different species of Barberry growmg near New
River, Virginia. Original specimens, collected and named by Pursh, exist
in the herbarium of the late Prof. Barton, now deposited in the rooms of the
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.— B. emarginata, Willd., a
Siberian plant, appears to be very near this species.

§ 2. Leaves (evergreen) pinnate : petioles articulated at the origin of the
leaflets : filaments usually 2-toothed at the sumonit.—MAnomA, Nutt.

3. B. Aquifolium (Pursh) : leaflets 3-6 pairs (the lower pair not approxima-
ted to the base of the petiole), coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate or elliptical-oblong,
inequilateral or slightly cordate at the base, 1-nerved, the margin repand
with thorny or spinulose-cuspidate teeth ; racemes short, nearly erect, clus-
tered; filaments 2-toothed.— Pwrs/i.,/. I. p. 219. t. 4. (excl./. 5. the fruit.)

a. leaflets about 3 pairs, approximate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, pale green and
slightly glaucous both sides, flat or with shghtly undulate margins, with 5-9
short cuspidate teeth on each side.— B. AquifoUum, Pursh, I. c. (excl./ 1.
the separate leaflet) ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 29, in part. B. pinnata, MuhU
cat. ed. 2. p. 36. B. repens, Lindl. hot. res:, t. 1176. Mahonia Aquifolium,
Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 212 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 20. excl. (3.

0. leaflets 4-6 pairs, often rather distant, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, " pale
but bright green above" (Hook.), glaucous beneath, fiat or a Uttle undulate
along the margins, slightly repand with numerous cuspidate teeth. — B. pin-
nata /?., Hook. I. c.

y. leaflets 4-5 pairs, mostly approximate, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, dark
green and shining above, when mature rigidly undulate and repandly 6-12-
toothed on each margin ; teeth thorny and rather divaricate. — B. AquifoUum,
Pursh, I. c. f. 1. (a separate leaflet) ex Lindl. ; Hook. I. c. in part ; Lindl.
bat. reg. t. 1425. B. pinnata, Menzies, in herb. Banks. B. pinnata a.
Hook. I. C.I excl. syn. Deless. ^c. Mahonia AquifoUum ^. Nutkana, DC.
I.e.

In woods and along rivers throughout Oregon, a. From the Great Rapids
of the Oregon River (Lewis) to the Eastern declivity of the Rocky Moun-
tains, lat, lo°, Dr. James ! and the sources of the Colorado of the West,

Berberis. BERBERIDACE^. 51

Nuttall! /?. In the woody region of the Oregon, Drummnnd, Aiiitall! y.
Near the coast from lat. 40 "-49', jMenzie.'^, Doui^las, Ur. iScautcr ! April.
— An under-shrub, 2-5 feet high, branching; tlie branches often prucunibeni.
Leaflets li-3 inches long, obscurely reticulated on both sides, the veins ;dl
rising from the midrib. Petals connivent, the innermost bifid at the ape.x.
Berries dark purple. — This species, as we consider it, is liable to much varia-
tion in its foliage ; and we should incline to follow the authority of Lindley
and of Nuttall (who has recently enjoyed the opportunity of examining these
plants extensively in their native situations), and to separate our var. «. as a
distinct species, did not our specimens of /A communicated by Mr. Nuttall
appear manifestly to connect it with )., the B. A([uifolium of tlie region near
the Pacific coast. The former is moreover the plant originally brought to
the United States by Lewis, and described and figured (chieHy) by Pursh,
and cultivated in gardens, under the name of B. Aquifolium ; so that it ought,
in accordance with the rule in such cases, to retain the original name. Pursh
erroneously describes the berry as 3-celled, with a 3-lobed stigma; but his
figure of the fruit is manifestly taken/from some very diffcreiit plant.*

4. B. pinnata (hagasca): leaflets 4-5 pairs, the lowest pair approximate to
the base of the petiole, ovate-lanceolate, repandly dentate with 4-5 teeth on each
side; racemes erect [nodding in Jig. JJeless.], very much crowded. JJC.
(under Mahonia.) — B. pinnata, " Lagasca etench. hort. Madry ex auci.
Mahonia fascicularis, DC. .^ijst. 1. p. 19; Deless. ic. 2. t. 3.

" Western coast oi North America near Monterey [California] and Nootka,
Nei ex Lagasca; and in New Spain, Humb. ^ Bonpl.^^ JJC. I. c. — The
plant from Nootka is doubtless B. Aquifolium, as Lindley suggests. All our
specimens from Oregon have the lower pair of leaflets at some distance from
the base of the petiole ; in which, as in the less crowded racemes, &c. they
wholly disagree with the character of De Candolle and the figure of Deles-
sert ; and as Hooker changes the specific phrase of his B. pinnata in these
particulars, we have the more confidently referred the Oregon plant to B.
Aquifolium.

5. B. nervosa (Pursh): suffruticose ; leaves elongated ; leaflets 5-S pairs
(the lowest not approximated to the base of the petiole), ovate or oblong,
acute, repandly dentate with thorny teeth, 3-5 nerved from the base, the
nerves reticulated ; racemes simple, elongated ; pedicels very short ; filaments
2-toothed. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 219. t. 5. (excl. the flowers, which belong to B.
Aquifolium) ; Hook. I. c. B. glumacea, Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1425. Mahonia
nervosa, NiUt. gen. 1. p. 212 ; DC. I. c. M. glumacea, DC. I. c.

Oregon, in shady pine woods along the coast, from lat. 40°-49°, Menzies,
Dr. Scolder ! Nuttall ! — Low ; the stem often scarcely rising from the
ground. Leaves 1-2 feet long, coriaceous. Racemes spicate, often 6-8
inches long : flowers larger than in B. Aquifolium. Peduncles and petioles
surrounded at the base with numerous dry convolute and pungent glumaceous
bracts. Berries deep blue. — Pursh, Avho has made sad work in his figures
of Berberis, added the flowers of B. Aquifolium to the leaves of the present
species, and thus led De Candolle into mistake.

Tribe IL NANDINE^.

Embryo minute at the base of the albumen, often excentric or ob-
lique with respect to the hilum : radicle short and thick : cotyledons
very small, roundish. — Perennial herbs. Leaves decompound or lobed.

* The separate leaflets attached to Pursh's specimen in herb. Lambert, ono of
which is figured in his plate, are said in Brit.fi. gard. under Mahonia diversifolia,
t. 94. to belojig to that species. There is little doubt, however, tliat tliey were taken
from the specimen of Menzies in herb. Banks.

52 BERBERIDACEiE. Diphylleu.

2. VANCOUVERIA. Morren ^ Decaisne, in ann. sci. nat.
(2. ser.) 2. p. 351.

Sepals 6, oblong, thin and membranaceous, with 3-9 much smaller oval
bracteoles at the base, caducous. Petals 6, obovate, reflexed, the apex some-
what cucullate. Nectaries G, opposite the petals, linear-spatulate, concave,
reflexed. Stamens 6, erect : filaments flat : anthers oblong, mucronate.
Style slender : stigma capitate, somewhat perforated. Ovary (follicle-shaped,
minutely glandular-pubescent,) with 8-10 ovules attached to the ventral suture

in two rows. Fruit — Root slender, horizontal, perennial. Leaves radical,

2-3-ternate. Scape slender, simple. Flowers in a lax slightly panicled ra-
ceme, on filiform nodding pedicels. Petals white: nectaries with yellow
tips.

V. hexandra (Morr. & Decaisne, 1. c.) — Epiraedium hexandrum. Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 31. t. 13. Caulophyllum gracile, Dougl. viss. ex Hook.

In deep pine woods around Fort Vancouver, Douglas <^ Scouler, Nuttall !
also from Puget Sound to North California, ex Hook. — Scape a foot high ;
flowers small ; the floral envelopes all very thin and membranaceous. Leaf-
lets petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3-5-lobed, membranaceous, the margin
undulate, with a few weak hairs. Immature carpels (foUicles) excentric and
somewhat arcuate. — The bracteoles, or exterior sepals, are probably variable
in number, and are besides very caducous. I find nine in specimens collected
by Nuttall, all nearly alike and much smaller than the 6 inner or true sepals
which subtend the petals.

3. LEONTICE. Linn.; R.Br.

Sepals 3-6. Petals 6, bearing a little scale or nectary at the base within.
Carpel membranaceous, caducous or inflated, 2-4-seeded. Seeds erect,
globose : albumen horny.

§ Pericarp bursting at an early period '. exposing the finally drupe-like
seed raised on its thickened funiculus.r-CAVhOPUYLi.vn, Michx.

1. L. thalictroides (Linn.) : leaves 3-ternate ; the radical on long petioles ;
cauline 1-2, destitute of a common petiole, the lower 3-ternate, the upper
(when present) much smaller and 2-ternate ; leaflets incisely 2-3-lobed. —
R. Br. in Liiin. trans. 12. p. 145. t. 7 ; Torr. ! jl. 1. p. 336 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. ed. 2. p. 213. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 205. t. 21 ;
Pursh! jl. l.p. 218.

Woods, Canada ! to N. Carolina ! and Kentucky ! April. — Glaucous when
young. Stem simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaflets rather ovate, obhque and
subcuneiform at the base, the terminal broadest, petiolulate. Panicle small,
racemose. Petals greenish-yeUow : scale reniform, viscid. Seeds large (2
or by abortion 1), deep blue when ripe, on long and thick fimiculi, baccate :
albumen of the forai of the seed, very firm. — The roasted seeds have been
used as a substitute for cofiee. — Blue Cohosh.

4. DIPHYLLEIA. Mich.x. fl. 1. p. 203. t. 19 ^ 20.

Sepals 3. Petals 6, oval, without glands. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, ex-
centric : stigma subsessile, peltate, lacunose. Ovules about 4, borne on a

Jeffersonia. BERBERIDACEyE. 53

short lateral placenta near the base of the cell. Pericarp somewhat baccate,
subglobose, 2-3-seeded. Seeds roundish. Embryo very minute at tiie base
of nearly horny albumen, excentric. — Rhizoma thick, horizontal. Stem sim-
ple, 2-leaved. Leaves large, alternate, peltate in the manner of Podophyllum,
semiorbicular-subreniform, deeply 2-lobed ; each division 7-9-lobed; lobes
triangular, serrate with triangular teeth. Flowers Avhite, in a simple umbel-
late cyme.

D. cymosa (Michx.! 1. c.)—Ell. sk. 1. ;;. 411 ; NiUt. gen. 1. p. 209; DC.
syst. 2. p. 29.

Along rivulets in high mountains, Virginia to Georgia ! North Carolina,
Mr. Curtis ! (in fruit only)— Stem 1-2 feet high. Seeds reddish : testa
membranaceous : hilum somewhat unilateral.— De Candolle, in describing the
seed, says, " Embryone recto tenui," which is incorrect. Decaisne, {Ann.
sci. nat. (2. ser.) 2. p. 359,) who also examined Michaux's specimen, states
that the embryo occupies about a third of the length of the albunien. It is
really, however, much smaller than this, although the little cavity in Avhich it
is situated is sometimes prolonged to near the centre of the albumen, a cir-
cumstance which may possibly have misled the observers. In this, as in
some other genera, the peculiar disposition of the veins of the pericarp rnay
be observed which Morren & Decaisne noticed in Epimedium, and which
led these botanists to consider the ovary of Berberidaceee as compound. This
peculiarity admits, however, of easy explanation on the supposition that the
carpel is formed of a palmately veined leaf.

5. ACHLYS. DC. syst. 2. p. 35. ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 30. t. 12.

Sepals and petals none ; the achlamydeous flowers sessile in a close
spike. Stamens numerous : filaments slender, the outermost dilated at the
summit : anthers didymous, subglobose, somewhat unilocular. Ovary 1-
seeded : style none : stigma dilated, concave on one side. Seed erect. —
A glabrous herb. Rhizoma clothed with glumaceous scales. Leaves radical,
on long petioles, ternate : leaflets flabeUiform, sinuate-toothed. Scape very
long and slender : flowers small, ebracteate.

A. triphylla (DC. I. c.) — Leontice triphylla, Smith, in Rees^ cyclop.
N. W. Coast, Menzies. Near Fort Vancouver, in deep woods, Dr. Scou-
ler I Nuttall !

6. JEFFERSONIA. Bart, in trans. Am. phil. sac. 3. p. 334.

Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8: anthers linear. Ovary
obovate : stigma peltate, subsessile. Capsule substipitate, dehiscent by a
transverse chink near the summit. Seeds numerous, crowded in several rows
on the broad lateral placenta : aril lacerate, unilateral. Embryo minute, at
the base of fleshy albumen. — Rhizoma horizontal, throwing up a simple 1-
flowered scape, and 2-foliolate or 2-parted leaves. Habit of Sanguinaria.

J. diphylla (Pers. syn.)— Pz/rs/i .'/. 1. p. 268; Bot. mag. t. 1513; Torr. !
ft. 1. p. 399. J. binata, Bart. I. c. (with a plate). J. Bartonis, Michx. !
ft. 1. p. 237. Podophyllum diphyllum, Linn.

54 CABOMBACE.E. Cabomba.

a. leaflets obscurely sinuate, or nearly entire.

iff. leaflets incisely 5-7-lobed.— J. lobata, Nutt.! in jour. acad. PJiilad.
7. p. 99.

In calcareous soils, New-York ! to the mountains of the Southern States!
/?. Kentucky, ///•. S/iort ! April. — Leaves glaucous beneath. Flowers white,
an inch in diameter. Sepals sometimes 3 or 5. Petals often 9. Stigma
with the margin undulate. Pericarp coriaceous. Seeds obovate-oblong ;
testa brownish, thick.

7. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 449.

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens 12-18: anthers linear,
bursting by a double longitudinal Une. Ovary ovate, subsessile, thick, peltate.
Capsule fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous in several rows on a thick
lateral placenta, which at length becomes very large and pulpy. — A somewhat
poisonous herb: rhizoma horizontal (cathartic) : stem simple, 2-leaved and 1-
flowered at the summit : fruit large, subacid and edible when ripe.

P. peUatum (Linn.)— Mich.x. ! jl. 1. p. 309 ; Bigel. mat. med. t. 35 ; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 10. P. caUicarpum, Raf.ji. Ludov. p. 14.

Woods and meadows, Canada ! to Louisiana. May— Leaves peUate, pal-
mately 5-7-parted ; lobes toothed or cleft at the apex ; the barren stems pro-
ducing but a single leaf, which is peUate in the centre. Flower Avhite, large,
nodding. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. — Mandrake, May-
apple — This genus certainly belongs to Berberidacese, as was first indicated
by R. Brown (Congo, p. 443, note.), notwithstanding the more numerous
stamens and the want of the peculiar dehiscence of the anthers.

Order YII. CABOMBACEiE. Richard.

Hydropeltidcoe, DC. ; Lindl.

Sepals 3-4, colored inside. Petals 3-4, alternate with the sepals.
Stamens definite (6) or somewhat indefinite (18-36), hypogynous :
anthers innate. Torus inconspicuous. Ovaries 2-18 : stigmas sim-
ple. Carpels indehiscent, tipped with the indurated style, 1-2-seeded.
Seeds globular, orthotropous, pendulous. Embryo minute, at the
base of fleshy albumen, enclosed in the persistent and thickened sac
of the nucule : radicle pointing from the hilum. — Aquatic plants,
with perennial roots. Floating leaves centrally peUate ; submersed
foliage filiformly dissected. Flowers small, on l-flowered peduncles.

1. CABOMBA. Aiiblet, fl. Guian. 1. p. 321. f. 124; Richard, in a7in.
mus. 17. p. 230. t. 5 ; Gray, in ann. lye. New-York, 4. p. 46.

Nectvis, Schreb,

Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Carpels 1-3-
seeded. — Leaves opposite ; submerged ones filiformly dissected. Flowers
yellow or white.

Cbratopiiyllum. CERATOPHYLLACEiE. 53

1. C. Caroliniana (Gray): floating leaves elliptical or linear-oblong;
flowers white ; ovaries 3 or A.— Gray, I. c.—C. Aublutii, Midi.c.Jl. 1. p. 200.
Nectris pcltata, Pursh, f. 1. p. 239. rexcl. syn.) N. aquatica, Null. gen.
1. p. 230 ; Ell. ! sk. 1. p. 416, not of U7//c/.

In stagnant waters, from Newbern, N. Carolina (Croo7?i.') to Georgia!
and Louisiana ! May.— Stem branching. Submersed leaves with a renifomi
circumscription, 3-parted to the base: segments 3 times di-(middle one tri-)
chotomous ; lobes filiform, flat, obtuse. Floating leaves about an inch long
(often cmarginate at one end). Flowers about half an inch in diametor,
rarely 2-scpalous and 2-petalous. Petals oval, obtuse, with 2 yellow
spots at the base. Carpels ovate. — See Ann. lye. I. c.

2. BRASENIA. Schrcb. gen. p. 372 ; Nutt.gen. 2. p. 23.

Hydropeltis, Michx.

Sepals 3-4, colored within, persistent. Petals 3-4. Stamens 18-36. Ova-
ries 6-18. Carpels oblong-ovate, 2- (or by abortion 1-) seeded.— Stem, pedun-
cles, and lower surface of the centrally peltate leaves, thickly covered with a
gelatinous and viscid transparent substance. Flowers brownish-purple.

B. pel fata {V\irsh)—Nutt. I. c. ; Gray, I. c— Hydropeltis purpurea,
Mich.v. ! fl. 1. p. 324, t. 29 ; Bot. mag. t. 1147 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 112.

In still water, Canada! to Georgia! and west to Arkansas. July. — Stem
1-10 feet long. Leaves elliptical, alternate. Flowers the size of Caltha pa-
lustris.— See Nutt. I. c. for remarks on the structure of the stem and leaves.

Order VIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^. S. F. Gray.

Flowers moncecious. Sepals 8-12, united at the base (sometimes
cleft at the extremity), persistent. Petals none. Stamens 12-24 : an-
thers sessile, ovate-oblong, 2-3-cuspidate, crowded in the centre of the
calyx. Ovary free, ovate, simple : style filiform, oblique : stigma simple.
Fruit a crustaceous l-seeded achenium, apiculate with the indurated
persistent style. Seed suspended, orthotropous, destitute of albumen.
Embryo with a short radicle, 4 cotyledons (the opposite (upper) ones
smaller), and a highly developed gemmule. — Submersed aquatics,
growing in still water. Stems branching. Leaves whorled, rather
rif^id, 2-4-chotomously cleft into filiform or setaceous segments, which
are sometimes slightly toothed. Flowers axillary, minute. Fruit
armed with the persistent style and usually with two lateral spines.

1. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.; Gcertn. fr. t. 44; Ad. Brongn. in
ami. SCI. nat. 12. t. 44; Cham, in Linncea, 4. p. 503 ; Gray, in ami. lye.
New- York, 4. p. 41.

Character same as of the Order.

1. C. apiculatum (Cham.) : achenium elliptical, compressed, with a sin-
gle weak and short terminal spine ; margins wingless, not gibbous, furnished

56 NELUMBIACE^. Nelcmbium.

with a tubercle near the base; the sides slightly convex.— C7mm. I.e. p. 505.
t. 5. Jig. 6. e. C. submersum, DC. prodr. 3. p. 74, fide Cham.
California near St. Francisco, Chamisso.

2. C. echinatum (Gray) : achenium elliptical, slightly compressed, with 3
short spines ; sides strongly muricated ; margins sligiitly winged, not gibbous,
armed with blunt teeth, which finally become weak spines or horns as long as
the lateral spines. — Gray, I. c. p. 49. — C. demersum (wholly or in part) of
American botanists.

Princeton, New-Jersey ! in deep water. — Achenium rather large. Near C.
muricatum, Cham. — Specimens of Ceratophyllum are seldom collected in
fruit, and little is known concerning our species. On further investigation
other species may be discovered, or, which is not very improbable, the various
forms that have been described may prove to be states of the same species.

Order IX. NELUMBIACE^E. Lindl

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals numerous, in many rows, arising outside the
disk. Stamens indefinite, in several rows, arising from within the pe-
tals : filaments petaloid : anthers adnate, introrse. Torus a fleshy
elevated disk, excessively enlarged, enclosing the numerous separate
ovaries in hollows of its substance. Nuts numerous, loose and half
buried in hollows of the disk, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, crowned with
the style. Seed suspended, orthotropous, destitute of albumen. Em-
bryo large, with 2 fleshy cotyledons and a highly developed plumule,
consisting of a pair of primordial leaves and a bud, enclosed in the
persistent membrane of the nucule. — Herbs, growing in deep water,
with large emersed centrally peltate fleshy leaves, and 1-flowered
peduncles arising from a prostrate rhizoma. Flowers very large.
Juice milky.

1. NELUMBIUM. Juss. ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 125S.

Nelumbo, Ada/is.
Character same as of the Order.

1. N. luteum, (Willd.) : anthers produced into a linear appendage. — DC.

?irodr. 1. p. 113; Turpin, in ann.mus.l.p. 210. f. 11. Nymphaea Ne-
umbo, Walt. Car. p. 155. Cyamus flavicomus, Salisb. ami. hot. 2. p. 45 ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 398. Cyamus luteus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 5. Nelumbium co-
dophylliim, Raf. Jl. Ludov.?

In ponds and lakes throughout the Southern and Western States ! rare in
the Middle and Eastern. Big Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario, Dr. Sartwell!
Haddam, Connecticut, Prof. Hitchcock! Philadelphia! June. — Leaves
orbicular, 1-2 feet in diameter. Peduncles slightly muricate, emersed.
Flowers pale yellow. — A'', pentapetalum, Willd. (Nymphfea pentapetala,
Walt. " Corolla 5-petala, alba.") rests wholly on the authority of Walter,
and is probably not distinct. — The tubers, which, according to Nuttall, "re-
semble those of the Sweet-Potato and are connected by running roots, are
when boUed as farinaceous and agreeable as the potato, and are employed
for food by the Osage and other western Indians." NxUt. coll. fi. Arkans.dn
traits, am. phil. soc. 2. ser. 5. p. 160.

NufHHAR. NYMPHiEACEiE. 57

Order X. NYMPHiEACEiE. S'allsb. (in part.)

Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually into
each other, the former persistent, the latter inserted upon tlie disk
which surrounds the pistil. Stamens indefinite, in several rows, in-
serted into the disk : filaments petaloid : anthers adnate, introrse.
Torus a fleshy disk surrounding the ovary more or less. Ovary many-
celled, many-seeded: stigmas radiate. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent.
Seeds very numerous, covering the spongy dissepiments, or rather
placentie, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril, anatropous. Albumen
forinaceous. Embryo minute, next tlie hilum, inclosed in the mem-
branous sac of the nucule : cotyledons foliaceous. — Herbs with pel-
tate or cordate fleshy leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles, arising from a
prostrate trunk : aquatic. Flowers large, white or yellow.

1. NYMPH^A. Tourn. ; DC. syst. 2, p. 49.

Sepals 4, at the base of the torus. Petals and stamens passing insensibly
into each other, attached to the torus which surrounds the ovary. — Flowers
white or rose-color.— 7 White Water-Lily.

1. N. odorata (Ait.) : leaves orbicular or somewhat reniform, with the
primary veins numerous and prominent beneath; stigma 16-20-rayed; rays
incurved.

a. sinus and lobes of the leaf more or less acute. — N. odorata, Ait. Kew. ;
Willd. hort. Berol. 1. t. 39; Pitrsli,fl. 2. p. 368 ; BC. syst. 2. p. 57; Hook. ft.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 32. N. alba, Micha:. ! Ji. 1. p. 311.

/?. sinus and lobes more or less rounded. — N. reniformis, Walt. Car. p.
155; DC. syst. I. c; Deless. ic. 2. t.5. Nelumbium reniforme, Willd.
sp. 2. p. 1260.

y. smaller; leaves and peduncles purplish; flowers rose-color. — N. odorata
0. rosea, Pursh, I. c. N. odorata /?. minor, Bat. mag. t. 1652. N. minor
DC. I.e.

In deep and in shallow water, throughout N. America east of the Rockv
Mountains! June-Sept. — Rhizoma very large. Leaves floating; sinus reach-
ing to the centre. Flower fragrant, closing in the afternoon. — N. alba is said
by Nuttall to grow in the neighbourhood of Detroit.

2. NUPHAR. Smith ; DC. syst. 2. p. 59.

Sepals 5-6, petaloid, inserted at the base of the torus. Petals numerous
inserted with the sepals, very much smaller, nectariferous on the back.
Stamens inserted with the petals. — Flowers yellow.— Ye/Zoto Pond-Lily.

}■ N. lutea (Smith) : sepals 5 ; stigma entire, 16-20-rayed, deeply um-
bilicate ; leaves cordate-oval, with approximate lobes ; petioles triquetrous.
DC— Ait. Kew. (ed. 2.) 3. p. 295 ; Pursh, A. 2. p. 369 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am.

8

58 SARRACENIACEiE. Sarracenia.

1. p. 32; Bongard. veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 124. Nymphsea lutea, Linn.;.
Michx.! fl. 1. p. 311.

p. Kalmiana: stigma 8-14-raye(l, somewhat crenate. — N. Kalmiana,
Pursh, I. c. ; Hook. I. c. Nympha;a lutea 0. Kalmiana, Michx.! jl. 1.
7>. 311. N. Kalmiana, Hot. mag. t. 1243.

Subarctic America, Dr. Richardsoii. Sitcha, Bongard. p. Northern
States ! and Canada ! — Leaves floating, fl. is usually a much smaller plant,
but is sometimes nearly as large as the succeeding species : the sinus of the
leaf is commonly open.

2. A^. advp.na (Ait.) : sepals mostly six, the outer ones smallest ; stigma
slightly umbilicate and repand, 12-25-rayed ; leaves cordate with the lobes
diverging ; petioles semi-terete. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 369 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 8 ;
Hook. I. c. Nympha;a advena, Michx. ! fi. 1. j). 311; Willd. hort. Berol. 1.
t. 37. N. lutea, Walt. Car. p. 154.

fl. tomenlosa : leaves canescently tomentose beneath. — N. tomentosa,
Nutt. herb. !

Canada to Georgia ! and Arkansas ; west to Oregon ! /?. near Philadelphia !
— Leaves floating in deep water, erect and emersed in shallow. Sepals
roughish, the outer ones green. — Perhaps not specifically distinct from the
preceding.

3. A^. sagittcefolia (Pursh) : sepals 6 ; petals none ; anthers subsessile ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate, obtuse. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 370 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 9 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 62; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 13. Nymphsea sagittsefolia, Walt.
Car. p. 154. N. longifolia, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 312.

N. Carolina! to Georgia ! — Rhizoma erect. (Z>C) Leaves membranace-
ous, often a foot long. Outer sepals green ; the inner petaloid, narrowed at
the base. Flowers the size of N. lutea.

Order XL SARRACENIACE^. De la Pylaie.

Sepals 5, persistent, with a small S-leaved involucre on the outside ;
aestivation imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, unguiculafe, concave.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous : anthers oblong, adnate, introrse.
Ovary 5-celled, with the placentas in the axis : style single : stigma
persistent, petaloid, peltate, with 5 angles. Capsule 5-celIed, 5.valved ;
dehiscence loculicidal : placentae projecting into the cells, many-
seeded. Seeds anatropous, minute. Embryo minute, cylindrical,
placed near the hilum : albumen copious. — Herbaceous perennial
plants, living in bogs. Roots fibrous. Leaves (purplish or yellowish-
green) radical, with the petiole tubular or pitcher-shaped ; the lamina
small, rounded, and usually inflected over (he orifice of the petiole.
Scape l-flowered : flower large, nodding, yellow or purple.

Of the six species known, five are confined to the Southern States east of the Alle-
ghany Mountains, and the sixth is found as far north as Newfoundland.

Sarhacenia. SARRACENIACE^.

1. SARRACENIA. Linn. ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 10 ; Croom, in ami. hjc.
New- York, 4.^. 98.

Character same as of the Order.

1. S. purpnrea {\umn.) : leaves short, ascending, arcuate; tube inflated,
gibbous, with a very broad wing; lamina erect, cordate, hairy within ;
ilower purple.— j5of. mag. t. 849; Michx.! Ji. 1. f>. 310; Ell. sk. 2. p. 9;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 33; De la Pylaie, in ami. Linn. soc. Par.Q.p.
388. t. 13 ; Croom .' I. c. p. 98. S. heterophylla, Eaton, man. hot.

Hudson's Bay to Florida ! common in the northern States. May- June. —
Tube usually half-filled with water and dead insects. Stipules ovate, mu-
cronale. Petals inflected over the stigma.

2. <S. rubra. ( Wait.) : leaves elongated and slender, erect ; tube slightly
dilated upwards, with a narrow linear wing ; lamina erect, mucronate, nar-
rowed at the base ; flower reddish-purple. — Walt. Car. p. 152 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 10 ; Hook, e.vot.f. t. 13. f in hot. mag. t. 3515; Croom ! I. c. p. 99.

N. Carolina! to Georgia! May. — Leaves 10-15 inches long; the throat
open. Flowers smaller than in S. purpurea : petals obovate.

3. S. Drummondii (Croom) : leaves very long, erect; tube dilated above,
with a very narrow wing; the upper portion, as well as the orbicular erect
lamina, whitish and strongly reticulated with purple veins ; flower purple. —
Croom ! I. c. p. 100. t. 6.

Florida near Apalachicola, Drummondl &. Dr. Chapman! and on the
Apalachicola river near Ocheesee, Dr. Chapman ! April. — Leaves 20-30
inches long, trumpet-shaped, broad at the mouth. Lamina clothed with
strong hairs within. Flower large.

4. S. p.nttacina. (Michx.) : leaves short, reclined, marked with white
spots; tube inflated, with a very broad semi-obovate wing; lamina ventri-
cose, recurved so as nearlv to close the tube ; flower purple. — Michx. ! ji. 1.
;). 311; Pursh.fl. 2. p. 368 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Croom! I. c. p. 101. S.cal-
ceolata, Nutt. ! in trans. Am. phil. soc. (2. ser.) 4. p. 49. t. 1. S. pulcheUa,
Croom, in Sill. jour. 25. p. 75.

Georgia ! Florida ! and Louisiana ! March-April. — Leaves 3-4 inches
long : tube narrow ; orifice small.

5. S. variolaris (Michx.) : leaves elongated, nearly erect ; tube sHghtly
inflated above, spotted on the back, with a linear-lanceolate wing; lamina
incurved and fornicate; flower yellow. — Mich.v.! JI. 1. p. 310; Bot. mag. t.
1710 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 12 ; Croom ! I. c. p. 102. S. minor, Walt.l S. adunca.
Smith, e.Tot. bot. t. 53.

Pine-barren ponds, S.Carolina! Georgia! and Florida! March-April.
— Leaves 12-18 inches long, with white diaphanous spots. Flowers the
size of S. purpurea: petals inflected over the stigma.

6. S. fava (Linn.) : leaves erect, very long; tube trumpet-shaped with
an expanded throat ; wing almost none ; lamina erect, much contracted at
the base, the sides reflexed ; floM^er yellow. — Walt. Car. p. 153 ; Michx. ! JI.
1. p. 310 ; Bot. mas: t. 780; Ell. sk. 2. p. 10; Croom., I. c. p. 103 ; Audub.
birds of Amer. t. 300. S.Catesbffii, Ell. I. c. (Catesb. Car. t. 69,)

Virginia to Florida ! and Louisiana! in wet pine-woods. April. — Leaves
1-3 feet long: lamina reniform, mucronate, minutely pubescent within, more
or less marked with purple veins. Flowers verv large : petals obovate-spatu-
late, undulate : stigma 2 inches broad. Odor of the ilower disagreeable. —
S. Catesbsei of Elliott is this species with the purple veins more than usually

60 PAPAVERACEvE. Papaver.

marked ; as was proved by the lamented Mr. Groom, whose monograph
affords a very complete account of this genus.

Order XII. PAP AVERAGES. Juss.

Sepals 2, or sometimes 3, imbricated in aestivation, caducous. Pe-
tals 4, placed in a cruciate manner, or sometimes 5-6, hypogynous.
Stamens hypogynous, distinct, as many or twice as many as the pe-
tals, or often numerous but some multiple of the petals, sometimes in
as many parcels one of which adheres to the base of each : anthers
innate. Ovary composed of 2 or more united carpels (distinct in
Platystemon) : style short or none : stigmas when several usually stel-
late upon the fiat apex of the ovary. Fruit l-celled, either pod-shaped
with 2-3, or capsular with several parietal placentae, which are alter-
nate with (in Papaver opposite) the stigmas ; the valves often separating
from the placentae. Seeds numerous, anatropous, sometimes slightly-
curved. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. —
Herbs (very rarely shrubs), with commonly a milky or colored nar-
cotic, and often acrid, juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, often
more or less divided. Flowers solitary on long peduncles, white, yel-
low, or red, never blue.

1. True PapaveracecB.

1. PAPAVER. Linn.; Gccrtn.fr. t. 60.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style none : stigmas 4-20,
sessile radiating on the summit of the ovary. Capsule obovate, thick, open-
ing under the crown formed by the stigmas : placenta; many-seeded, oppo-
site to the stigmas ! and extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete
partitions.— Herbs with a white narcotic juice. Peduncles droopmg at the
extremity before &.owenng.— Poppy.

1 P. nuclicaule (Linn.) : hairy ; leaves pinnatifid, with acute incised
lobe's; peduncles radical, very long; sepals clothed with bristly hairs; cap-
sules hispid, obovate-oblong.— 5o^. mag: t. 1663 ; Ptirsh,Jl. 2. p. 365 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 117 ; Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 34.

Labrador! and Arctic America! Unalaschka, Chamisso.—li Flowers
mostly yellow.

2. P. dubium (Linn.): caulescent: stem hispid AA^th spreading hairs;
leaves pinnately parted ; segments incised ; peduncles clothed with appres-
sed bristly bans ; sepals hairy ; capsules obovoid-oblong, smooth..— Eng. hot.
t 644 ; DC. I. c; Durlin^t. fi. Cest. ed. 2. p. 317.

In cultivated grounds ; becoming naturalized m Chester County, Pennsyl-
vania, Darlington.— (l) Flowers pale red or scarlet.

3. P. somnifernm (Linn.) : caulescent, glabrous and glaucous ; leaves
clasping, incised and toothed, the teeth someAvhat obtuse ; sepals glabrous ;
capsules' obovate or globose, glabrous.— Z>C. prodr. 1. p. 119.

Meconopsis. PAPAVERACEiE. 611

Growing; wild occasionally in waste grounds, but scarcely naturalized. —
(X) Common Poppy.

2. ARGEMONE. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 60; Lam. ill. t. 452.

Sepals 2. Petals 4-8. Stamens numerous. Stigmas 4-7, almost sessile,
radiating, concave, free, alternate with the placentae. Capsule obovate,
opening at the apex by valves, which separate from the persistent filiform
placentae. Seeds globose, pitted and reticulated. — Annual glaucous herbs,
with a yellow juice. Leaves sessile, repand-sinuate or jjinnatifid, with
prickly teeth. Peduncles erect before and after flowering.

1. A. Me.vicana (Linn.) : loaves usually blotched with white ; flowers
solitary; calyx glabrous, prickly; petals yellow ; capsules prickly. — Bot.
mag. t. 243 ; Pursh.Ji. 2. p. 366'; Ell. sk. 2. p. 13; DC.prodr. 1. p. 120.

/?. flowers ochroleucous.

y. flowers larger, white. — A. Mexicana /?. albiflora, DC. I. c ; Bot. mag. t.
2342. A. alba, /?«/. _^. Ludov. A. Georgiana, Croom .' in Sill. jour. 25.
p. 75.

<5. capsules not prickly.

In waste and cultivated places throughout the Southern and Western
States. West to the Platte and Canadian Rivers ! Native ? ^. Key West !
Sparingly naturalized in the Northern States. June-Oct. — Prickly Poppy.

3. MECONOPSIS. Viguier, diss. p. 20; DC. syst. 2. p. 86.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style short but distmct: stig-
mas 4-6, radiating, convex, free. Capsule obovate, opening by valves at
the apex : placental (opposite to the stigmas ?) slender, scarcely extending
into the cell. — Perennial herbs with a yellow juice. The first section is
very near Papaver; the second is somewhat allied to Argemone.

§ 1. Capsides o-6-[^sometimes 4-] talced, smooth. — Meconopsis, DC.

1. M. hetcr'ophylla (Benih.): leaves few and remote, pinnatcly divided;
segments of the lower ones ovate, incised and petioluled ; of the upper li-
near, entire, someAvhat confluent. Benth. in hart, trans, (ser. 2.) ].p. 40.

California, Douelas, Nuttall ! — A foot high. Flowers smaJl, scarlet.
Petals unequal. Nutt.

2. M. crassifoUa (Benth.) : stem leafy at the base ; leaves rather thick,
glaucous, pinnately divided ; the segments incisely lobed, with revolute mar-
gins ; those of the lower leaves ovate-cuneifonu, of the upper linear-cunei-
form. Benth. '. I. c.

California, Douglas ! — Flowers orange-red.

§ 2. Capsides A-valved, echinate-setose. — Stylophorum, Nutt.

3. M. diphylla (DC.) : leaves pinnately divided or parted ; segments 5-7,
obovate-oblong, sinuate, glaucous beneath ; cauline leaves mostly 2, opposite ;
peduncles aggregated, terminal. — DC. syst. 2. p. 88, ^ prodr. 1. p. 121.
M. petiolata, DC. I. c. Chelidonium diphyllum, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 309.
St)^lophorum diphyllum, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 7. S. petiolatum, Nutt. ! I. c.
S. Ohioense, Sprcng. syst. 2. p. 570.

62 PAPAVERACE^. Glaucidm.

Shady woods, Western States ! May-July.— Sparsely pubescent when
young, at length glabrous. Upper segments of the leaves confluent; the
lower pair distinct. Flower bright yellow, an inch or more in diameter.
Capsule ovoid.— The floral leaves arc, we believe, always petioled; the peti-
oles sometimes longer than the leaves, sometimes shorter. The erroneous
character " foliis sessilibus" of Michaux has caused the introduction of a
nominal species.

4. SANGUINARIA. Linn.j Lam. ill. 1 449; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 9.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stamens 24. Stigmas 2, connate. Capsule
oblong and almost pod-shaped, acute at each end, 2-valved ; valves separat-
ing from the persistent filiform placentae. Seeds numerous, obovate, with a
cristate raphe. — An acaulescent herb, with an acrid orange-colored juice,
and a large creeping rhizoma. Leaves reniform, palmately 5-7-lobed ; the
lobes mostly sinuate, crenate, or repand. Scapes 1-flowered, each accompa-
nied by a single leaf. Flower rather large, white.*— Blood-Eoot. Bed-root.

S. Canadensis (Linn.)— Michx. ! fl.l.p. 309; Bat. mag. t. 162; Nutt.!
I. c; DC. prodr. 1. p. 131 ; Bigel. med. hot. 1. p. 75. t. 7 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 35. S. grandiflora, Base ; Brit. fi. gard. (2. ser.) t. 147.

Open Avoods, in light soil, &c. Canada ! to Florida ; west to the Missis-
sippi. March-April.— Scape 3-8 inches high. Petals oblong, attenuate at
the base.

5. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. ; Gcurtn. fr. t. 115.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens rather numerous. Capsule pod-shaped,
linear, 2-valved ; valves dehiscing from the base to the apex. Seeds many,
furnished with a glandular cristate raphe. — Perennial herbs, with a saSion-
colored acrid juice. Flowers small, yellow. — Celandine.

1. C. majus (Linn.) : peduncles many-flowered ; pedicels somewhat um-
bellate; leaves pinnately divided, glaucous; segments ovate, crenately incis-
ed or lobed, the termirial one cuneiform-obovate ; capsules torulose. — Eng.
hot. t. 1531; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 365; DC. prodr. 1. p. 123.

In waste places. Introduced. May-Oct.— Root fusiform. Leaves large,
pale-green : leaflets 5-7.

6. GLAUCIUM. Linn.; GcBrtn.fr. t.llo.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Capsule pod-shaped, 2-valved,
2-celled by a cellular partition. Seeds many, ovate-reniform. — Biennial
glaucous herbs, with an acrid saffron-colored juice. — Horn-Poppy.

* By a singular typographical error, the habit of the geims, in De Candolle's
Prodromus, is made to read " Herba Boreali- Americana succo sanguineo fcexa fnliis
longius basi cimealis, panicula laxiore cernua. — In Nova-Hispania." The latter
part of the phra?e belongs to Bocconia frutescens l3. on the same page. The mis-
take is inadvertently copied in Hooker's Flora Borcali-Americana.

Chryseis. • PAPAVERACEiE. 63

1. G. Jiaviim (Crantz.): stem glabrous; cauline leaves clasping, pinna-
tifid ; floral ones repand ; pod roughened with tubercles. — " Crantz, ft. Anslr.
2. p. 141"; DC. prodr. 1. ;;. 122. G. luteuni, Smith, Eng. hot. t.8;
Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 365.

On the coast of Virginia & Carolin.'x, Pursh; & on the banks of the Poto-
mac ! Introduced. June-July. — Radical leaves large, bipinnatifid, pubescent
on both sides with short hairs. Calyx bristly. Petals large, bright yellow.
Capsule 6-9 inches long.

7. CHRYSEIS.* Lindl. hot. rcg. t. 1677.

Eschscliolzia, Cham. ; DC. (not Elsholtzia, Willd.)

Torus dilated, salver- form ; limb expanded. Sepals 2, cohering by their
edges, forming a mitre-shaped calyx, which is separated from the torus when
the petals expand. Petals 4, inserted into the throat of the torus. Stamens
numerous, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stigmas linear-filiform, ses-
sile, commonly 4, two of which are shorter and abortive (sometimes 5-7, of
which 2-3 are abortive). Capsule pod-shaped, cyUndrical, 10-ribbed, 10-
striate, with 2 parietal placentae opposite the smaller stigmas. Seeds glo-
bose, reticulated. — Annual glaucous herbs, with a colorless juice having the
odor of muriatic acid. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, with linear segments. Pe-
duncles 1-flowered. Flowers yellow, showy.

1. C. Californica (Lindl.) : stem branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; calyx
ovoid, Avith a very short abrupt acumination ; petals bright yellow with an
orange spot at the base. — Lindl. I. c. Eschscholzia Californica, Cham.; Nees,
hort. Berol. <^ Bonn. p. 73. t. 15; Cham, d^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p.
554; Lindl. hot. reg. t.ll68 ; Hook, in hot. mag. t. 2887, ^ Ji. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 34.

California ! Oregon ! & N. W. Coast. Flowers in cultivation 2 inches or
more in diameter. — This species and C. crocea are now common in our gar-
dens.

2. C. crocea (Lindl.) : stem branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a
much dilated limb ; calyx obconic, with a long acumination ; flowers orange-
yellow. — Lindl. I. c. t. 1677. Eschscholtzia crocea, Benth.! in hort. trans.
(2. ser.) 1. p. 407 ; Brit. ft. gard. (2. ser.) t. 299.

California, Douglas I — Flowers as in the preceding species (the orange
color apparently not entirely constant). Stigmas sometimes 5-7! Pod 2
inches long.

3. C. ccBspitosa (Lindl.) : stems short, leafy at the base ; segments of the
subradical leaves linear, somewhat dilated and cuneiform; peduncles elongat-
ed, erect ; torus tubular, with scarcely any limb ; calyx attenuate at the apex
into a long acumination. — Eschscholtzia caespitosa, Benth. I. c.

California, Douglas. — Flowers considerably smaller than in the preceding
species. Benth.

* We follow Lindley in discarding the name Eschscholzia {or Eschscholtzia as it
has commonly been written,) for this genus ; there being an older and generally admit-
ted genus dedicated to the father of the Dr. Eschscholz (or raiher Elsholtz) who
accompanied Chamisso in RonianzofV's voyage, and whom this genus commemo-
rates.

64 PAPAVERACE^. Meconella

4. C. tenuifolia (Lindl.): stems short, leafy at the hase ; segments of the
subradical leaves linear-subulate ; peduncles elongated, erect ; torus tubular,
with a very short limb ; calyx rather obtuse, acuminate. — Eschscholtzia te-
nuifolia, Benth. ! I. c.

California, Douglas /—Stature and flov\^ers as in the preceding species.
Be7ith.

5. C. hypecoklps (Lindl.) : stems elongated, branched, leafy ; segirients
of the leaves short, linear-cuneifomi ; torus tubular, with scarcely any limb :
calyx Avith a short acumination. — Eschscholtzia liypecoides, Benth. ! I. c.

California, Douglnn !—A small and slender plant. Flowers not one-third
as large as in C. Californica. Resembles Hypecoum grandiflorum. Benth.

.8 DENDROMECON. Benth. in hort. trans, (ser. 2.) 1. p. 407.

Sepals 2, Petals 4. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform: anthers
hnear. Stigmas 2, short and rather thick, sessile. Capsule pod-shaped, fur-
rowed, attenuate at the summit; valves thick and coriaceous or almost
woody, dehiscing from the base to the apex : placentae filiform. Seeds
rather large and numerous, pyriform, smooth.— A branching glabrous shrub !
(the juice not milky ; taste astringent and slightly acid, Nutt.) Leaves
rigid and coriaceous, articulated with the stem, lanceolate or oblong, cuspi-
date-acuminate, strongly reticulated, denticulate on the margin. Peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers large, yellow.

D. rigidum (Benth. ! 1. c.)—HooTc. ic. t. 37.

Monterey, California, Douglas! On the summits of mountains near St.
Barbara, Nuttall !

9. MECONELLA. Nutt. mss.

" Sepals 3, somewiiat jjilose. Petals 5-6. Stamens 4-6 : filaments mem-
branaceous, dilated upwards : anthers very short, the cells disjoined. Stig-
mas 3 (rarely 4), linear, very short, sessile. Capsule pod-shaped, slender, 3-
(rarely 4-) valved : valves flat, 1-nerved, dehiscing from the apex to the base,
not separating from the placenta;. Seeds numerous, smooth and shining,
subglobose.— A very small, annual, glabrous and somewhat glaucous herb.
Stems slender, dichotomously branched. Radical leaves in a rosulate clus-
ter, spatulate ; cauline ones linear or linear-spatulate, opposite ; the lower-
most ternate, entire. Peduncles axillary, filiform, 1-flowered. Flower very
small, ochroleucous."

M. Oregana (Nutt. ! mss.)

"• Open plains of the Oregon near its confluence with the Wahlamet.
May.— Plant 3-5 inches high. Cauline leaves small. Peduncles 1-3 inches
long. FloAvers 2-3 lines wide. Petals oblong-cuneifomi, yellow at the base.
Capsules linear, 6-10 Unes long. Evidently related to Platystigma." Nutt.
—This interesting but humble "pknt seems to stand between Platystemon
and Hypecoum, two genera (which notwithstanding their anomalies ought
not to be removed from the family,) having apparently little relationship:
it agrees with the latter in its definite stamens, and with the former in the
foliage and floral envelopes, dilated filaments, &c. The torus is somewhat
like that of Chryseis on a very small scale.

Platystemon. PAPAVERACE^. 6S

10. PLATYSTIGMA. Benth. inhort. trans. I. c. p. 407; Ilvok.ic. t. 38.

Sepals 2-3, pilose. Petals 4-6. Stamens numerous : filaments filiform
{Benth. Hook.) [dilated and membranaceous, acute at the apex] : anthers
linear. Stigmas 3, sessile, oval, somewhat spreading. Capsule ovoid-ob-
long, attenuate at the base, 3-valved ; valves dehiscing from the apex to the
base: placenta; filiform. Seeds smooth and shining (roundish kidney-shap-
ed. Hook.). — A small ca;spitose annual herb, with the stem abbreviated or
almost none, and mostly radical and crowded, linear, entire, glabrous or
slightly hairy leaves. Peduncles radical or nearly so, numerous, slender. 1-
flowered, clothed with spreading hairs. Flowers pale yellow, nodding before
expansion.

P. lineare (Benth. ! 1. c.) — Hook. ! ic. I. c. ; Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind.sem. St.
Petersb. {Dec. 1835) p. 47; Lindl. bot. reg. i. 1954.

Monterey, California, Douglas .'--Scapes a span high. Flowers nearly
as large as in Ranunculus acris : petals obovate. — There is a genus Platy-
stigma of R. Brown: but we have not the means of ascertaining Avhich has
the priority. — The filaments in our specimen are manifestly dilated, and li-
near-oblong or lanceolate instead of filiform. The same thing is remarked by
Fischer &. Meyer, who examined the living plant raised from seeds sent
from the Russian settlement in California. The 3 outer petals, according to
these botanists, are golden yellow with a transverse white band ; the inner
ones white with pale yellow claws.

2. Papaverace(2 Ranunculincoi.

11. PLATYSTEMON. Benth. in hort. trans. I. c. p. 405.

Sepals 3, pilose. Petals 6. Stamens numerous: filaments dilated, mem-
branaceous, oblong or obcordate : anthers linear. Ovaries 10-14, distinct !
oblong-linear, cro-wned with a linear sessile stigma. Fruit consisting of 10-
14 distinct, linear, indehiscent, torulose carpels, which are articulated or
transversely strangulated between each seed. — A small pale-green annual
herb(destituteof colored juice, Mi^^.), sparsely clothed with shaggy spreading
hairs. Leaves half-clasping, oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, alternate, often
crowded so as to appear opposite or whorled at the origin of the branches
and peduncles, 3-5-nerved. Peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered.
Flower ochroleucous.

P. Californicum (Benth. ! I. c.)— Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1679 ; Don, in Brit.
fl. gard. {ser. 2.) t. 394 ; Hook. bot. mag. t. 3579.

a. Stem somewhat elongated, nearly glabrous; leaves linear-oblong, very
obtuse; carpels pilose-hispid.

p. lineare: stem abbreviated ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3-nerved.

y. leiocarpitm: carpels glabrous. — P. leiocarpum, Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind.
sem. St. Petersb. (Dec. 1835) p. 47.

California, Z>oi«g-/as .' Nuttall! — Plant 8-12 inches high. Leaves 1-2
inches long, with scattering hairs on the nerves and margins. Flower 10-12
lines in diameter when expanded : petals obovate. sometimes orange-velloAV

9

66 FUMARIACE^. Dielvtra.

at the base. Carpels apprcssed, (at first united, at length separating. Hook.)
6-8 lines long: stigmas persistent, 2-3 lines long. Torus somewhat dilated. —
P. leiocarpum, Fisch. &■ Meyer, is nothing more than an accidental variety ;
the carpels in some of Mr. Nuttall's specimens being perfectly glabrous, iii
others with a few hairs. — This anomalous genus is almost exactly interme-
diate between Papaveracese and Kanunculacese.

Order XIII. FUMARIACE^. DC.

Sepals 2, small, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate ; one or
both of the two outer ones saccate or spurred at the base ; the inner
pair cohering at the callous apex, and enclosing the anthers and stig-
ma. Stamens 6, hypogynous : filaments in two parcels, placed oppo-
site the outer petals, dilated, distinct or usually diadelphous: anthers
adnate, extrorse ; the middle one of each parcel 2-celIed ; the lateral
ones 1-celled. Ovary composed of 2 united carpels, l-celled, with 2
parietal placentae : style filiform : stigmas united, often lobed or cuspi-
date, alternate with .the inner petals. Fruit either an indehiscent 1—
2-seeded nut, or a 2.valved many-seeded pod-shaped capsule ; the
valves at length often separating from the persistent filiform placentae .
Seeds anatropous or partly campulitropous, shining, arilled : albumen
fleshy. Embryo in the genera with indehiscent fruit minute and ex-
centric, in the others longer and more or less curved or circinate. —
Annual or perennial glabrous and often glaucous herbs, with a watery
juice. Leaves alternate, ternately or pinnately divided, exstipulate.
Flowers racemose or cymose, purple, white, or yellow.

The two lateral stamens of each pai'cel, having unilocular anthers, may be con-
eidered as half-stamens, formed by the division of the two stamens which correspond
to the inner petals : the true number in the order, according to this view, being four,
one to each petal. — Lindley is inclined to regard the sepals as bracts, and the outer
petals as sepals : but their analogy with Papaveracese (from which Lindley, follow-
ing Bernhardi, distinguishes them only as a suborder) does not favor this view.

1. DIELYTRA. Borkhamen; Hook. (Diclytra, DC.)

Exterior petals equally saccate or spurred at the base. Capsule pod-shap-
ed, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Flowers (mostly) on scapes: racemes
simple, the pedicels furnished with a pair of opposite bracteoles ; or com-
pound, with the divisions cymose.

The centrifugal developement of the branches of the inflorescence in D. formosa,
&c. is indicated by the bibracteolate pedicels of D. CucuUaria and Canadensis.

1. D. Cucullaria (DC.) : spurs divaricate, straight and rather acute ;
wing of the inner petals short; raceme simple, 4-10-flowered. — DC. syst. 2.
p. 118; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am.. l.p. 35. D. Canadensis, Borkh. fide DC. Fu-
raaria Cucullaria, Linw. ; Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 51; Bot. mag. t. 1127. Cory-

DiELYTiuu FUMARIACEiE. 67

dalis Cucullaria, Pers. syn. 2. p. 269 ; Pursh ! jl. 2. p. 462. Cucullaria
bulbosa, Paf. in. Desv.jour. hot. 2. p. 159.

Shady Avoods, Canada! to Kentucky! and N. W. America. April. — Rhi-
zoma not creeping, bulbiferous; the scales (which are the persistent and
thickened bases ot" petioles, filled with fecula,) small, triangular, reddish
when exposed to the air, white Avhen subterranean. Leaves commonly 2 to
each stem, on long petioles, glaucous beneath, triternately decompound ; the
primary and secondary divisions petiolulate ; ultimate ones laciniately pin-
natifid ; the lobes oblong-linear, obtuse or somewhat acute, mucronulaie.
Scape 6-10 inches high. Flowers somewhat secund, nodding, white or
cream-color, yellow at the summit. Bracts and bracteoles minute, white.
Inner petals carinate ; the carina not projecting beyond the sununit. Fila-
ments distinct; the middle one with a subulate process projecting into the
cavity of the spur. Stigma compressed, reniform, obtusely 4-lobed. Cap-
sule 15-20-seeded.

2. D: Canadensis (DC.) : spurs short, rounded ; wing of the inner petals
projecting beyond the summit ; raceme simple, 4-6 flowered. — DC.prodr.
1. p. 126. Corydalis Canadensis, Gohlie, in Edivb. phil. joiir. 6. p. 330;
Thomas^ in Sill. jour. 26. p. 114. Diclytra eximia, Beck! hot. p. 23. D.
eximia /?. Ilook.Jl. Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 35.

Rocky woods, in rich soil, Canada ! to New- York ! and west to Kentucky !
April. — Subterranean stems creeping, sparsely tuberiferous ; the tubers
roundish, bright yeUow, and about as large as a grain of Indian corn ( — hence
the popular name. Squirrel-corn), each marked with the cicatrix of the
fallen petiole. Leaves resembling those of D. Cucullaria, but with narrower
lobes; commonly but one to each scape. Petioles terete. Scape 4-6 inches
high. Corolla cordate-ovate, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Spurs
rounded and slightly incurved. Flowers fragrant. — Pursh has confounded
this species with his Corydalis formosa.

3. D. formosa (DC): spurs short, obtuse, somewhat incurved ; wings of
the inner petals projecting beyond the summit ; raceme compound, the
branches cymulose ; stigma 2-horned at the apex ; leaves numerous. — DC.
.t7jst. 2. p. 109 (in part) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. Ill ; TJiomas, in Sill. jour. I. c. D.
eximia, DC. I. c. Fumaria formosa, Andr. hot. rep. t. 393 ; Sims, hot. mag.
t. 1155. F. eximia, Ker, hot. reg. t. 50. Corydalis formosa, Pursh! Jl. 2. p.
462. (excl. Canad. var.)

Clefts of rocks, on the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, Pursh !
Nuttall ! Le Conte ! June-Sept. — Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous. Leaves 3-8
or more, rising from the crown of the rhizoma; petioles channelled, dilat-
ed at the base ; divisions of the lamina variable in size and width, but
mostly oblong and incisely pinnatifid. Scape 8-12 inches high ; cymules
several-flowered, with conspicuous crowded purpHsh bracts. Flowers pen-
dulous, reddish-purple, oblong. Exterior petals attenuate upwards; lamina
somewhat spreading: wings of the inner petals projecting beyond the sum-
mit in the form of 2 oblong lobes. Filaments free at the base, united above.
Stigma 2 lobed, with 2 slender approximate horns between the lobes. — A
beautiful species, often cultivated, and flowering throughout the season.

4. D. saccata(l^utt. ! mss.) : " spurs short, very obtuse, saccate ; wings of
the inner petals scarcely projecting; raceme somewhat compound, few-
flowered; stigma triangular, entire; leaves numerous; rhizoma creeping."
— D. formosa & D. eximia, Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 352.

" Shady woods of the Oregon. — Leaves several trorn each rootstock, some-
what glaucous ; segments cuneate-obovate, incised, very acute. Scape
about a foot high. Raceme about 4-flowered : bracts linear-lanceolate and
acuminate. Sepals ovate, acute, appressed. Flowers broadly ovate, approxi-
mated at the summit of the scape, remarkably ventricose, pale red." \utt. —

63 FUMARIACEiE. Cory

Nearly allied to D. formosa, with which it has been confounded ; but distin-
guished by its less compound raceme, broader flowers, shorter wings of the
mner petals, and entire stigma. D. formosa appears to be confined to the
mountains of the Southern States.

5. D. lachenalkv folia (DC.) : spur very short and obtuse ; scape 3-4-
flowered ; pedicels longer than the calyx; leaves many-cleft, with linear very-
acute lobes. DC. syst. 2. p. Ill; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 36. Fumaria
tenuifolia, Ledeb. in mem. acad. St. Petersb. 5. (1815) p. 550; Cham. ^
Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p. 558. _ ., ^ ,

Islands near the coast of extreme N. W. America, Pallas. Also iound
in Siberia and Kamtschatka.— Rhizoma fleshy, horizontal. Leaves several,
on long petioles; lobes crowded, linear, attenuated at each end. Scapes
several* 3-6 inches high. FloAvers purple, 2-3, in a short loose raceme, the
lower ones pendulous, the upper one erect. Pedicels variable in length,
often 3-4 lines long (sometimes 5 lines, Cham.<^ Schlecht.). Corolla 8 lines
long. J9C.— Stigma 5-toothed. Pallas— We have seen no specimens of
this plant. The preceding species should be compared with it.

D. tenuifolia, DC. syst. 2. p. 110. {Conjdalis tenuifolia, Pursh) not having been
found on the N. W. coast, as was supposed by Pursh, but in Kamtschatka, is omit-
ted from our Flora ; as is likewise D. bracteosa, DC. I. c, another very doubtful na-
tive of N. America.

2. ADLUMIA. Raf. in Desv.jour. bot. 2. p. 169; DC.

Petals united into a spongy persistent monopetalous corolla, bigibbous at
the base, 4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pod-shaped, linear-oblong, many-
seeded. — Herbaceous, climbing by the cirrhose petioles. Flowers in supra-
axillary racemose cymes.

A. cirrhosa (Raf. 1. c.)~DC. syst. 2. p. Ill ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 399.
Corydalis fungosa. Vent, choix. t. 19; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 463. Fumaria fun-
gosa, Willd. sp. 3. p. 857. F. recta, Mich.T. fl. 2. p. 51.

Shady rocky places, and along streams, Canada ! to N. Carohna ! July-
Sept. (2) Stem 8-15 feet long, branching and climbing over shrubs and

other plants. Leaves biternately divided; the primary divisions distant ; pe-
tioles twining like tendrils; ultimate segments obovate-cuneiform, incisely
2-3-lobed, petiolulate. Flowers numerous, pedicellate, pale violet, or nearly
white. Filaments united below into a tube, distinct above. Capsule includ-
ed in the marcescent corolla. Seeds 4-8, reniform-globose, somewhat com-
pressed.

3. CORYDALIS. DC. syst. 2. p. 113.

Only one of the exterior petals spurred at the base. Capsule pod-shaped,
few- or many-seeded : style persistent.— Cauline leaves few or numerous.
Racemes simple, terminal or opposite the leaves: pedicels ebracteolate.

§ 1. Annual or biennial., with fibrous roots : stems branching, leafy : pods
linear, many-seeded.— Ca^nites, DC. (partly.)

1. C. aurea (Willd.) : stem diffuse ; leaves somewhat glaucous, bipinnate ;
ultimate segments oblong, acute ; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate ;
pods terete torulose.— IFiV/f/. enum. p. 740; DC. prodr. 1. p. 128;

CORYDALI3. FUMARIACEvE. 69

Pursh! fl. 2. J). 463; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 37. C. flavula, /inf. in
Desv. jour. hot. 2. p. 224; J)C'. I. c. Fumariaaurea, Ker, hot. rfj^. t. (i(j.

RocKy woods, Canada! to Georgia! west to Arkansas! Missouri! &, the
Rocky Mountains. April-Aug. — (T) or (2) Stem 6-12 inches long. Leaves
slender, finely divided. Racemes terminal, and opposite the leaves or supra-
axillary, 5-15-Howered. Flowers varying in size, in shady situations and
early in the season often scarcely 4 lines in length ; but in open places and
in mature plants nearly three-fourths of an inch long, golden yellow. Bracts
often longer than the pedicels, and sometimes even extending beyond the
fiower. Petals distinct, spur incurved. Stigma small, with 2 spreading
lobes. Pods 8-10 Unes long, and a line in diameter, smooth or rarely (in
specimens from Arkansas) hispid. — We have seen the poUen-tubes^very
distinctly in this plant, even in specimens collected many years ago.

2. C glanca ("Pursh) : erect, very glaucous ; leaves bipinnate ; ultimate
segments cuneiform, somewhat 3-lobed ; racemes often clustered ; bracts
linear, shorter than the pedicels ; pods scarcely torulose. — Piinsh, Jl. 2. p.
463; DC.prodr. 1. p. 128 ; Hook..' Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 37. Fumaria sem-
pervirens, lAnn. ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 51. F. glauca, Bot. mag. t. 179.

Rocky places, Canada! to N. Carolina! May-July. — (l) or (^ Stem 1-
2 feet high, much branching. Raceme short, 6-10-flowered. Sepals purple.
Petals rose-color and yellow ; the inner ones with slender claws : spur short,
rounded. Stigma with small somewhat spreading lobes. Pods li inch
bug ; the valves at length separating from the persistent placentte.

§ 2. Perennial: stem simple, rising from, a large and thickened almost
ligneous root (rhizoma?) : cauline leaves 1-2: ^^ pods ovate or ellipti-
cal, 2-4:-seeded, opening elastically, the valves rolling hack to the base.
— Halticosia,"* Natt. mss.

3. C. Scoule.ri(YioQk.) : raceme nearly simple, shorter than the almost soli-
tary 3-4-pinnate leaf ; leaflets oval or oblong, oblique, decurrent, entire or
iobed ; bracts oblong, longer than the pedicels. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 36. t.
14. C. psonia^folia, Pers. syn. 2. p. 269 ? ; DC. I. c? ex Hook.

Deep shady woods, N. W. America : plentiful near the confluence of the
Oregon with the sea. Dr. Scolder — Root tortuous, scaly at the neck.
Leaves very few (blackish when dry), one or more rather smaU radical ones ;
the lower cauline one very large ; the upper small. Flowers rose-color, pendu-
lous, 1-li inch in length, in a loose raceme : spur straight, attenuated, twice
the length of the petals: pedicels strongly curved downwards after flowering.
Stigma capitate, apiculate. Hook. — We are suspicious that both this and the
succeeding species will prove to be identical w^th C. pseonisefolia of Siberia
and Kamtschatka, which extends, according to Chamisso, nearly to America;
but the question can only be decided by comparison with the original speci-
mens in Willdenow's herbarium. The raceme, according to Hooker, is
more compound in that species than in C. Scouleri; but Chamisso remarks
{Linntea, I. p. 563.) that the racemes in his specimens are more commonly
simple.

4. C. macrophylla (Nutt. ! mss.) : " raceme simple, shorter than the biter-
nately pinnate leaves ; leaflets linear-oblong, straight ; bracts hnear, longer
than the pedicels.

* "To this section belongs C. impatiens, DC. and perhaps some other species."
J^utt.

70 FUMARIACEiE. Fumahia.

"Shady woods of the Wahlamet; particularly abundant near the falls, in
the darkest places. — Plant 3-4 feet hi^h. Root not ligneous, wholly subter-
ranean. Cauline leaves about 2 : ultimate segments longer than in the pre-
ceding species. Flowers pale red, about an inch long. Capsule oblong,
about 4-seeded, defiexed, of a thick and ahaost cartilaginous consistence,
bursting elastically with considerable force, and scattering the seeds to a dis-
tance. Stigma 2-lobcd at the base, 4-toothed at the summit." NiUt.

§ 3. Perennial: stem simple, from a tuberous rhizoma: cauline leaves
few: pods oval or oblong. — Capnoides, DC.

5. C. paucifiora (Pers.) : cauline leaves 2-3, below the middle of the
stem, ternately or biternately divided ; segments obovate ; bracts ovate,
acute; raceme crowded, few-flowered. DC.prodr. 1. p. 127; Pers. syn.2.
p. 269 ; Del ess. ic. 2. t. 3. / A ; Cham. ^- Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p. 560.

Island of St. Lawrence, in Behring's Straits, Chamisso. A native also
of Ahaic Siberia, from whence we have specimens. — Tuber ovate, some-
times forked or paknate. Plant about 4 inches high. Leaves nearly radical,
on long petioles, the base of which sheaths the stem. Stem, or rather scape,
longer than the leaves, bearing a short crowded raceme of large purple flow-
ers. Spur incurved.

4. FUMARIA. Linn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 129.

Only one of the exterior petals spurred or gibbous at the base. Fruit a 1-
seeded subglobose nut : style deciduous. — Stems branching, leafy. Leaves
finely dissected. Flowers small, in dense racemes.

1. F. officinalis (Linn.): sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed,
about the length of the globose retuse nut ; bracts much shorter than the pe-
dicels of the fruit. Arnott, in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 37.

0. diffuse or scandent ; segments oi the leaves broad, glaucous. Arnott, I. c.
F. media, D C. prodr. 1. p. 130. F. oflScinalis, Pursh, f. 2. p. 463 ; Darlingt.
f. Cest. jD. 401 ; Bigel f. Bost. ed. 2. p. 262.

Fields and cultivated grounds. Introduced. May-Aug. — (2) Stem 8-12
inches high, branching, at first erect, at length diffuse. Flowers pale violet
mixed Avith green and purple.

Order XIV. CRUCIFERiE. Ju.^s.

Sepals 4, deciduous, imbricatecl or very rarely valvate in aestivation ;
the two outer (anterior and posterior) corresponding to the stigmas,
often narrower ; the two inner opposite the valves of the capsule, often
concave or gibbous at the base, rarely spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous,
cruciate, alternate with the sepals, regular, mostly unguiculate and
nearly equal, deciduous. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the two opposite
the lateral sepals shorter and usually inserted somewhat lower than
the others, occasionally toothed ; the other four in pairs opposite the

Cheiranthus. CRUCIFER^. 71

anterior and posterior sepals, distinct or rarely connate, sometimes
toothed : anthers introrse. Torus with 2 or more green glands between
petals or stamens and the ovary. Ovary composed ot' two united car-
pels, with two parietal placcnttC united by a membranaceous (false) dis-
sepiment : style short or none, continuous, often persistent : stigmas 2,
opposite the placentae (anterior and posterior). Fruit (a silique or
silicle) usually 2.celled, rarely 1-celled, one- or many-seeded, dehiscent
by the separation of the valves from the persistent placentJE, some-
times indehiscent and either lomentaceous or nucumentaceous. Seeds
campulitropous, mostly pendulous (funiculus free or sometimes adnate
to the septum), attached in a single row to each side of the placentae :
albumen none. Embryo with the cotyledons variously folded on the
radicle (very rarely straight !). — Herbaceous, or rarely somewhat
shrubby plants, with a watery, more or less acrid or pungent, juice.
Leaves alternate, often divided, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal ra-
cemes or corymbs : pedicels mostly ebracteate.

1. SiUquoscE.
Tribe I. ARABIDEiE. DC.

Silique dehiscent, usually elongated ; valves somewhat plane : sep.
turn linear. Cotyledons plane, accumbent (o=), parallel with the sep-
tum (i.e. with their edges directed to the placentae).

1. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Br. in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 118 ; DC.sysi.

2. p. 178.

Silique terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Inner sepals
saccate at the base. Seeds in a single series, ovate, compressed.

1. C. capitatus (Dougl.) : somewhat rough ; leaves linear-lanceolate, en-
tire or more or less toothed, much attenuate at the base, and, Avith the stem,
strigosely pubescent ; hairs closely appressed and 2-parted ; flowers yellow
(rather large), densely corymbed; siliques 3 times the length of pedicels. —
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 38. C. asper, Cham. ^ Schecht. in LvincBa, 1. p.
14. (excl. syn.)

California, Chamisso ; Oregon, Douglas. — (T) Stem a foot or more high,
acutely angled. Pedicels 5-6 lines long. SiHque 15 lines long and a hne in
width : valves marked with a prominent nerve. Stigma capitate, indistinct-
ly 2-lobed. Cham., Hook.

2. C. 7 Pallasii (Pursh) : leaves Hnear-lanceolate, repandly toothed,
nearly glabrous ; stem simple, terete, erect; flowers purple. DC. prodr. 1.
p. 136; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 436; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 38.

North West Coast. July. Pursh (ex herb. Lamb.) — (2) Stem covered
with a closely appressed 2-parted pubescence, 7-9 inches high. Leaves
minutely pubescent. Raceme oblong. Pedicels filiform. Silique some-
what terete. Stigma minute, subcapitate. DC. — Perhaps a Hesperis.

72 CRUCIFER^. Nasturtium.

§ ? (an gen. ?) Silique nearly terete, somewhat torulose ; valves very
abrupt or truncate at the summit : style thick : stigma capitate : seeds
margined : sepals shorter than the claws of the (violet-purple) petals ;
the inner ones slightly gibbous at the base. — Iodanthus.

3. C. hesperidoides : glabrous ; lower leaves lyrate-pinnalifid ; upper ones
ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, unequally and sharply serrate-toothed;
pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals roundish-obovate. — Hespe-
ris pinnatifida, Mc/i^. / /. 2. p. 31; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 69; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 190.

p. limb of the petals spatulate.

Banks of rivers, western part of Pennsylvania to Kentucky (Dr. Short !)
and Illinois, Mr. Buckley ! 0. Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! May -July — ^ Stem
1-3 feet high, angular aud striate, simple or branched. Leaves 2-4 inches
long, thin and membranaceous; lower ones usually pinnatifid toward the
base, with Avinged petioles ; middle ones sagittate-auricled at the base. —
Flowers racemose, the racemes often panicled : pedicels spreading. Sepals
ovate-oblong, obtuse, tinged with purple. Siliques about an inch and a
half long, narrowly linear, curved upward. Style terete, a line or more in
length, in fruit thicker than the depressed-capitate stigma. Seeds roundish-
oblong, with a narrow border. Cotyledons o=

2. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. in hort. Kew. (cd. 2.) i.p. 109; DC. syst.

2. p. 187.

Silique nearly terete, sometimes shortened so as to resemble a silicle, usu-
ally curved upward. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Sepals spreading, equal at
the base. Seeds small, irregularly disposed in a double series, not margined^
— Aquatic or subaquatic herbs. Leaves often pinnately divided. Flowers
yellow or white.

§ 1. Petals white : siliques linear : 4 conspicuous glands at the base of
the stamens. — Cardaminum, DC.

1. N. officinale (R. Brown) : leaves pinnately divided ; segments ovate,
subcordate, repand ; petals white, longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p.
137 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 39. Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Linn. ; Pursh,

fi. 2. p. 440? ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 67.

Along the Wahlamet River, and in ponds, Oregon, Nuttall; North West
Coast, Seoul er ; Southern States, "introduced," Elliott. New England to
Virginia, Pursh. — Certainly introduced and scarcely naturalized in the
United States.

§ 2. Petals yellow (rarely white) : siliques commonly short : glands
at the base of the stamens small. — Brachylobos, DC.

2. N. tanacetifolium (Hook. & Am.): leaves pinnately divided; seg-
ments sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed; siliques oblong-linear, nearly erect,
acute ; style short.' — Hook. ^- Am. ! in jour. bot. 1. p. 190. N. palustre S
tanacetifolium, jDC.prorfr. 1. p. 137. Sisymbrium tanacetifolium, Walt.
Car. p. 174. S. Walteri, Ell. sk. 2. p. 146.

Damp soils. South Carolina, East Florida! Louisiana! and Arkansas!
March-May. — @ Stem much branched and somewhat decumbent or diffuse,
6-12 inches long. Leaves smooth, the ultimate segments obtuse. Flowers

Nastdrtidm. CRUClFERiE. 73

very small. Petals linear, scarcely as long as the calyx. Silique 6-8 lines
long, straight or a little incurved,' pointed with a short but distinct style :
stl^a capitate. Pedicels about one-third as long as the silique. Seeds very
numerous.

3. N. lijratum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "leaves pinnatifid or lynite ; the segments
oblong-lanceolate, incisely serrate or angularly toothed ; silique linear, com-
pressed, more than twice the length of the pedicel, somewhat spreading,
abrupt at the apex ; style very short ; ronmion peduncle flexuous."

" Banks of the Oregon," AV//a// .'—Scarcely a foot high, glabrous. Leaves
somewhat variable m the toothing and sefratures. Racemes paniculate
in fruit. Flowers minute. Siliques about three-fourths of an inch long,
slightly curved ; the valves obtuse at the summit. Style scarcely half a Ime
long, not clavate. Pedicels 1-2 lines in length.

4. N. sess'iliflorum (JSun. \ mss.): '"leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse, re-
pandly toothed or nearly entire; siliques subsessile, linear-oblong, obtuse,
tipped with the nearly sessile stigma,"

"Banks of the Mississippi," Nnttall ; Kentucky? Fafnrsqvc.'—Gla-
brous. Leaves 1-2 inches long ; those of the stem merely toothed, or almost
entire, attenuated at the baseT Racemes in fruit elongated. Blowers mi-
nute. Siliques nearly half an inch long, on extremely short peduncles:
valves obtuse. Style very short and thick. Cotyledons o=

5. N. sinualum (Nutt. ! mss.): " decumbent ; leaves pinnatifid ; segments
lanceolate, subserrate or toothed on the lower margin ; pedicels spreading or
recurved, longer than the oblong acute silique ; style nearly one-third the
length of the silique.

"Banks of the Oregon and its tributaries; also in Arkansas.— Glabrous.
Leaves all equally pinnatifid ; the terminal segments more or less confluent.
Flowers rather large, bright yellow. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong-ovate.
Silique about one-third of an inch long, slightly curved." Nutt. Cotyledons o^

6. N. cu7-visiliqiia (Nutt. mss.) : erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate, pin-
natifid, acute, somewhat clasping at the base ; lobes linear-lanceolate and
spreading, the uppermost nearly entire ; raceme in fruit elongated ; siliques
linear, acuminate, falcate, twice as long as the pedicels. Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am.

1. p. 61. (sub Sisymb.)

North West Coast ; in sandy soil, near streams. Dousrlas ; on the Ore-
gon, iV/f^a/L' — (I) Stem about a foot high, minutely pubescent. Flowers
small, corymbed. Silique smooth, about an inch long, somewhat torulose.
Seeds in a double series. TIook.~Om specimen of this plaut, from Mr. Nut-
tall, differs in several respects from the description of Hooker. The lobes of
the leaves are ovate-lanceolate. The siliques (not quite mature) are oblong,
arcuate, and rather shorter than the pedicels, which are recurved at the base,
and spreading. The flowers are larger than in any of the preceding species
of this section. Cotyledons o=

7. N.palustre (DC): leaves pinnately lobed, clasping and ciliate at the
base ; lobes confluent, toothed, glabrous ; root fusiform; petals as long as the
sepals; silique spreading, obtuse at each end, somewhat turgid. — DC. syst.

2. p. 191 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 39 ; Ckavr. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1.
p. 15.

Wet places, Arctic America to New-Orleans ! and west to Oregon ! June-
Aug. — U Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, glabrous, branching above. Leaves 2-3
inches long; lobes oblong-lanceolate. FloAvers very small. Peduncles of
the fruit 2-4 lines long, slender, spreading almost horizontally. Silique 3-4
lines in length, more or less ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly curved, crowned
Avith a very short style.

8. N. amphibium (R. Brown) : leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or ser-

10

74 CRUCIFER^l^. Nasturtium.

rate ; root fibrous ; petals lonj^er than the calyx ; silique ellipsoid, spreading',
mucronate with the style. DC. prodr. 1. p. 138; Honk. fl. Bur. -Am. \.p.
39. Sisymbrium amphibiurn, TAnn. ; Ptirsh, fi. 2. p. 440.

Watery places; Canada, i/oo/cer; Pennsylvania to Virs^inia, Pursh. —
Stems sulcate, sparingly branched. Ernersed leaves serrate, often pubescent;
immersed ones more or less pinnately lobed, sometimes pectinately capillace-
ous. Racemes dense, elongated. Peduncles spreading, at length rtflexed,
twice as long as the silique. Silique oblong-ovate, attenuate at the base,
pointed with the short style. DC. — We have seen no N. American speci-
mens that accord with the description of this plant. The N. amphibiurn of
some of our botanists is probably only a variety of N. palustre.

9. A^. polymorphum (Nutt. ! mss.): "leaves deeply pinnatifid or almost
entire; segments entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; silique ob-
long-linear, compressed ; stigma minute, nearly sessile.

^- Banks of the Oregon.— (JT) or (a) Stem about a span high. Leaves ra-
ther narrow ; the segments short, linear, and acute. Branches from the root,
after the developement of the stem and fruit, or shoots from a cropped stem,
produce leaves either entire 'or with a few pinnatifid incisions. At other
times the whole plant bears similar leaves. FloAvers small." Nutt.

10. A^. obtusum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "leaves pinnately divided, decurrent; seg-
ments irregularly oval, angularly toothed, obtuse ; siliques linear, subterete,
twice the length of the pedicels ; style short.

"Banks of the Mississipsi.— (1) Stem branching above. Racemes lateral
and terminal, elongated in fruit." Nutt.

11. N. Umosum (Nutt.! mss.): "leaves lanceolate, laciniately pinnatifid
towards the base, nearly entire above or merely angularly toothed ; laciniae
decurrent, subserrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the abbreviated
siliques ; stigma nearly sessile.

" Banks of the Mississippi, near New-Orleans.— (2) Subaquatic. Habit of
N. palustre. Very smooth. Leaves irregularly but not deeply divided, ex-
cept where they approach the water." Nutt.

12. N. hispidum (DC.) : stem (tall) tomentose-villous ; leaves somewhat
villous, runcinate-pinnatifid ; lobes rather obtusely toothed ; siliques (minute)
ovate, tumid, pointed with the distinct style, scarcely more than half as
long as the somewhat spreading pedicels ; petals scarcely as long as the
calyx.— DC. syst. 2. p. 201. Sisymbrium hispidum, Poir. enc. 5. p. 161.

Near Middfetown, Connecticut, Dr. Barrcdt ! Pennsylvania, Poiret;
Middle and Northern States, Nuttall.— 2l 1 Stem 2-3 feet high, much branch-
ed above, almost hispidly villous, angular, erect. Leaves 3-6 inches long;
lobes numerous, ovate. Racemes numerous, panicled. Flowers minute.
Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals obovate. Silique scarcely more than a line
long, exactly ovate, somewhat compressed. Style nearly half the length of
the fruit : stigma capitate. Pedicel 2-3 lines long.— A very distinct species,
remarkable for its villous stem, and very small ovate siliques.

13. N. syhestre (R. Brown) : leaves pinnately divided, segments lanceo-
late, serrate or incised; petals longer than the calyx; siliques oblong, some-
what torulose; style very short. DC. syst. 2. p. 190. Sisymbrium sylvestre,
Lin7i. sp. 916. S. vulgare, Pers. syn. 2. p. 196 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 68.

Banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia, NuttalL— Introduced.

14. A^. cernuum (Nutt! mss.)^ "racemes panicled (flowers white);
leaves pinnatifid or laciniate, the segments irregularly and distantly toothed ;
silique short, obovate, nodding ; stigma sessile.

" Ponds of Wappatoo Island at the junction of the Wahlamet Avith the
Oregon. — Stem thick and stout. Petals exserted, rather narrow. Pedicels
more than twice the length of the fruit. — Allied to N. amphibiurn, but desti-

Streftanthds. CRUCIFER^. 75

tute of a style, the fruit is not elliptical, and the leaves are more divided."—
Nutt.

15. A': natans (DC.) : emersed leaves oblong-linear, entire ; immersed ones
many-parted Avith capillary segments ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx;
siliques obovate-globose. DC. syst. 2. p. 198 ; Ddess. ic. 2. t. 15.

p. Americamim (Gray) : emersed leaves serrate ; petals (white) twice as
long as the calyx; siliques obovate; style as long as the ovary, and half as
long as the fruit.— 6>a?/ .'. in mm. lye. New- York, 3. p. 223. N. natans,
Hook.fi. Bar. 'Am. \.p. 39; Beck, hot. p. 32.

y. brevistylum: emersed leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate-serrate ; style
much shorter than the ovary.

/?. In water; Canada, Dr. Holmes'. Oneida Lake, Gray! Ogdensburgh,
New-York, Dr. Crawe! Pekin, Illinois, Mr. Buckley! y. near New-
Orleans, />. Installs! Julv.— Stem 2-5 feet long, according to the depth of
the water.' Submersed leaves deciduous. Flowers more than twice as large
as in N. paluslre. Silicle more than 2 lines in length, sometimes obovate-
oblong. Style slender; stigma capitate.— It is quite possible that the Ame-
rican plant is distinct from the Siberian species, which we know only from
the description of De Candolle and the figure of Delessert, and which is said
to have yellow flowers, smaller than those of N. amphibium, and petals
scarcely longer than the calyx; whereas the petals are pure white in our
plant, about twice the length of the calyx, and the flowers twice as large as
in Delessert's figure.

3. BARBAREA. R. Br. in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 109 ; DC. syst.

2. p. 205.
Silique ancipital or 4-sided ; valves concave-carinate. Seeds in a single se-
ries. Sepals equal at the base.— Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.

1. B. vulgaris (R. Brown) : lower leaves lyrate, the tenninal lobe round-
ish ; upper ones obovate, toothed or pinnatifid at the base ; silique 4-sided,
with the sides somewhat convex, acuminate wath the style. — DC. prodr. I. p.
140; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. ;;. 39. B. arcuata. Bong, in mem. acad. St.
Petersb. (6. 'ser.) 2. p. 124. Erysimum Barbarea, Linn. ; C/iam. ^ Schlecht.
in Linncea, 1. p. 15.

/?. gracilis (DC.) : stem slender, nearly simple.

Along streams and road sides; common in the Northern States ! and appa-
rently introduced. Oregon and N. W. America; Sitcha, Bongard. P. Ore-
gon, Nnttall. May-June.— One to two feet high, glabrous, branching in a
paniculate manner. Flowers in dense racemes.— Mr. Nuttall thinks that the
var. 0. is a distinct species, which he calls B. gracilis.

2. B. pr(eco.v {R. Brown): lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe obo-
vate ; upper ones pinnatifid, with linear-oblong lobes; siliques linear, elongated,
compressed-ancipital; style verv short and thick.— Z?C. prodr. 1. p. 141;
Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 39. E. precox. Smith.

Banks of rivers, Canada to lat. 68= !— Stigma nearly as broad as the valve.
Siliques 2-3 inches long. — Resembles the preceding, but more slender. The
flowers are also smaller, and the siliques longer.

4. STREPTANTHUS. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philud. 5. p. 134.

Silique very long, compressed or somewhat quadrangular: style short or
none. Seeds in a single series, flat, margined. Sepals erect, colored. Claws
of the petals canaliculate, usually twisted Filaments subulate (those of each

76 CRUCIFER/E. Strepta^thus.

pair of the longer stamens sometimes united) : anthers linear. — Annual or
biennial (rarely perennial?) herbs, with purple, rarely yellowish or white
flowers.

§ 1. Limb of the petals broad : calyx slightly spreading.

1. .S^. obtKsifoI ius (HooV.) : leaves elliptical, obtuse, deeply 2-lobed and clasp-
ing at the base ; petals broadly obovate ; siliques broadly linear.— Hook. bot.
mag. t. 3317. Brassica Wasliitana, Muhl. cat. p. 63 ? Stanleya Washitana,
DC.syst. 2. p. 512?

Hot springs of Arkansas, Mr. Sabine, (v. s. cult, ex hort. Short.) — (I)
Whole plant smooth and glaucous. Stem tall. Leaves 4-5 inches long and
H-3 inches broad, appearing ahnost perfoliate from the deep closed sinus at
the base. Flowers large and very shoAvy. Limb of the petals nearly as broad
as long, fine rose-color, with a very deep purple spot in the centre. Siliques
4 inches long, pointed with the short style.

2. S. maculatus (Nutt.) : leaves ovate-oblong, the leaves broad and clasp-
ing, entire, or minutely and remotely repand-denticulate ; petals obovate (pur-
ple) ; siliques somewhat 4-sided. — NiUt. ! in jour. acad. Philad.5. p. 134. t.T.

On rocks, Arkansas, Nuttali ; near St. Augustine, Texas, Z>r. Learen-
worth! April-May.—® Stem li-2 feet high, sometimes much taller, usual-
ly simple, but often branched, glabrous and glaucous, terete. Leaves 3-6
inches long, IJ inch broad, glaucous, rather acute. Flowers in simple or
paniculate'racemes, very showy. Pedicels 3-4 inches long, spreading. Ca-
lyx purplish. Petals deep purple in the middle with a velvety appearance,
lighter towards the crenulate edge ; claw longer than the limb. Anthers about
2 Unes long, curved in drying: filament straight, as long as the anther. '' Si-
lique 4-5 inches long, erect, linear, compressed and somewhat quadrangular."
Nutt.

3. S. sagittatus (Nutt.) : leaves oblong, acute, sagittate and clasping, en-
tire ; petals oblong-ovate (not spotted). Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 12.

Sourcesof the Oiegon, Mr. Wyeth! June. — (7) Smooth, branched above.
Leaves smooth and apparently somewhat glaucous beneath. Raceme many-
flowered. Pedicels half an inch long. Flowers lilac-red : claws of the petals
very long, exserted. " Allied to S. obtusifolius, Hook., but with the lower
leaves entire, not "lyrate-pinnatifid." Nutt.

4. S. angustifolius (Nutt. ! mss.) : " radical leaves lanceolate-linear,
sparingly hirsute ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping, smooth,
erect ; petals oblong-oval (rose-color), the limb exserted.

" Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte.— (2) Radical leaves
tufted, more or less hirsute, the hairs centrally affixed. Stems several from
one root, 12-18 inches high, virgate, a little branching near the summit.
Lower stem-leaves much broader than the radical ones, closely amplexicaul,
becoming much smaller above ; the longest scarcely an inch in length. —
Flowers small, pale-red. Sepals short, smooth, almost coriaceous. Petals
obtuse ; the claws somewhat contorted, extending (as well as the stamens)
beyond the calyx." — Nutt.

5. S. vdrgatus (Nutt. ! mss.) : radical leaves (and lower part of the
stem) more or less villous with stellate hairs, lanceolate-linear ; cauline ones
oblong-linear, sagittate, clasping ; petals exserted, linear-oblong ; calyx pu-
bescent.

" With the preceding, and greatly resembling it ; but differing in the nar-
row petals and stellate pubescence." Nutt.

STREPTAr^THue. CRUCIFERiE. 77

6. S. arcuatus (Nutt. ! mss.) : " hirsutcly villous with branrhincr iiairs ;
leaves lanceolate-linear, remotely serrulate ; cauline ones sagittate and clasp-
ing, very acute ; siliques flat and curved downward ; petals (purple) obovate,
exserted.

" Shelving rocks, on high hills near St. Barbara, Upper California. — Stems
growing in dense tufts, very rarely branched, 1-2 feet high. Calyx purplish.
Petals deep reddish-puqjle. Anthers oblong. Siliques about 3 inches long,
glabrous. Seeds in a single (or partly in a double) scries, with a distinct
membranaceous margin." Nutt. — The siliques much resemble those of
Arabis Canadensis. The seeds are arranged horizontally, the radicle being
superior and lying across the axis of the silique. Funiculus free. Septum
opaque, marked with a broad longitudinal nerve ; areolae indistinct.

§ 2. Petals narrow : calyx closed. — Eukusia, Nutt. mss.

7. .S. glandulnsus (Hook.) : hirsute below ; leaves linear-oblong, repandly
toothed,°the teeth glandular ; radical ones petiolate, cauline deeply sagittate
and clasping ; flowers erect-spreading (purple), secund ; siliques very nar-
row, somewhat spreading, curved ; valves reticulated ; petals linear-lanceo-
late, undulate. — Hook. ! ic. t. 40.

Monterey, Upper California, Douglas .'—'^ Stem 1-2 feet high, slender,
terete, the lower part scaly-hirsute. " The lowest leaves (which are often
withered) ])innatifid." Hook. Cauline ones 1-2-inches long, acute, remotely
toothed. Pedicels 2 lines long, thick. Flowers half an inch in length, dark
purple. Sepals ovate. Petals more than twice as long as the calyx.
Two of the longer stamens united. Sihque 3 inches in length and less than
a line broad, tapering at the summit into a very short style. Seed too young
in our specimens to show the embryo.

8. S.fiavescens (Hook.) : hirsute with simple hairs; leaves linear-oblong,
the lowest ones sinuate-pinnatifid, or obtusely dentate with glandular teeth,
upper ones entire ; flowers erect (yellowish); petals linear, acute; siliques
(immature) erect, hirsute. — Hook. ! ic. 1. t. 44.

Monterey, California, Douglas .'— (T) About a foot high, erect, simple.
Radical leaves nearly two inches long ; cauline scarcely an inch in length.
Raceme not secund.' Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals nearly twice the length
©f the calyx. Anthers linear-oblong. Silique pointed with a short style.

9. S. repandus (Nutt. mss.) : " hirsute, particularly the lower part ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, elongated, clasping, angularly toothed or repand
above (flowers white) ; petals about as long as the calyx.

" St. Barbara, Upper California.— Stem simple, about 2 feet high. Pe-
dicels shorter than the calyx. Sepals and petals linear." Nutt.

10. S. hpterophyllns (Nutt. ! mss.) : " hirsute below with simple hairs ;
leaves laciniate-pinnatifid, cauline ones sagittate at the base and clasping ;
flowers pendulous (purple) ; sepals long, connivent ; petals linear ; siliques
very long and narrow, pendulous.

"Bushy hills, near St. Diego, Upper California.— (T) or (2) Stem 3-
5 feet high, branching ; the upper part glabrous. Calyx deep purple. Petals
purple and whitish, undulated, of the same breadth throughout. Siliques 3-
5 inches long, on pedicels 4 lines in length." Nutt.

11. S. cordatus (Nutt. ! mss.): " glabrous; lower leaves spatulate-oblong,
repandly denticulate ; cauline ones cordate, clasping, all obtuse ; flowers on
short pedicels (greenish-yellow) ; siliques deflexed.

" Forests of the Rocky Mountains. — Apparently perennial. Leaves very
obtuse, toothed near the summit ; cauline ones with a deep sinus embracing

78 CRUCIFER^. Turhiti* •

the stem. Calyx oblonw-campanulate. Petals a little exserted. Anthers
linear, longer than the filaments." Nutt.

12. S. hyacinthnides rHook.) : glabrous ; leaves oblong-linear, acuminate;
petals spatulate-linear, tne limb reflexed ; filaments of the longer stamens
united by pairs. — Hook, in hot. mag. t. 3516.

Texas, near San Felipe de Austin, Drummond ; near Fort Towson,
Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth .' June.— (i) Stem simple or branching, 2-3
feet high. Leaves sessile, narrow below, but clasping. Flowers deep bluish-
purple. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate.

5. TURRITIS. Dill.; DC. syst. 2. p. 211.

Silique linear ; valves plane. Seeds in a double series in each cell. —
Flowers white or rose-color.

1. T. glabra (Linn.): radical leaves petioled, toothed, pubescent with
spreading hairs; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, clasping and sagittate, mostly
entire, glabrous and glaucous; siliques linear, elongated, strictly erect; pe-
tals scarcely longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 142; Hook.ji. Bor.-
Am.\. ^.40?

/?. 1 leaves all linear-lanceolate and glabrous ; radical ones remotely repand-
denticulate ; cauline entire ; lobes acute.

Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Shore of Lake Superior, Dr.
Pitcher! fi. Rocks, WatertoAvn, New-York ! May.— Stem 2 feet high,
strict, terete, simple. Leaves about an inch long. Pedicels of the fruit 3-6
lines long. SiUques 2-3 inches long and scarcely half a line Avide, crowned
with the nearly sessile stigma. Seeds with a winged margin. Funiculi slen-
der, about as long as the seed. (Flowers pale sulphur-color. Hook.) — Perhaps
distinct from the European plant, of which our specimens are not sufficiently
advanced for full comparison. We have not seen the fruit in /?., which has
narrower and rather acute leaves, and may prove to be a distinct species.

2. T. macrocarpa (Nutt.! mss.): "radical leaves runcinate-dentate, or
simply toothed, hairy ; cauline ones lanceolate, sagittate, crowded, glabrous;
siliques strictly erect, very long and narrow.

" Rocky situations, in the woods of Oregon. — Stem 3-4 feet high, terete,
glabrous, simple. Radical leaves sparingly hirsute with stellate hairs ; cau-
line ones croAvded on the lower part of the stem. Sepals linear. Petals lin-
ear and narrow, yellowish-white. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-Iobed.
Silique about 4 inches long, rigidly erect and appressed. Seeds somewhat
quadrate, slightly margined." Nutt. — We should rather consider this a spe-
cies of Arabis, as the seeds are placed mostly in a single row in the very
narrow silique.

3. T. spathulata (Nutt. mss.): "radical leaves broadly spatulate-oval,
Tepandly toothed, hirsute ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping ; siliques ve-
ry long, erect.

" Woods of the Oregon. — Stem 12-18 inches high, bp-anehed from near
the base. Upper leaves much smaller than the lower ones. Petals narrow,
a little longer than the calyx. Siliques about 3 inches long." Nutt.

4. T. mollis (Hook.) : erect, hirsute with soft spreading hairs ; lower
leaves spatulate, sinuate-toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate, sagittate at the
base ; siliques elongated, linear, strictly erect. Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 40.

Arctic America. — (£) A foot or more high. Flowers white, capitate-co-
rymbed. Petals cuneiform, nearly twice as long as the calyx. — Habit of
Arabis hirsuta. Hook.

Arabis. CRUCIFER^. *f%

5. T. siricta (Graham) : erect, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate ; radical ones
pctioled, toothed ; cauline ones saijittatp, partly clasping, somewhat toothed ;
silifpies linear, elongated, and (like the flowers) strictly erect. Jlaok. —
Graham, in Edinb. 7iew phil.jour. ( 1829) /;. 7 ; Ilook. Ji. lior.-Am. l.p. 40.

Oregon, Rocky Mountains. — (T) Habit of the preceding, but more slen-
der. Flowers white: petals obovate, emarginate' twice the length of the
calyx. Silique 2-3 inches long, rather broadly linear ; style short, much
narrower than the valves: stigma minute. Hook.

6. T. patula (Graham): erect ; leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled,
toothed or nearly entire, pubescent; cauline sagittate, partly clasping, gla-
brous (or sparingly pubescent) ; (lowers spreading ; siliques Hnear, elonga-
ted, much spreading. — Graham^ in Edinb. jour. I. c ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am.
1. jp. 40. i

Greenland and Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains ! and Oregon. — @
Stem 12-lS inches high, simple. Leaves an inch in length ; the radical and
lower cauline ones stellately hirsute. Flowers rather large, purplish or rose-
color. Siliques rather broadly linear, about 3 inches long, straight or a little
curved ; valves obtuse : stigma sessile. Seeds very distinctly 2-rowed, mar-
gined.

7. T. retrofracta (Hook.): erect, canescently pubescent (or nearly gla-
brous) ; leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled, toothed ; cauline sagittate,
partly chsping; flowers nodding; siliques linear, elongated, and (with the
pedicels) refracted. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 41. Arabis retrofracta, Gra-
ham, in Edinb. jour. I. c.

Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains ; north to lat. 68°. — Flowers near-
ly white, or Avith a purplish tinge. — The (margined) seeds in a young state,
are in two rows, but in the mature fruit they are in a single series. Hook.
Graham.

8. T. brachycarpa : glabrous and glaucous ; radical leaves spatulate,
toothed ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, acute, sagittate and somewhat clasp-
ing ; siliques short, rather broadly linear; pedicels of the flowers pendulous,
of the fruit spreading or ascending.

Fort Gratiot, Michigan, and Shore of Lake Superior, Dr. Pitcher! — @
Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Radical leaves pu-
bescent. Flowers rather large, pale purple ; the pedicels mostly bent doAvn-
ward. Silique about an inch long and nearly a line wide, straight or some-
what curved, usually spreading at right angles to the stem. Seeds mostly
abortive, in 2 distinct rows when young; the ripe and perfect ones nearly as
broad as the cell, winged on the margin. — The whole plant is sometimes of
a purple color. Nearly related to the preceding ; but distinguished by its
short siliques.

9. T.? diffusa (Hook.): very glabrous and glaucous; stem diffusely
branched; radical leaves spatulate, nearly entire; cauline sagittate, slightly
toothed ; siliques linear, spreading, twice as long as the pedicels. Hook. ji.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 41.

Shores of the Arctic Sea. — Stems many from the same root, a span high.
Cauline leaves about an inch long, obtuse. Flowers small. Petals half the
length of the calyx, white. Silique scarcely an inch long. — Perhaps an Ara-
bis. Hook.

6. ARABIS. Linn. : DC. syst. 2. p. 214.

Silique linear, plane ; valves 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single
series in each cell, oval or orbicular, compressed. — Flowers white, rarely rose-
color.

80 CRUCIFER^E. Ahabis.

• Seeds immarginate or slightly margined.

1. A. alpina (Linn.): stem branching, somewhat diffused, and. with the
leaves, clothed with a viDous branched pubescence; leaves many-toothed ;
radical ones somewhat petioled ; cauline cordate, clasping,- peduncles nearly
glabrous, longer than the calyx. Uook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 41; Bot. mag. i.
226 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 436 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 142.

Labrador.— A native also of the north of Europe.

2. A. hirsuta (Scop.): stem erect, ■ toothed or somewhat entire, and, with
the stem, hirsute with a branched pubescence; radical ones oblong-ovate,
petioled or sessile; cauline ones oblong or lanceolate, somewhat clasping,
mostly auricled at the base or sagittate; siliques numerous, erect. — DC.
prodr. I. p. 144 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.A2 ; Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linnoea,
l.p. 15; DarUngt.Jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 382. A. sagittata, DC prodr. I. p. 143.
Turritis hirsuta, Linn. T. oblongata, Bof.

p. glabrata: whole plant glabrous ; leaves mostly entire.

y. ovata : radical leaves spatulate, petioled ; cauline ones ovate, parti'/
clasping, not auricled. — A. ovata, Poir. A. sagittata (i. ovata, DC. prodr. I. c.
Turritis ovata, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 438.

Rocky places, Canada! (lat. 68^) to Virginia ; west to Oregon and Sitcha.
/». Oregon, Dr. Scolder ! y. Hoboken, New Jersey [ — (T) Stem about a foot
high, often glabrous above. Flowers greenish-white. Silique straight, 1-2
inches long, scarcely half a line wide ; stigma nearly sessile. Seeds with a
narrow margin.

3. A. dentata : more or less rough with a stellate pubescence ,■ radical leaves
obovate, tapering at the base into a petiole as long as the limb, irregularly
dentate with sharp salient teeth ; cauline ones oblong, clasping ; flowers mi-
nute ; petals spatulate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; siliques short, spread-
ing, on very narrow pedicels, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma ; stem
branched from the base. — Sisymbrium dentatum, Torr. J in Shorfs 3rd
suppl. cat. pi. Kentucky.

Sandy banks of the Ohio ! Missouri ! Mississippi ! and Arkansas. April. —
@ Plant 1-2 feet high ; the pubes-cence (particularly of the under surface of
the leaves) short and rather scabrous. Stem slender, sometimes decumbent
at the base. Radical leaves 2i inches long, and three-fourths of an inch
broad. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long. Sepals hirsute. Petals dusky white
(with a tinge of purple, Nutt.). Anthers ovate-oblong. Silique an inchlong,
not a line in breadth ; valves somewhat convex. Seeds slightly margined.
Radicle long and slender, distant from the accumbent cotyledons.

4. A. stricta (Huds.) : radical leaves oblong, attenuate at the base, lyrately
pinnatifid, hispid with spreading hairs ; cauline ones kw, lanceolate, some-
what attenuate at the base ; petals oblong, erect, obtuse, twice the length of
the glabrous calyx ; siliques elongated, erect. Hook. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 437 ;
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 42.

Labrador. — U, A native also of Europe.

5. A. petrcea (ham.) : stem nearly erect, sometimes branched, glabrous;
radical leaves petioled, incised or pinnatifid ; cadine ones oblong-linear, en-
tire ; petals obovate, unguiculate ; siliques erect-spreading. — Lam. diet. 1. p.
221; DC. prodr. 1. p. 145; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 42 (excl. syn.); Cham.
^ Schlecht. in Linmea, 1. p. 15.

On rocks; Canada to Arctic America, and N. W. Coast. Shore of Lake
Superior, Dr. Pitcher I — ^ Stems 3-9 inches high. Cauline leaves few.
Flowers white or lilac. Style very short or none. — Habit of Arabis lyrata,
from which it differs in its perfectly accumbent cotyledons and perennial
root.

Arabis. . CRUCIFERiE. 81

6. A. ambigua (DC): leaves nearly glabrous, the radieal ones sinuate-
lyrate ; middle ones oblong-oval and toothed, attenuate at the base ; the up-
permost linear-oblong and entire ; stem nearly simple ; sihques soinevviiat
erect. — DC. sijsl. 2. p. 231 ; Cham, df- iSchlcclil. in LinncBa, 1. p. 10; Jluuk.
fl. Jim:- Am. l./J. 42.

Unalaschka, Sitcha ! and Kotzebue's Sound.—® Stems numerous from
one root, a foot or more high, ascending. Radical leaves with a few simple
hairs ; cauline ones very glabrous. Racemes few-flowered ; the flowers
smaller than in the preceding species. Silique two inches long and nearly a
line broad, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma. Seeds without a border ;
the cotyledons distinctly accumbent.

7. A lyrata (Linn.): stem branching from the base; radical leaves
lyrate-pinnatifid and somewhat hirsute ; cauline ones linear, entire, and
with the stem glabrous ; siliques erect, nearly straight ; radicle slightly dor-
sal.— /-'?w.b7(,/. 2. /). 437 ; DC. prodr. \. p. 146. Sisymbrium arabidoides,
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 63. t. 1 ; DarUngl. fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 387.

On rocks, Canada ! to Virginia! April-May.— (T) Stem 4-12 inches high,
at first erect, but at length difluse. Radical leaves rosulate in the yourig
plant ; the segments usually obtuse, often toothed. Flowers as large as in
A. petra^a, white. Mature siliques 1^-2 inches long, scarcely more than
lialf a line broad, pointed with a short style. Seeds without a border. Coty-
ledons flat, ovate ; the radicle lying along the edge of one of them, so as to
be nearly accumbent. — Our excellent friend Sir William J. Hooker refers
this plant to Sisymbrium ; but we retain it in Arabis, because, on a careful
examination of numerous ripe seeds, we find the radicle so slightly dorsal
that the cotyledons may be regarded as accumbent. We have never seen
the seeds so evidently incumbent as they are represented in Hooker's figure.

8. A. rupestris (Nutt. ! mss.) : " more or less hirsute ; radical leaves ob-
long-spatukte ; cauline ones lanceolate, clasping, sparingly toothed ; petals
twice as long as the calyx ; silique very long and narrow, erect-spreading.

" On rocks near the'banks of the Oregon.— @ Plant li-2 feet high ; the
pubescence simple or forked : upper part of the stem nearly smooth. Cauline
leaves clasping, but not sagittate. Siliques about 3 inches long, less than a
line in breadth. Seeds slightly margined." Nutt. — Near A. saxatilis.

9. A. spathulata (Nutt.! mss.): "hirsute (dwarf and somewhat ca^spitose);
leaves spatulate-oblong, entire ; cauline ones clasping ; petals roundish,
spreading, about twice the length of the calyx; siliques rather short, diverg-
ing, pointed with a distinct slender style.

" Lofty dry hiUs of the Platte, from the Black Mountains to the central
chain. May.— If About 4 inches high. Root thick, crowned with vestiges
of former leaves and stems. Radical leaves on rather long petioles. Flow-
ers white, somewhat conspicuous. Pedicel about half the length of the
fruit. Silique scarcely half an inch long and nearly a line in breath ; cells
7-10-seeded." Nutt. Seed oblong, with a narrow margin. Funiculus long
and slender, free. — Near A. serpyllifolia of Europe.

10. A. heterophylla (Nutt. mss.) : " nearly smooth; radical leaves spatu-
late, toothed ; upper ones linear, sessile, entire ; silique long and spreading ;
petals linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx.

" Near Paris, Maine ? or in the vicinity of the White Mountains of New-
HampsMre. — (|) Radical leaves s6mewhat pilose with simple hairs ; upper
ones' linear, about 2 inches in length and a line or two in breadth. Siliques
about 3 inches long." Nutt. — We have seen no specimens of this plant.

11. A. sparsiflora (Nutt. mss.): "somewhat pilose towards the base,
much branched ; cauline leaves oblong, clasping, entire; flowers minute;
siliques very long, flat; spreading.

11

82 CRUCIFERiE. Arabis.

" Forests of the Rocky Mountains,' toAvards the sources of the Oregon. —
Stem tall, sparingly clothed on the lower part with forked hairs. Radical
leaves not seen ; cauline ones ahout 2-inches long, sessile or clasping. Flow-
ers purple ; petals longer than the sepals, linear-oblong." l*^utt.

12. A. puherula (Nutt. mss.) : " perennial, somewhat ctEspitose, more
or less pubescent with dense stellate hairs ; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate,
sessile ; siliques Hat, straight, pendulous, the pedicels about twice the length
of the sepals ; seeds Avith a slight margin.

" Forests of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. — Stem about a span high.
Flowers not seen. Siliques slightly pubescent, the central nerve obvious."
Nutt.

13. A. inicrophylla (Nutt. mss.) : "smoothish and somewhat coespitose ;
leaves linear, rather acute ; cauline ones very few, sessile : stem filiform,
very few-flowered ; silique long, flat, spreading.

" Rocky Mountains : rather rare. — Leaves scarcely half an inch long.
Siliques only 2-3, at the summit of the filiform stem, 2i inches long. Flowers
small, pale purple. — A smaller and fewer-flowered species than the pre-
ceding." Nittt.

** Seeds with a broad winged margin.

14. A. l(2vigata (DC.) : erect, whole plant glabrous and glaucous ; radical
leaves oblong-obovate, attenuated into a petiole at the base, or somewhat
sessile, acutely dentate-serrate ; cauline leaves sessile; the lower ones lanceo-
late, sagittate, sparingly toothed ; uppermost linear, entire ; flowers spread-
ing ; siliques linear, narrow and elongated, recurved-pendulous. — DC. ! syst.
2. p. 237 ; Spreng. syst. 2. p. 892 ; Darlingt. ! fi. Cest. eel. 2. p. 382. A.
pendula, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 70, not of Linn. Turritis laevigata, Muhl. ! fl.
Lancast. ined. 1. p. 483, ^ in Willd. sp. 3. p. 543 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 438.

0. laciniata : cauline leaves lanceolate-linear, remotely and laciniately
toothed.

Rocky woods, and along rivers, Canada ! to Virginia ; west to Missouri
and Arkansas ! May. — (2) Stem 1-3 feet high. Radical leaves mostly of a
purplish color ; cauline ones 2-6 inches long, acutely toothed (the teeth in
/?. long and narrow). Sepals greenish-yellow, nearly as long as the narrow
Cuneiform erect (white) petals. SUiques 2-3 inches long and less than a
line in breadth, pointed Avith the very short style. Funiculi adhering to
the septum at the base. — Willdenow erj-oneously states that the siliques are
erect, which mistake has led to much confusion respecting our plant. The
description of De Candolle was drawn from a dwarf specimen, Avithout fruit,
in Pursh's herbarium. — T. laevigata. Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 43, must be a
very different plant from the one here descrioed.

15. A. Canadensis (Linn.): erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, at-
tenuate at each end, remotely toothed ; pedicels villous, more than twice the
length of the calyx ; siliques pendulous, falcate, pointed with the distinct
style.— 79 C. prodr. 1. p. 147 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 148 ; Deless. ic. 2. t. 28. A,
falcata, Mich.T. ! /?. 1. p. 31. A. moUis, Raf. ! in Amer. month, mag. 2. p.
43. A. lyrsefoHa, Baf. I. c.

Rocky places, Canada ! to Georgia ! west to Arkansas ! June-July. —
Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, glabrous, pubescent below. Leaves 2-4 inches
long, nearly glabrous, or pubescent Avith simple hairs, rarely villous ; the
lower ones attenuated into a petiole, and sometimes lyrate or runcinate. Ra-
cemes elongated. Pedicels spreading, recurved in fruit, sometimes hispid.
Sepals yellowish, hispid. Petals white, oblong-linear, tAvice as long as the
calyx, nearly erect. Siliques 2-3 inches Irfng, Ih line Avide, ancipital. Funi-
culi adhering to the septum, as Avas first noticed by R. BroAvn. (PI. of Oud-
ney, &c. p. 11.)

Cardamine. CRUCIFER^. 83

16. A. canescens (Nutt. ! mss.) : "crespitose, densdy and rancscontly pu-
bescent with stellate hairs ; leaves entire, linear, dense, crowded about the
root ; those of the stem mucii smaller, sessile ; siliiiue broadly linear, Hat,
nearly straii^^ht, pendulous, acute ; stigma sessile.

" Summits of high hills in the Rocky Mountain range.— Ij: Plant about
a span high. Stems' numerous, springing from the tuft of leaves at the
crown of the root. Leaves nearly an inch long, rather obtuse, the pubes-
cence very short; radical ones attenuated at the base. Raceme short;
flowers very small. Pedicels about as long as the calyx. Sepals oblong.
Petals spatiilate-oblong, twice the length of the sepals, pale purple. Silique
an inch and a half long, nearly ahne and a half broad, somewhat torulose."
A^,,Y/._Seeds with a broad margin, lying horizontally in the cell; the
radicle superior : funiculi free.

X Doubtful species.

17. A. reptans (Lam.) : leaves roundish, entire, hirsute ; runners creep-
ing. DC— Lam. diet. l.p. 122 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 242.

Sandy fields, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Pursh.— Is it Draba Carohni-
ana ?

7. CARDAMINE. lAnn. ; Lam. ill. t. 562 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 245.

Silique linear ; valves plane, nerveless, usually • dehiscing elastically. —
Seeds ovate, rarely bordered : funiculi slender. — Leaves petioled. Flowers
white or pale purple.

* Leaves undivided.

1. C rotundifolia (Michx.) : glabrous or somewhat hirsute ; leaves en-
tire or repandly toothed; radical ones on long petioles, ovate or nearly or-
bicular ; upper ones mostly sessile, oval-oblong or lanceolate ; root usually
luberiferous.

a. stem erect or fiexuous, simple or rarely branching above ; radical and
lower cauline leaves subcordate ; flowers white. — C. rhoiuboidea, DC. syst.
2. p. 246 ; Hook. ! hot. misc. 3. p. 239, t. 108 ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. ed. 2.
p. 384. Arabis rhomboidea, Pers. syn. 2. p. 204 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 70 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 149. A. tuberosa, Pers. I. c. A. bulbosa, Muhl. ! cat. p. 63.

/?. stem erect, simple, hairy ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the radical ones
roundish cordate or reniform ; cauline ones strongly repand-toothed ; flowers
large, deep rose-color, or purple. — C. rotundifolia, Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. l.p. 44.
Arabis Douglassii, Torr. ! in Sill. jour. 4. p. 63.

y. stem at first simple, afterwards sending ofT decumbent leafy stolons,
which often take root ; leaves obtusely repand-toothed, membranaceous ; root
mostly fibrous ; flowers small, white.— C. rotundifolia, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 30;
DC syst. 2. p. 247 ; Hook. ! hot. raise. I. c. t. 109 ; Darlingt.! I. c.

a. Wet meadows, Massachusetts ! to Georgia. H. Hudson's Bay, Rocky
Mountains, Lake Superior! Western part of the State of New York ! to
Kentucky ! y- Shady springs and rivulets. New Jersey ! Pennsylvania ;
April-May.— if Plant 6-12 inches high. Leaves variable in size and form;
the radical ones usually about an inch in length and breadth. Racemes 10-
20-flowered; flowers in c and 0. half an inch in diameter; in y. about half
as large. Siliques spreading (in a. and fi. three-fourths of an inch long ; in y.
shorter), acuminated with the short style. Seeds few, orbicular.— Having
had several opportunities of examining the C. rotundifolia of our friend Dr.
Darlington in a living state, we are satisfied that it is not specifically distinct

84 CRUCIFER^. Cardamine.

from C. rhomboidea, 7?C, and that the diffcronce in the appearance of the
two plants depends on the place of growth. The former grows in cold se-
questered springy places, where it does not readily bear fruit early in the sea-
son; and as summer advances, it becomes slender, procumbent, and loses its
tubers at the base of the stem. Sir WilUam J. Hooker has accurately figur-
ed and described both forms of the plant ; but having seen the two pass into
each other, we are obliged to dissent from our friends Avho consider ih«m dis-
tinct. The var. y. takes the place of the ordinary form in Canada, the wes-
tern part of the State of New York, and the Western States.

2. C. spathulata (Michx.) : radical leaves petioled, spatulate, entire, hir-
sute with a trifurcate pubescence ; cauline ones sessile, ovate or linear-oblong ;
siliques spreading ; stems decumhent— Michx.! ft. 2. p. 29 ; DC. syst. 2. p.
247 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 143.

High mountams of Carolina, Michaux .'—[£) Stems 6-8 mches long,
slender, glabrous. Leaves about an inch in length ; the radical ones rosulate,
rounded at the extremity ; cauline ones entire or somewhat toothed. Ra-
cemes loose; the pedicels filiform and spreading. Siliques distant, one inch
long; straight, rather acute. Stigma sessile.

3. C. bellidifoUa (hmn.) : leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy; the radical
ones ovate, petioled, entire ; cauline ones few, entire or 3-lobed ; siliques
erect; stigma nearly sessile.— Z>C. syst. 2. p. 249; Hook.! ft. Bor.-Am. I. p.
44. C. rotundifolia, Bigel. ! fi. Bast. ed. 2. p. 252.

White Mountains of New Hampshire, Bigelow, Oakes ! Arctic Ameri-
ca and Rocky Mountains, Unalaschka, and California, Douglas ! June-July.
—11 Plant 2-4 inches high. Raceme corymbed. Petals cuneiform, twice
as long as the calyx, white. Siliques about an inch long, straight.

* * Leaves ternately or pinnately divided.

4. C. purpurea (Cham. & Schlect.): nearly glabrous; radical and cauline
leaves 3-5-foliolate ; lateral leaflets roundish-oval, acute ; the terminal one round-
ish and cordate, 3-toothed ; lower pedicel furnished with a leaf-like, cuneiform,
3-toothed bract ; petals (deep purple) reticulately veined. Cham.. ^ Schlecht.
in LiwKza, 1. p. 20 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. l.p. 44 ; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechey,
p. 121.

Island of St. Lawrence, Chamisso ; and Kotzebue's Sound, Beechey.—
Radical leaves many, cauline leaf solitary ; all on long petioles.

5. C. angulata (Hook.): leaves petioled, 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate, angled or
incisely lobed, acute or cuneiform at the base, glabrous ; radical ones round-
ish ; cauline ovate or lanceolate. Hook. ! in hot. misc. 1. p. 343. t. 69, <^fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 44. Dentaria angulata, Nutt. ! mss.

/?. alha: leaves pubescent, always 3-foliolate ; flowers Avhite.— Dentaria an-
gulata /?. alba, A'^/iZ. .' mss.

Banks of the Oregon, Scolder ! and near the outlet of the Wahlamet,
j^uttall .'—If Roots long, creeping, fibrous. Stem 12-18 inches high. Ra-
dical leaves on petioles 3-6 inches long. FloAvers in corymbose racemes, as
large as in C. pratensis : pedicels 4-6 lines long, spreading. Sepals scarcely
one-fourth the length of the petals, broadly ovate, rather acute. Petals in a. pale
rose color ; in /?. white, obovate, emarginate, spreading ; claws much exserted.
" Silique lanceolate, nearly a line in breadth." Nutt.

6. C. pratensis (Linn.) : stem erect or decumbent ; leaves pinnately 7-13-
foliolate ; leaflets mostly entire, often petiolulate, those of the radical leaves
roundish, of the cauline ones oblong or linear ; style short and thick. — Pursh,
ft. 2. p. 440 ; DC. prodr. 1. ]9. 151 ; Hook. ! ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 45.

Cardamine. CRUCTFER.^. . 85

Swamps, Arctic! and N. W. Anierica, to the western part of New York !
April-May. — U Stern 12-lS inches hisli. Lower leaves on lone l>etioles,
»])e leaflets i)etiolulate, sparingly toothed or entire; those of the upper leaves
sometimes almost tiliform. Flowers lartje, white or rose-color. Silitjues
erect, an inch lon^: ; the style short and thick, or rather slender : stigma capi-
tate or somewhat 2-lobed.

7. C. hirsuta (Linn.) : leaves pinnate or lyrately pinnatifid ; leaflets of
the radical leaves roundish, of the cauline ones oblong or linear, toothed or
entire; petals (small) oblong-cuneiform; style short or none; stigma minute;
siliques vrect— DC. prodr. I. p. 152; Hook. If. Bor.-Am. 1. p. '45; Darlmgt.
Jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 385. C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. ! cat. p. 63 ; Willd. sp. 3.
p. 486 ; DC. prodr. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 144.

P. acuniinata (Nutt.l mss.): "stem somewhat hirsute; pedicels half as
long as the conspicuously acuminate silique."

J', parvi flora (Nutt. ! mss.): " someAvhat hirsute; stem nearly naked;
siliques very long, fastigiately corymbcd."

(5. Virginica: leaflets with a single tooth on one or both sides: petals
scarcely twice as long as the calyx ; racemes strictly erect : stigma sessile. —
C. Virginica, Linn.7; Mich.r. ! fl. 2. p. 29 ; DC. I. c.

Wet places (<5. often on dry rocks), Arctic ! and N. W. America ! to
Georgia! /?. British America, y^/c/irtrf/soj?.; Oregon, Nutt all .' May-June.
y. Oregon, Nuttall! <5. Connecticut! to Kentucky! (2) Stem 4-18 inches
liigh, glabrous or sparingly hirsute. Leaflets often petiolulate, repandly tooth-
ed, incised, or entire. Flowers about one-third of an inch in diameter, in
y. and L nmch smaUer. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals obovate-spatulate,
white. Siliques about an inch long. — This plant varies extremely in dif-
ferent seasons of the year and in different situations. We follow Sir W,
Jackson Hooker, in considering all the forms described above as mere varie-
ties of C. hirsuta, Linn. Mr. Nuttall, however, inclines to the opinion that
C. Pennsylvanica is distinct from the European plant; and our 5. Virginica
should perhaps rank as a separate species.

8. C. oligosperma (Nutt.! mss.): "somewhat hirsute; leaves pinnate,
petiolate ; leaflets reniform or obovate, conspicuously petiolulate, lobed or
or toothed ; the central segment often 3-lobed (flowers minute) ; siliques in
terminal fascicles, broadly linear, acute, erect, few-seeded; pedicels about
one-sixth as long as the siliques.

" Shady woods of the Oregon.— (J) or (5) About a foot high, Avith a few
short axillary branches ; pubescence spreading, simple. Leaflets nearly or-
bicular with 3-5 teeth or lobes. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long, Avhite, in
very short racemes. Sepals oblong. Petals obovate-cuneiform at the base,
but scarcely unguiculate. Siliques about an inch long and nearly a line in
breadth; each cell containing from 6 to 8 rather distant seeds.— A Carda-
mine, apparently identical Avith this, but Avith shorter siliques, groAvs in Cali-
fornia, near St. Barbara. A nearly allied allied species Avas collected in
Chili by Dr. Styles (C. macrocarpa, NiUt. mss.) It is somewhat hairy ; the
leaflets broadly ovate and sinuately toothed ; the flowers larger (white); the
siliques scattered, and longer, with 15 to 18 seeds in each cell ; and the
pedicels elongated." Nutt.

9. C. Ludoviciana (Hook.): stems branching from the base, erect or
diffused; leaves pectinately pinnatifid ; segments oblong or linear, toothed;
siliques rather erect, broadly linear ; style none ; seeds orbicular, margined !
—Hook.! in jour. hot. 1. p. 191. C. Virginica, Muhl. cat. p. 63. f ft.
Lancast. ined. 1. p. 476. Sisymbrium Ludovicianum, Nutt.! mss. in herb,
acad. Philad.

Georgia! to Kentucky! Louisiana, and Arkansas. — (T) Stem 4-10 inches
long. Radical leaves rosulate in the young plant; segments 7-10 pairs.

86 CRUCIFER^. Df.ntaria.

Flowers very small, white; pedicels as long as the calyx. Silique nearly an
inch long, (lat; the valves obscurely reticulated. Seeds about 15 in each cell,
with an almost winged margin. — Easily distinguished by its broad siliques
and margined seeds.

'10. C. digitata (Richards.): leaves digitately pinnate; leaflets sessile, li-
near, entire; style short, about as thick as the silique; stigma capitate,
Richards, app. Frankl. journ. p. 26; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53; Hook. Jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 45.

Arctic America. — Stem creeping at the base (not tubcriferous, Hook.).
Flowers as large as in Cardamine pratensis, white or purplish. Siliques not
seen. Richardson.

X Doiihtfid species.

11. C.7 midtijida (Pursh): pubescent, branched; leaves interruptedly
pinnately divided; segments bipinnatifid; ultimate divisions rounded, incis-
ed; siliques shorter than the pedicels. DC. — Pursh., fl. 2. p. 440; DC. si/.st.
2. p. 267.

Florida, near St. Augustine, Bartram in herb. Banks. — 1[ Siliques ob-
long, scarcely 2 lines long, glabrous; style none. Pedicels filiform. DC. —
Perhaps a Nasturtium.

C reflcxa and C. angusiijolia, Raf. Jl. Lnidov., liaving been founded upon the
vague popular descriptions by Robin of plants which Rafinesque never saw, and of
which lie knew nothing whatever, of course cannot be admitted even to the rank of
doubtful species.

8. DENTARIA. Linn. ; DC. syst. 2. p. 271.

Silique lanceolate ; valves plane, ncrvless, often dehiscing elastically : pla-
centae not winged. Seeds ovate, not bordered, in a single series : funiculi
dilated. — Perennials. Rhizoma horizontal, fleshy, often irregularly toothed.
Leaves ternately, palmately, or pinnately divided ; radical ones (when pre-
sent) on long petioles; cauline ones (often 3) near the middle of the stem or
scape, verticillate or alternate. Flowers white or purple.

Scarcely more than a section of Cardamine.

1. D. laciniata (Muhl.) : rhizoma moniliforra; cauline leaves 3, usually
veticillate, ternately parted; segments incised, the lateral ones lobed. —
MithL! in Willd. sp. 3. p. 479. f cat. p. 63 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 1-55; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 144; Bart.Jl. Am. sept. 3. t. 72; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 46. D.
concatenata, Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 30.

a. segments of the leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, incisely toothed.

0. segments laciniately pinnatifid.

y. segments narrowly linear, sparingly toothed, or nearly entire.

<5. leaves aUernate; segments ovate, incisely toothed and lobed, a little
rough on the margin.

Rich alluvial soils, Canada to Georgia ! and west to the Mississippi. Wa-
tertown, New-York, Dr. Craive! Macon, Georgia, Croom! April-May. —
Plant 4-12 inches high. Tubers of the rhizoma connected by a neck, spa-
ringly fibrillose, pungent to the taste like mustard. Cauline leaves verticil-
late above the middle of the stem, or alternate (rarely 2), on short petioles ;
segments variable in width and in the form and length of the teeth or laci-
jiiffi ; radical leaves sometmies wanting. Petals 3 times the length of the

Dentaria. CRUCIFERiE. 87

sepals, pale purple, or nearly white, obovate-oblon<T. Style when younj^ not
longer tlian the stamens. Silique somewhat torulose, with a long tapering
point. — We have not seen tlie var. <!. in fruit. It is so remarkable in the furiix
of its leaves that it may prove to be a new species. It is perhaps the 1).
maxima of Nuttall, although it by no means agrees with the detailed descrip-
tion of that botanist.

2. D. maxima (Nutt.): stem tall; leaves (5-7) alternate, remote, the
margin a little roughened; leaflets somewhat oval, incisely andacutely tooth-
ed, lateral ones lobed (flowers pale purple). Nutt. gen. 2. p. 6G ; J)('.
jn-o(lr. 1. p. 155.

Western part of the State of New-York, and Pennsylvania. Nuttall. —
Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Tubers concatenate. Nutt.

3. J). muUifida (Muhl): stem 2-3-leaved ; leaves mostly verticillate, 2-3-
ternately divided; segments and lobes all Unear and very narrow; siliques
narrow.— Muhl. ! cat. p. 63 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 143. D. dissecta, Leaven-
wurtli, in Sill. jour. 7, p. 62.

Shady woods, near Salem, N. Carolina, Schweinitz I Cherokee country,
Dr. Learenworthj near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Nuttall. — A span high.
llhizoma tuberous. (Nutt.) Leaves with remarkably narrow divisions,
almost as fine as those of the Carrot. Flowers white (Nutt.), smaller than
in D. laciniata.

4. D. heternphylla (Nutt.) : rhizoma moniliform, the tubers oblong; cau-
line leaves 2 (rarely 3), petioled, alternate, ternately divided; leaflets linear-
lanceolate, entire or toothed ; margin minutely and ciliately roughened ; ra-
dical leaves rather obtusely lobed. — Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 66; DC. prodr. 1. p.
155.

Shady woods, near banks of rivers, Pennsylvania ! to Kentucky ! April-
May. — A foot high. Leaflets of the radical leaves incisely lobed and
crenately toothed, the teeth minutely mucronate. Pedicels about as long
as the purplish flowers. Siliques with a long tapering point. Stigma capi-
tate or obscurely 2-lobed.

5. D. cliphylla (Michx.) : rhizoma elongated, toothed ; cauline leaves 2,
ternately divided ; segments ovate or oblong, unequaQy and incisely toothed.
—Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 30; Hot. mag. t. 1465; DC. prodr. 1. p. 169; Hook,
ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. i6.

Shady Avoods, in rich soil, Canada ! to S. Carolina, west to the Mississippi !
April-May. — Rhizoma extensively creeping, often branched, marked with
projecting teeth, very pungent to the taste (hence the vulgar name, Pepper-
root). Leaves closely approximated above the middle of the stem : petiole
about an inch long. Flowers white or very pale purple : pedicels rather
thick, longer than the flower, spreading.

6. D. tenella (Pursh) : root fibrous, bearing roundish tubers (Hook.);
radical leaves simple, roundish, about 5-lobed ; cauline leaves 1-4, alternate,
ternately or pinnately divided ; segments linear, acute, entire or sparingly
toothed. — Pursh! ft. 2. p. 439; DC. prodr. 1. p. 155. D. tenuifolia, Ledeft.
in mem. acad. St.'Petersb. (1815) p. 547 ?; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 46.

Oregon, Menzics, Nuttall! — Plant 3-10 inches high. Radical leaves
scarcely an inch long, crenately lobed. Stem often bearing but a single
nearly sessile leaf. Flowers rather smaller than in Cardamine pratensis,
pale purple. — Mr. Nuttall thinks this plant to be distinct from D. tenuifolia
of Ledebour ; while Sir W. J. Hooker states that he could find no difference
between them. In oiu: Siberian specimens of the latter, the cauline leaves
are distinctly petioled, with tootlied divisions, and the flowers are considera-
bly larger than in the Oregon plant. They have, however, at least in one of
our specimens, a simple lobed radical leaf.

88 CRUCIFERiE. Parrya.

7. D. macrncarpa CNntt. mfifi.) : " root fibrous and tuberous; radical leaf
3-foliolate, the leaflets reniforrn and lobed; cauline leaf solitary, 3-parted,
the segments entire, obtuse ; silique very long.

" Woods of the Oregon, with the preceding. — A small species, remarka-
ble for the great length of its silique, its cuspidate and rather long style, and
capitate stigma. On the receptacle, (as in the preceding^) there remain some
time after inflorescence, 2 filiform denticulations, like abortive stamens. —
Described from a single specimen." Nutt.

8. D. integrifolia (Nutt. mufi.): "rhizoma tuberous; tall and rather ro-
bust; radical leaves trifoliolate, leaflets roundish-oval; cauline 3, alternate,
3-parted or trifoliolate ; divisions linear-oblong, acute, entire ; siliques rather
short, on long pedicels ; petals very large.

" Plains of Monterey, Upper California. — Stem 12-18 inches high. Pe-
tiole of the solitaVy radical leaf very long ; the leaflets large. Flowers
among the largest of the genus." Nutt.

9. D. Californica (Nutt. mss.): "rather robust; leaves trifoliolate, cau-
line ones alternate ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate or incisely
denticulate, acute ; siliques lanceolate-linear, rather long.

" Monterey, Upper California. — About the size of the preceding species,
but with smaUer flowers. Cauline leaves 2-3, nearly as large as the radical
ones, and similar in form." Nutt.

9. PARRYA. R. Br. in Parnfs 1st voy. app. p. 269. t. B.

Neuroloma, Andrz. ; DC.

Silique broadly linear ; valves veiny. Seeds in a double series, margined ;
the epiderms loose and more or less corrugated : funiculi partly adnate to
the septum. Lobes of the stigma approximate. — Perennial herbs. Leaves
mostly radical, fleshy, entire or toothed. Flowers rose-color or purple.

1. P. macrocarpa (R. Brown): sDiques broadly linear; anthers linear ;
leaves broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed. Hook. — E. Br. I. c. p. 270 ; Hook.
Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 47. t. 15. Neuroloma arabidiflorum & nudicaule, DC.
prodr. 1. p. 156. Arabis nudicaulis, DC. syst. 2. p. 240. Cardamine arti-
culata, Pursh, ft. 2. p. 439.

a. aspera (Hook.) : pilose with glandular hairs. — Neuroloma arabidiflorum
13. DC. I. c.

8. glabra (Hook.): whole plant glabrous. — N. arabidiflorum, DC. I. c.
(excl. syn.)

Arctic and N. W. America. — Rootstock fusiform. Scape 4-6 inches
high. Petals rose-color or purple, broadly obovate, retuse. Silique 1-2
inches long and 2 lines wide, erect, slightly incurved, somewhat constricted
between the seeds. Seeds slightly corrugated, with a broad membranaceous
border. Hook.

2. P. arctica (R. Brow n): siliques Unear-oblong ; anthers oval; leaves
mostly entire ; peduncles glabrous. R. Br. .' I. c. p. 269. t. B. ; Hook. ! ft.
Bor.-Am,. 1. p. 47, ^ in Porry''s 2nd voy. app. p. 338.

Arctic America ! confined to the eastward of Mackenzie's River, as the pre-
ceding species is to the westward of it. Hook. — Plant 2-4 inches high.
Leaves spatulate-lanceolate. Flowers as large as in Cardamine pratensis,
corymbed : petals purple, rarely white ; limb obovate. Siliques about an
inch long, racemose, spreading or pendulous, obtuse. Seeds 6-8 in each cell,
strongly corrugated.

Leavenworthia. CRUCIFERiE. 89

10. PHCENICAULIS. mat. mss.

" Calyx colored, nearly equal at the base, much shorter than the entire un-
guioulate petals. Silique ensiform, acuminate, flat, not opening elastically ; the
cells about 3-seeded ; valves with a prominent central nerve. Seeds large,
in a single series, not margined; funiculi flat, short, dilated and slightly
adnate towards the base. [Cotyledons flat; the radicle not apphed to their
edge, but lying a little to one side.]— A low perennial herbaceous plant, with
a thick ascending caudex. Scapes slender. Leaves entire, densely and
stellately toracntose. Flowers in simple corymbose racemes, j)urple. Si-
liqucs diverging horizontally."

P. cheiranthoides (Nutt. ! mss.)

" High hills to the east of Wallawallah River, and on rocks on the upper
part of the Oregon. — Stem partly subterranean and descendinjr to a con-
siderable depth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire ; the base attenuated into a
long petiole which is dilated and sheathing at its insertion. Scapes 4-6
inches long, with a few small sessile and partly clasping leaves. Sepals ob-
long, obtuse, bright purple on the margin. Petals purple, oblong-oval, the
claws as long as the calyx. Stamens about as long as the calyx. Stigrna
nearly sessile, somewhat capitate. Pedicels of the flowers erect, of the fruit
divaricate. Siliques straight 1-li inch long, obtuse at the base, tapering to a
long point: valves obscurely reticulated : [septum opaque, with a distinct sin-
gle or double longitudinal nerve : areolae very tortuous, reticulated.] Seeds
oval, smooth, distant, nearly as broad as the septum. — Allied to Parrya ma-
crocarpa ; but differing in the cuspidate siliques, the few seeds in a single
series, without the loose epidermis." Nutt. — The cotyledons are not truly
accumbent ; but the radicle is applied to the back of one of them, not far
from the edge.

11. LEAVENWORTHIA. Torr. in aim. lye. New- York, 3. />. 87. t. 5.

Calyx somewhat erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, cuneiform, trun-
cate or emarginate. Filaments distinct, toothless. Silique sessile, oblong-
linear, compressed, somewhat inflated and contracted between the seeds;
valves indistinctly nerved. Style distinct, or ahnost none. Stigma minutely
bidentate. Seeds in a single series, flattened, with a broad winged margin :
funicuU free. Embryo nearly straight! or with the radicle slightly be^t
towards the edge of the cotyledons : radicle very s'ho'rt,' conical, poinding
obliquely upward : cotyledons orbicular. Septum l-nerycd, minutely reticu-
lated ; the areolae transversely linear-oblong. — Annual herbaceous plants.
Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. Flowers in loose scapoid racemes, or solitary on
long subradical peduncles, yellow.

1. L. aurea (Torr.) : style distinct ; embryo nearly straight. Toi-r. I. c.
Cardamine uniflora, Leavenworth, in Sill. jour. 7. p. 63, (not of Michx.)

Wet places, near Fort Tdwson, Arkansas; also in Texas, and in Jef-
ferson County, Alabairia, Dr:. Leavenworth! — Root straight, descending.
Plant 2-6 inches high. Stem at first short and simple, but at leiigth branch-
ing from the base ; the branches ascending. Leaves mostly radical ; pinna-
tifid, somewhat fleshy ; segments 2-4 pairs, roundish-oblong, obtusely tooth-

12

90 CRUCIFER^. Hesperis.

ed ; the terminal one much larger and somewhat orbicular. Racemes 4-10-
flowered. Flowers in the young plant, or in dwarf specimens, on long
erect naked peduncles or scapes ; in the advanced s.tate on racemes which
terminate the short assurgent branches. Pedi-cels without bracts, an inch
or more in length, filiform, spreading and curved upward. Sepals rather
loose, oblong, obtuse, tinged with purple. Petals golden yellow, tapering into
a long cuneate base. Filaments slender : anthers oblong. Style short, but
conspicuous. SUique rather more than an inch long and nearly two lines
in breadth, slightly torulose, rather convex : septum very thin and transpa-
rent. Seeds 4-5 in each cell, suspended on short rigid funiculi, approximar
ted so that their broad membranaceous margins somewhat overlap. Embryo
nearly straight, from the earliest to the most advanced state. Radicle pomt-
ing upward, at first inclined from the hilum, but afterwards gradually approxi-
mating towards it.

2. L. Michauxii (Torr.) : style almost none ; radicle oblique. Torr. !
I.e. Cardamine uniflora, Michx: ! fl. 2. p. 29; PursJi, f. 2. p. 439; DC.
syst. 2. p. 251.

On rocks about Knoxville, Tennessee, Michaux ! and on wet rocks, Ken-
tucky, Short .'—Greatly resembling the preceding species, but easily dis-
tinguished by its nearly sessile stigma. The difference in the direction of
the^'radicle seems also to be constant. Michaux states that the peduncles are
radical and one-flowered, but the specimens in his herbarium are caulescent;
the racemes terminating short assurgent branches, and the pedicels being
greatly elongated, so as to resemble scapes.

Tribe II. SISYMBRE^. DC.

Silique longitudinally dehiscent ; valves nearly plane, or somewhat
terete and carinate : septum linear. Cotyledons plane, incumbent
(o|| ), contrary to (i. e. with their edges towards) the septum. Seeds
not bordered.

12. HESPERIS. Linn. ; DC. syst. 2. p. UQ.

Silique nearly terete, or 4-sided and somewhat compressed. Stigmas 2,
erect connivent. Inner sepals saccate at the base. Seeds somewhat 3-sided.
Stamena toothless. — Rocket.

1. H. matronalis (Linn.): stem erect, nearly simple; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, toothed ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; petals obovate, siliques gla-
brous, torose, erect, margin not thickened (flowers white or rose-color). DC.
prodr. l.p. 189; Hook.Jl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 59.

. Shores of Lake Huron, Dr. Todd, (fide JEToo/r.)— Doubdess introduced.

2. H. minima : pubescent with appressed 2-parted hairs ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, attenuate at the base ; siliques numerous, erect, compressed, pu-
bescent ; stem erect, simple. Hook.—U. pygmaea, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
60. t. 19. (not of Delile) Cheiranthus pygmseus, Adams; DC. prodr. 1. p.
137, fide Hook. .

Arctic America, Kotzebue's Sound. — (I) Root fusiform. Stem in fruit a
span high, a little flexuous. Leaves mostly radical, entire or sinuate-toothed.
Corymb many-flowered, racemose in fruit. Petals large, obovate, purple.

Sisymbrium. CRUCIFERiE. 91

Stigma 2-lobcd. Siliques linear-ensiform, slii^htly falcate, pale purple.
Hook. — Sir William Hooker is inclined to refer to this species Cheirantlius
Pallassii, J^i/rsh, which is described as havinj^ rather terete siliiiues and a
subcapitate stigma, if his suspicion is confirmed, Pursh's specific name must
be adopted.

3. //. Menziesii (Hook.): leaves spatulate, fleshy, covered with an ap-
pressed 2-parted pubescence; siliques (young) spreading; stem very short,
erect, simple. Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 60.

California.— Root perennial, ligneous. Flowers larger than in the preced-
ing species, purple? Hook.

13. SISYMBRIUM. Allioni ; DC. .9T/.9t.2. p. 458.

Silique somewhat terete. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct, or connate and
capitate. Sepals equal at the base. Seeds ovate or oblong. Cotyledons
sometimes oblique.

§ 1. Siliques subulate, terminated with a short style : pedicels very
short, thickened and appressed to the axis after Jlowering. — Velarum,
DC.

1. S. officinale (Scop.) : leaves runcinate, and, with the stem, hairy,
flowers very small (yellow). DC. prodr. 1. p. 191 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 61. Erysimum officinale, Linn. ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 436; Ell. sk. 2. p. 148.

Road-sides and waste places, Canada ! to" Georgia; Oregon. May-Aug.
Introduced.— (1) Stem 1-3 feet high. Racemes elongated, curved in fruit.
Petals cuneate, longer than the calyx. Siliques 6-10 lines long, attenuate
into a short style.

§ 2. Siliques terete : style very short : calyx spreading or erect : seeds
oblong. — Norta, DC.

2. S. junceum (Bieb.) : leaves glabrous, glaucous; the lower ones petioled,
runcinately pinnatifid ; upper ones linear-lanceolate, entire. DC. prodr. 1.
p. 191 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am.. \.p. 61.

Dry stony places on the Oregon, Douglas, and Rocky Mountains towards
the source of Salmon River, Mr. Wyeth. (fide Nutt.) Apparently identical
with the European plant. Nutt.

3. S. linifolium (Nutt.! mss.) : glabrous; stem slender, simple; leaves
linear, undivided, the lower ones somewhat laciniately cleft (flowers large);
petals nearly twice as long as the calyx ; siliques linear and narrow. — Nas-
turtium linifolium, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 12.

Plains of the Rocky Mountain range, towards the head-waters of the
Platte, Mr. Wyeth! May— 2j: Stem 8-12 inches liigh. Leaves all nar-
row, not glaucous : the axils often leafy. Silique about 2 inches long.— Very
near the preceding, but the flowers and siUques are larger.

4. )S. pygmceum (Nutt. ! mss.) : dwarf, nearly smooth ; stem somewhat sim-
ple ; lower leaves somewhat lyrately pinnatifid, oblong ; upper ones entire,
linear ; petals longer than the calyx '; silique long and narrow.— Nasturtium
pumilum, Nutt. ! I. c.

Head waters of the Missouri, in dry soils. Flowering early m the sprmg.—
11 Stem 3 inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaves attenuated at the base
into a petiole ; terminal segment rounded and obtuse. Flowers about 3 lines
long, in short racemes.

92 CRUCIFERyE. Sisymbrium.

§ 3. Siliques terete : seeds ovate, someiohat triangular: flowers yellow.
— Irio, DC.

5. S. Sophia (Linn.) : leaves bipinnatifidly divided ; lobes oblong-linear,
incised; pedicels 4 times the length of the calyx ; petals smaller than the
sepals. DC.—Fursh, ft. 2. p. 440?; DC.prodr. \.p. 193.

Near Quebec, and "other parts of Lower Canada, Mrs. Percival ! near
Montreal, Dr. Holmes ; Virginia, Pursh. Apparently native in Canada.
July. — (^ Plant 2 feet high. Segments of the leaves less than a line in
breadth. Siliques an inch long, linear, very narrow.

6. S. sophioides (Fischer) : leaves bipinnatifid; lobes ovate or lanceolate,
incised ; pedicels (and petals) somewhat shorter than the calyx ; siliques
linear-filiform, falcate, and, as well as the flowers, in umbeUiform corymbs.
Hook.—Fisch. in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 61. t. 20. S. Sophia, Cham, f
Schlecht. in Linnoia, 1. p. 28. S. Sophia, var. ? Richards, app. Frankl.
journ. p. 27.

Hudson's Bay to Kotzebue's Sound.— @ Stem branching, flexuous, near-
ly glabrous. Peduncles glandular-pubescent. Flowers deep yellow. SiU-
ques densely umbelled (not elongated into a raceme in fruit), 2 inches long,
3 times the length of the pedicels.

7. S. canescens (Nutt.) : leaves bipinnatifid ; lobes oblong or lanceolate,
somewhat toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx ; siliques in elongat-
ed racemes, oblong or oblong-linear, shorter (or rarely longer) than the
pedicels.

a. canescent ; lobes of the leaves obtuse (or obovate) ; siliques somewhat
clavate, about half as long as the pedicels. — S. canescens, Nutt. .' gen. 2. p.
68; DC.prodr. 1. p. 194; Ell. sk. 2. p. 147; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 62.
Erysimum pinnaium, Walt. Car. p. 174. Cardamine? Menziesii, DC.
prodr. 1. p. 153. (fide Hook.)

Li. leaves minutely pubescent, but not hoary ; peduncles and pedicels spar-
ingly furnished with stipitate glands intermixed with simple pubescence ;
siliques as in var. a.

y. leaves glabrous ; lobes obtuse, mostly entire ; stem and pedicels minutely
glandular ; siliques as in var. a. & 0.

S. lobes of the leaves somewhat acute, and, with the stem, furnished with
minute stipitate glands ; petals rather longer than the calyx ; siliques scarcely
attenuate at the base, somewhat longer than the pedicels. — S. brachycar-
^Mm, Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 27; DC.prodr. \.p. 194;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 62.

€. (Californicum) : somewhat canescent ; lobes of the leaves acutely
toothed ; petals obovate, one-half longer than the calyx.

f. (brevipes, Nutt. mss.) : " siliques usually longer than the pedicels. "

a. Arctic America to Florida ! Arkansas ! Rocky Mountains, plains of the
Oregon, and Upper California, Nuttall. 0. Georgia ! Arkansas ! Texas !
y. Kentucky, Short ! <5. Arctic America and Canada, ex Hook. ; Lake Su-
perior, Dr. Houghton ! Dr. Pitcher ! £. California, Douglas ! ?. Rocky
Mountains, Nuttall— (Tj Plant 1-2 feet high. Flowers very small (in var.
e. twice as large as in the other varieties). Pedicels spreading, with the
siliques often erect.

§ 4. Siliques linear, compressed, somewhat terete: stigma nearly sessile:
flowers white {or rose-color) : peduncles usually short. — Arabidopsis,
DC.

8. S. humile (Ledeb.) : canescently pubescent, perennial ; stems diffuse ;
leaves entire or sinuate-toothed ; radical ones spatulate ; cauline ones lanceo-

SisYMBRicM. CRUCIFER^. 9S

late, attenuate at the base; siliques pubescent, terete, tondose, linear ; 5 times
the length of the pedicels. Hook. ! fi. lior.-Am. 1. p. 62.

u. leaves mostly entire. Ledeb. — Hook. I. c.

0. leaves sinuate-toothed and somewhat pinnatifid. Ledrb. — Hook. I. c.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°-57°, to Arctic America ! — Stems 3-6 inches
high. Radical leaves numerous, rosulate, nearly an inch long: pubescence
stellate. Flowers 3-4 lines in diameter, " white or rose-color." Hooker.

9. S. Thaliana (Gay) : annual; stems often many from one root, rather
naked, branching above, erect ; leaves (and lower part of the stem) hairy,
sparingly toothed ; radical ones ovate-oblong or spatulate-oblong, somewhat
petioled; siliques erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedicels. — Gay., in
ann. sci. nat. 7. p. 399; Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 63; Meyer, pi. Cauc.
(1831) ;). 190. Arabis Thaliana, Linn.; Eng. hot. t. 901; Pursh! fl. 2. p.
437; DC. prodr. 1. p. 144.

On rocks and in sandy fields, Massachusetts ! to Georgia ! west to Ken-
tucky. Introduced ? May. — Stem 3-10 inches high ; the upper part gla-
brous. Cauline leaves oblong or linear. Flowers very small. Siliques
straight, 6-8 lines long. Seeds in a single series.

10. (S. glaucum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "annual, glaucous, much branched;
leaves entire ; radical ones small, spatulate ; cauline ovate, sagittate and
clasping, rather acute; siliques nearly straight, erect, compressed, with con-
vex: valves, four times the length of the pedicels.

" Prairies of the Oregon, towards the Rocky Mountains. — About a foot
high, erect. Flowers very minute, pale purple. Petals cuneate-oblong, one-
half longer than the sepals. Siliques three-fourths of an inch long, glabrous:
style almost none. Seeds in a single, or partly in a double series. Cotyle-
dons decidedly incumbent." Nutt.

11. S. virgatum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " biennial, canescently hirsute with sim-
ple and stellate hairs ; stem virgately branched from the base ; leaves lanceo-
late-linear, clasping, lower ones denticulate or entire ; siliques somewhat te-
rete, erect, 4-5 times the length of the pedicels ; seeds in a double series.

" Hills of the Rocky Mountain range, near the sources of the Sweet Wa-
ter of the Platte. — About a span high. Leaves 6-8 lines long, and 2 Unes
wide. Flowers rather larger than in the preceding species, pale purple.
Petals obovate-spatulate, obtuse. Radicle almost exactly dorsal." Nutt. —
Septum very thin and translucent, marked with a distinct central nerve.

12. S. paucijiorum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " biennial, hirsute with forked hairs
(not canescent) ; leaves entire, radical ones narrowly oblong-spatulate ; cau-
line lanceolate-linear, sessile; stem rather slender, branching from the base;
siliques long, pendulous ; seeds in a double series.

" With the preceding. — Stem about a foot high, slender, nearly smooth
above. Flowers about twice as large as in the preceding species, white.
Petals exserted. Siliques three times as long as the pedicels." Nutt.

X Doubtful species.

13. S7 teres: small, erect, branched ; leaves all somewhat lyrately pin-
natifid; siliques rather short, linear, acuminate, on very short pedicels. —
Cardamine teres, Michx. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 29 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 259.

Vermont, on Lake Champlain, Michaux. ! — (1) Stem about 8 mches high,
a little roughened with short hairs. Leaves nearly glabrous, cauline ones with
3-4 pairs of lobes ; the lobes entire or toothed, terminal one 3-cleft. Ra-
cemes long : pedicels about a line long. Siliques erect, one-third of an inch
in length, pointed with a slender style one line in length ; valves very con-
vex. Seeds very numerous: cotyledons distinctly incumbent. — We have

94 CRUCIFER^. Erysimum.

removed this little-known plant to Sisymbrium, on account of the incum-
bent cotyledons ; but we are by no means certain that it belongs to this ge-
nus. DeCandoUe asks whether it may not be a Nasturtium. The speci-
mens in Michaux's herbarium are only in fruit.

S. Icptopdalum (Raf.) Jl. Laulov. p. 2G8.— See note on p. 8G.

14. TROPIDOCARPUM. Hook. ic. 1. t. 43.

Silique linear or lanceolate-linear, compressed contrary to the septum ;
valves somewhat carinate. Septum very narrow, often incomplete. Seeds
oblong, compressed, not margined. Cotyledons narrow, shorter than the
radicle. Sepals equal at the base. — Herbaceous annuals. Leaves pinnatiiid.
Flowers small, yellow, in leafy racemes.

1. T. gracile (Hook.) : nearly glabrous ; leaves pinnatifid; silique linear,
— Hook. I. c.

Wet places on the plains around Monterey, Upper California, Douglas,
■jSfuttall .'—Stem decumbent, 6-12 inches long, very sparingly hirsute. Radi-
cal leaves bipinnatifid, the others pinnatifid ; segments narrowly linear and
very acute. Flowers from the axis of the uppermost leaves, on slender pe-
duncles, 3-8 lines long. Sepals oblong. Petals obovate, erect, nearly twice
the length of the sepals. Silique about an inch long, attenuated into a short
style ; the septum sometimes nearly obliterated.

2. T. scabriusculum (Hook.) : somewhat roughly hirsute ; leaves bipinna-
tifid ; silique lanceolate. — Hook. ! I. c. t. 52.

With the preceding, Douglas! Nuttall.'— Differs from T. gracde chiefly m
its hu-sute pubescence, rather shorter leaves and peduncles, and somewhat
smaller flowers.— The ripe siliques of this species have the septum complete
the whole length. It is very narrow, so that, at the upper part, the opposite
placentEe are almost in contact. Hooker has not described the seeds of this
genus, probably because his specimens were immature. The cotyledons are
decidedly incumbent, but lie with their edges parallel to the septum !

15. ERYSIMUM. Linn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 491.

Silique 4-sided. Calyx closed. Cotyledons oblong.

§ Style short or scarcely any : calyx deciduous: leaves neither cordate
nor clasping : fiowers distinctly pedicellate.— ETysimastmm, DC.

1. E. cheiranthoides (Linn.) : somewhat scabrous with a minute appres-
sed' pubescence ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate or entire ; siliques erect,
spreading-, twice the length of the pedicels; stigma smaW.—Pursh, f. 2. p.
436 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 198; Hook.! f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 64. E. parviflorum,
Pers.syn.2.p.l'd9;Nutt.!gen.2.'p.\^. . ,^ ,.

Along streams, throughout the United States ! and Canada ! west to Mis-
souri and N. W. Coast. July-Aug.— or (2) Stem 1-2 feet high, simple
or branched. Pubescence 3-4-parted. Flowers small, yellow. Siliques
about an inch long, pointed with a short style.— A native also of Europe.

2. E. lanceolat%im{R.Brown): canescently scabrous with an appressed
2-parted pubescence ; stem nearly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower
ones usually toothed; claws of the petals longer than the calyx; siliques

Erysimum. CRUCIFER^E. 35

long, erect; stigma eraarginate. Hook. — /?. Br. in liort. Kew. {ed. 2.) A. p.
116; DC. -prodr. I. p. 199; Hook. Ji. liar. -Am. I. p. 04. Chciranthus
erysimoides, Linn.

Canada to Arctic America. — Distinguished ("rom the preceding by its
more pubescent leaves, shorter siliques, and larger Howers. Hook.

3. E. a.'^perum (DC.) : canescent with a scabrous appressed pubescence,
the hairs (ixcd by the middle ; stem simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, cauline
ones entire, radical ones runcinate-toothed ; siliques elongated, at length
spreading; style short, very thick; stigma 2-lobed. — DC! syst. 2. p. 506;
Hook. .ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 64. t. 22. E. lanceolatum, Phrsh, f. 2. p. 436.
(fide ' DC.) Cheiranthus asper, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 69.

Missouri ! to Oregon, and in British America, north to lat. 65°. (^ Stem
12-18 inches high. Cauline leaves 2 inches long, 2-3 lines wide ; margin
retrorsely scabrous. Flowers large, fragrant. Petals with the claws longer
than the sepals. Siliques 2-3 inches long, scarcely a line wide, somewhat
quadrangular. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons distinctly incumbent, although the
radicle is a little oblique.

4. E. Arkansanum (Nutt.! mss.): "slightly roughened with appressed
hairs, which on the stem are fixed by the middle and on the leaves 3-parted ;
stem simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, runcinately and sinuately toothed,
attenuate at the base ; sihques elongated, nearly erect, tapering at the sum-
mit; stigma 2-lobed.

" Open plains of Arkansas. [Also in Texas, Dr. Leavenworth .'] — (5)
Stem li-3 feet high, angular above. Leaves about 2 inches long, scarcely
one-third of an inch wide ; the radical ones almost pinnatifidly toothed, with
distant teeth. Raceme at first short and corymbose ; in fruit much elongat-
ed. Flowers as large as in the common Wall-flower, yellow, shaded with
orange. Claws of the petals much exserted ; Umb broadly obovate. Si-
hques 2^ inches long, ahnost exactly 4-sided." Nutt. — Cotyledons obliquely-
incumbent. Differs from the preceding in the less scabrous pubescence,
narrower and toothed leaves, and in the tapering summit of the style, as
well as in the larger flowers.

5. E. elatum (Nutt.! mss.): "somewhat scabrous; the hairs on the stem
fixed by the middle, on the leaves 3-4-parted ; stem tall and simple ; radical
leaves usually runcinate ; cauline lanceolate, remotely denticulate, attenuated
at each extremity.

" Grassy situations by the banks of the Wahlamet. — (5) Stem 3-5 feet
high, covered with minute appressed hairs, but not canescent. Radical
leaves more or less divided or toothed, sometimes, as likewise those of the
stem, almost entire. Flowers very large, colored with various shades of yel-
low and orange. Claws of the petals exserted, half an inch or more in
length; Umb obovate. Mature siliques not seen." Nutt. — Very near the
preceding.

6. E. parviflorum (Nutt. mss.) : " canescent and scabrous ; stem low and
simple ; leaves all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire ; si-
liques erect; petals scarcely longer than the calyx.

"Plains of the Rocky Mountains. — (z) or If About a foot high. Leaves
remarkably narrow, densely clustered at the base of the stem. Flowers
small, sulphur-yellow." Nutt.

. 7. E. piimi7M7H. (Nutt. mss.) :" somewhat scabrous ; leaves linear, (appa-
rently) all entire ; siliques flatly 4-sided, very long, erect ; pedicels very short ;
stigma small, nearly entire ; petals longer than the calyx.

" Dry elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains. — (1) Stems 2-4 inches
high. Flowers pale yellow, conspicuous. Siliques 3 inches or more in
length." Nutt.

96 CRUCIFER^. Pachypodium.

8. E. grandiftoimm (Nutt. ! mss.): "dwarfish, slightly roughened with
appressed forked or stellate hairs ; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, entire or
somewhat angularly lobed towards the base ; petioles long and slender ; flow-
ers in capitate corymbs ; siliques very long, somewhat torulose ; stigma con-
spicuously 2-lobed. . , • • • r- n/r TT r^ ve ■

" Sand hills of Pomt Pmus, m the vicinity of Monterey, Upper Cabtornia.

jyiarch. Root very long and straight, perennial. Stems growing partly

under the sand, crowned with the vestiges of several years' growth of leaves;
the part above-ground 3 to 6 inches in height. Leaves very flat, often whol-
ly entire sometimes repandly denticulate, softietimes angularly lobed below;
lamina an inch or more in length and 5-6 lines broad, attenuated at the base
into a slender petiole 1-2 inches long. Corymb scarcely extending beyond
the leaves. Flowers fragrant, deep yellow, uncommonly large. Inner sepals
saccate at "the base. Petals with the claws exserted. Filaments very broad,
flat. Siliques 2-3 inches long, somewhat curved upwards and outwards,
scarcely a line wide. Style scarcely any : stigma pubescent." Nutt.

16. PACHYPODIUM. Niott. mss.

" Silique somewhat terete, elongated, torulose, on a short thick stipe.
Seeds in a single series, oblong, scarcely margined. Cotyledons obhquely
incumbent. Calyx nearly erect, equal at the base. Glands 4 at the base of
the stamens. Petals narrow, on very long claws.— Annual or biennial, gene-
rally tall plants, with the siliques crowded and almost corymbose. Flowers
pale violet or rose-color. Leaves entire or laciniate."

1. P. laciniatum (Nutt. \ mss.): glabrous ; leaves all petioled, laciniate-
piniiatifid ; flowers on spreading pedicels ; petals hnear, 3 times as long as the
calyx • stipe very short ; siliques tapering at the summit.— Macropodiura la-
ciniatum. Hook. ! hot. misc. 1. p. 341. t. 68, ^ fl. Bor.-Am. 1. jx 43.

Rocky places beneath cliiFs on the Wallawallah and Oregon Rivers,
Douo-las ! NuttalU— Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, branching. Leaves atten-
uated into a netiole ; lacinise spreading, entire or toothed. Raceme strict,
dense : pedicels about 2 lines long. Sepals oblong. Petals very narrow,
pale red or almost white. Anthers hnear. Siliques an inch and a half
long slender, much crowded at the summit of the peduncles, tapering into
a slender style : stigma small, simple : stipe less than a line in length. Radi-
cle lying near the edge of one of the cotyledons^ but truly incumbent.— Very
distincrfrom Macropodium in the very short stipe of the silique, and in the
incumbent cotyledons.

2. P. integrifolium (Nutt. ! mss.) : " leaves entire ; radical ones petioled,
oblong-elliptical; cauline lanceolate-oblong, sessile; uppermost nearly hnear ;
stem fastigiately branched ; flowers ahnost corymbose, crowded ; petals spat-
ulate-obovate ; pedicels twice as long as the calyx ; stipe short, but dis-
tinct ; silique abruptly pointed. , , ^ r

" Elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains, towards the Oregon, as tar as
Wallawallah.— (2) Stem terete, smooth, 3-5-feet high, attenuated upward,
and sending out numerous branches toward the suimnit. Flowers pale rose-
color. Pedicels about ,half an inch long, almost horizontal. Sepals mem-
branaceous, oblong. Stamens exserted. Claws of the petals extending be-
yond the calyx. Siliques an inch in length, contracted between the seeds,
nearly terete ; the stipe nearly a Une long." Nutt.— Seeds as broad as the
cell ; the radicle dorsal, lying midway between the middle and the edge of
one of the cotyledons. Septum with a broad longitudinal nerve.

Stanleya. CRUCIFERiE. * 97

3. P. s a ^-it latum (J^ntt.l mss.) : leaves entire ; the cauliue ones lanceo-
late, sagittate, clasping ; stipe almost wanting; petals obovate, the limb as
long as the claw ; silique abruptly pointed, nearly erect ; raceme elongated
in fruit.

" Plains on the west side of the Rocky Mountafns. — (5) About 2 feet
high, sparingly branched. Leaves somewhat glaucous, radical ones small
and spatulate. Flowers pale reddish-Avhite. Sepals broadly ovate. Petals
nearly twice as long as the calyx, strongly veined. Pedicels of the fruit
nearly half an inch long. Siliques an inch and a quarter in length, rather
broadly linear, somewhat incur\'ed." Nutt. — Seeds as broad as the cell ; the
radicle dorsal and almost medial. — This species is hardly a congener with
the preceding. It may belong to Sisymbrium § Cardaminopsis.

17. STANLEYA. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 71 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 511.

Silique nearly terete, slender, supported on a long stipe. "Seeds oblong,
somewhat terete. Cotyledons oblong-linear." DC. Calyx colored, spread-
ing. Petals erect, linear or spatulate ; claws exceeding the lamina in length,
and connivent into a tetrahedral tube. Stamens somewhat equal : anthers
linear. — Glabrous and glaucous perennial herbs. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid
or undivided. Flowers yellow, in long racemes.

1. S. pinnatifida (Nutt.): leaves thickish. interruptedly lyrate-pinnatifid;
lobes somewhat lanceolate, entire or with 1-2 large teeth. — Nutt. ! gen. 2.
p. 71 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 512. Cleome pinnatifida, Fursh, fi. 2. p. 739.

Rocks on the upper part of the Missouri, and near the head-waters of
Lewis's River, Nuttall ! May. — Stems 2-3 feet high, often several frorn
one root, decumbent at the base. Leaves large, sometimes with a very mi-
nute pubescence on the under side, deeply pinnatifid. Flowers in a crowded
raceme, very showy : pedicels about half an inch long, erect-spreading.
Calyx linear, pale orange-yellow. Petals sulphur-yellow, the claw lon^ and
very narrow, pubescent internally ; lamina linear-oblong, about hall the
length of the claw. Filaments very long and slender, pubescent below, with
a glandular enlargement at the base: anthers at length revolute. " Silique
an inch or more in length ; the slender stipe nearly an inch long." Nutt.
— We have not had an opportunity of examining the ripe siliques of this
very interestins plant ; neither were they found by Mr. Nuttall, either in this
or any of the following species, during his recent journey across the con-
tinent.

2. 5f. integrifolia (James) : leaves thick, ovate-oblong, entire, attenuate at
each end ; stipe as long as the pedicel. — Tames ! in Long^s exped. 2. p. 17.

Sandstone ridges at the base of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James .'—Stem
simple. Leaves 5-6 inches long and 2-3 w'ide, prominently veined, undulate.
Sepals deep yellow, spatulate-oblong. Petals yellow, spatulate-obovate ;
claws very thick. Filaments recurved-spreading. Ovary flattened contrary
to the septum ; the edges of the septum prominent. Style none.

3. ,S'. heterophylla (Nutt. ! mss.) : " stem erect, lower leaves lyrately pin-
nate, somewhat pubescent beneath ; terminal segment much larger, ovate-
lanceolate, somewhat serrate ; upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; lamina of the
petals longer than the claws.

" Rocky situations near Lewis's River, in the Rocky Mountains. — A more
humble species than S. laciniata, which it resembles in the color of the flow-
ers. Under surface of the leaves pubescent with very short and somewhat
stellate hairs." — Nutt.

13

98 CRUCIFERiE. Warea.

4. S. viridijlora (Nutt. rass.) : " erect, glabrous ; leaves cuneate-obovate,
acute, entire ; the radical ones with a few runcinate teeth towards the base ;
petals linear, and, as well as the calyx, herbaceous.

" Bare shelving hills on Ham's Fork of the Colorado of the West, and in
other parts of the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of Lewis's River;
also on the head waters of the Platte. July- Aug.— Root very stout and cy-
lindrical, penetrating deeply into the earth ; the taste bitter and nauseous.
Stem simple, 3-4 feet high. Radical leaves clustered, about a span long, oc-
casionally almost pinnatifid at the base ; cauline ones entire, rapidly dimin-
ishing in size upward, so that the superior part of the stem is naked. Ra-
ceme very long (sometimes 2 feet in length), crowded with flowers. Calyx
and corolla greenish-yellow, and not showy. Sepals long and linear. Petals
linear ; the lamina scarcely longer than the claw. Anthers very long and
linear. Immature fruit smooth ; the pedicel about half an inch long : stipe
about an inch in length, nearly as long as the silique." Nutt.

18. WAREA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 83.

Silique compressed, slender and elongated, supported on a long stipe.
Sepals colored, ligulate or spatulate. Petals spreading or reflexed ; claws
very slender, longer than the lamina. Stamens somewhat equal. Glands 6
at the base of the stamens.— Annual glabrous plants. Leaves entire. Flow-
ers and siliques in umbelliform racemes, purple or white : siliques pendulous,
curved.

1. W. amplexifolia (Nutt.): leaves oblong-ovate, partly clasping; siliques
ancipital. — Nutt. I I. c. t. 10. Stanleya amplexifolia, Nutt. in Sill. jour. 5.
p. 297: DC.prodr. 1. p. 200.

East Florida, Mr. Ware; Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman .'—Stem 1-3
feet or more in height, fastigiately branched above. Lower leaves not seen ;
cauline i an inch to an inch in length, rather acute. Racemes scarcely half
an inch long ; the flowers much crowded and almost verticiUate, showy.
Pedicels spreading, and at length recurved, very slender. Calyx nearly equal
at the base: sepals purpUsh, narrow, a little dilated upward. Petals rather
pale purple : limb nearly orbicular, undulate ; claw one-third longer than the
limb, glandularly roughened towards the base. Stamens much exserted;
the filaments capillary and glabrous : anthers linear-oblong. Ovary linear :
stigma sessile. Stipe of the fruit nearly capillary, purplish, about three-
fourths of an inch long; siliques U inch long and less than a line in width,
somewhat acute. Seeds (immature) oblong, in a single series : funiculi slen-
der, free.

2. W. cuneifolia (Nutt.) : leaves nearly sessile, rather thick, oblong, ob-
tuse, attenuate at the base ; siliques with the valves somewhat convex. — Nutt. !
in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 84. Cleome cuneifolia, Muhl. cat. p. 64 ; Ell.
sk. 3 p. 150. Stanleya gracilis, DC. prodr. 1. p. 200.

Sand hiUs, Georgia, Le Conte ! Baldxcin ! Middle Florida, Dr. Alex-
ander ! — Stem 1-3 feet high, fastigiately branched above. Leaves i-1 inch
long, the uppermost ones oblong-linear. Racemes as in the preceding species.
Sepals white, spatulate. Petals white ; the claws nearly twice as long as
the obovate lamina, roughened. Silique about an inch and three-quarters long;
the stipe about half an inch in length. Seeds linear-oblong, not margined,
in a single series : radicle dorsal and nearly medial. Cotyledons oblong.
Septum opaque, Avithout a central nerve ; the tubuli straight and ascending,
slightly reticulated.

Selenia. CRUCIFERiE. 99

Tribe 111. BRASSICE.^. DC.

Silique dehiscent : septum linear. Style often enlarged and with a
seminiferous cell at the base. Seeds for the most part globose. Co.
tyledons incumbent, conduplicate or longitudinally plicate, with the
radical lying in the sinus (0»)*

19. SINAPIS. Linn.; DC. sysl.2.p.mi.

Silique somewhat terete ; valves nerved. Style short, acute. Seeds sub-
globose, in a single series. Calyx spreading. — Biennial or annual (rarely
perennial) herbs. Leaves usually lyratc, incised orpinnatifid. Flowers yel-
low, in elongated racemes. — Mustard.

1. .S. nigra (Linn.): siliques appressed, glabrous, somewhat 4-sided;
style short (not rostrate) ; lower leaves lyrate, uppes ones lanceolate, entire.
—DC. prodr. \.p. 218 ; Eng. bot. t. 969 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 390.

Fields and waste places. June-Aug. Introduced — (f) Lower leaves
large, scabrous ; cauline ones glabrous. Sepals yellow. Petals obovate, un-
guiculate. Silique about three-fourths of an inch in length, pointed with the
short and slender 4-sided style. — Black Mustard.

2. S. arvensis (Linn.): siliques glabrous, many angled, torose, about three
times the length of the slender somewhat ancipital style ; stem and leaves
more or less hairy. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 219; E7ig. bot. t. 1748.

Western and Northern parts of the State of New York! Lower Canada,
Mrs. Percival ! Introduced. June-Aug.— (T) Plant 2-3 feet high. Lower
leaves large, somewhat lyrately pinnatifid : upper ones oblong-ovate : all ir-
regularly repand-toothed. Flowers bright yellow. Siliques somewhat
spreading, \\ inch long ; beak nearly as broad as the silique. Seeds large
and black.

2. SiliculoscB.

Tribe IV. SELENIEyE.

Silicle dehiscent : septum broad and membranaceous. Seeds in-
verted ! (i. e. with the radicle ascending, and next the placentae.)
t Cotyledons plane, accumbent (or nearly so) parallel with the septum.

20. SELENIA. Nutt, in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 132. t. 6.

Silicle broadly oval, acute at the base, margined ; valves reticulated, some-
what inflated : septum sometimes incomplete ; areolae transverse. Seeds 4-6
in each cell, orbicular, with a broad and thin cartilaginous border : funiculi
free. Radicle very short. Calyx nearly equal at the base, colored, spread-
ing. Glands 10. Petals erect. Stamens toothless. Style elongated. — An
annual herb. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow, in leafy racemes.

S. aicrea (Nutt.! 1. c.)
/?. septum nearly wanting.

100 CRUCIFER^. Vbsicaria.

Wet prairies, Arkansas, NnUall ! Dr. Pitcher. /?. Near St. Au^stine,
Texas, Dr. Leavenworth ! March- April.— Stem 4-8 inches high, branch-
ing from the base, 3-sidecl. Leaves pinnatifid, the radical ones somewhat
rosulate, with the segments more or less toothed. Raceme at first corym-
bose, but afterwards elongated into a leafy raceme ; the pedicels with a folia-
ceou's bract at the base of each, or rather axillary, the leaves gradually di-
minishing in size upward. Flowers about half an inch in diameter, golden
yellow, fragrant. Sepals linear-oblong, yellow. Petals spatulate, entire, near-
ly twice as long as the calyx. Glands 8 by pairs at the base of the sepals,
and 2 (emarginate) at the base of the shorter stamens. Ovary linear-oblong,
flat : style ensiform : stigma capitate. SiUcle 5-6 lines long and 3-4 broad,
(in /?. one-third larger), abruptly acuminated with the persistent style : valves
very thin, reticulated with slightly prominent veins : septum complete m the Ar-
kansas plant, a mere narrow border in /?., the central part being entirely want-
ing ; areolee linear. Seeds in a double series^ exactly orbicular, with a notch
at the hilum, dotted ; the border thin, but rigid. Radicle scarcely half as
long as the cotyledons, not truly accumbenl, but lying on the side of one of
the cotyledons,' very near its edge.— This remarkable plant resembles the
tribe Cremolobeaj of R. Brown (Oudney, p. 7.) in its inverted or resupinate
seeds ; but differs in so many respects, as well from that, as from all the tribes
of De CandoUe, that we have been obliged to give it a place by itself.

Tribe V. ALYSSINE^. DC.

Silicle dehiscent ; valves plane or convex : septum broadly oval and
membranaceous. Seeds compressed, often margined. Cotyledons
plane, accumbent (lying next the placentae), parallel with the septum.

21. VESICARIA. Lam. ill. t. 559 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 295.

Silicle globose or ovate, inflated ; valves hemispherical, membranaceous
or somewhat rigid. Seeds several (4-6 in each cell, or by abortion' fewer),
sometimes margined: funiculi partly adnate to the septum. Petals entire. —
Flowers yeUow.

§ 1. Silicle globose, membranaceous, inflated. — Vesicariana, DC.

1. F. arc^icct (Richards.): canescent with a steUate pubescence ; radical
leaves crowded, spatulate, mostly entire, obtuse ; cauhne ones few, linear ;
style slender, about half the length of the globose silicle. — Richards, app.
Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 26 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am,. 1. p. 48.

a. flowers larger; silicles glabrous [or minutely pubescent]. Hook. — V.
arctica, Richards.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 159. Alyssum arcticum, Fl. Dan. t.
1520.

/S. flowers smaUer; silicles [densely] pubescent. Hook. — V. arctica. Hook,
bot. m.ag. t. 2882. V. arenosa, Richards. I. c.

British America, from Canada ! to the Arctic Regions ! Island of Anti-
costi, Mr. Shepherd! April-May. — 11 Stem 3-8 inches high; the neck
marked with the vestiges of former leaves. Pedicels 4-6 lines long. Sflicle
somewhat ovate-globose, as large as a small pea. Style filiform: stigma ca-
pitate, distinct. Seeds 4-6 in each cell, roundish, without a margin. Funi-
culi adnate to the septum towards the base.

Vesicahia. CRUCIFERiE. 101

2. V. Ludoviciana (DC): canescent with a stellate pubescence; radi-
cal leaves spatulate, entire, obtuse ; cauline linear; style slender, longer ilian
the ovary, and nearly as long as the obovate-globosc silicle. — DC. syst. 2. p.
297. Alyssuni Ludovicianum, i\«<^. / gen.2.pQ3. Myagruin argenteum,
Pursh, fi. 2. p. 434.

Rocky hills of the Missouri and Platte, NiiUall, Dr. Jamrs ! N. W.
Coast, Dous:la.<i. April- June. — 1| Stem 6-8 inches high, simple, or some-
what branched above. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers golden-yellow.
Petals obovate. Silicle smaller than in the preceding species, nearly smooth
when old.

3. V. grandijlora {Yiodk) ; canescent with a steUate pubescence; leaves
sessile, cuneate-oblong, sinuately toothed ; siUcle globose, glabrous ; style
about two-thirds the length of the silicle ; petals obcordate, twice as long as
the calyx ; stamens thickened at the base. — Hook. bot. mag. t. 3464 ; D.
Don in Brit.jl. gard. (.ser. 2.) t. 401.

0. pallida : stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves narrowed at the base, rather
coarsely toothed ; flowers almost white ; silicle globose.

Texas. Drummoiid! P. Small prairies near St. Augustine, Texas, Dr. Lea-
venworlh ! — (l) Stem slender, decumbent, much branched, about a foot
long. Leaves an inch in length. Calyx copiously hairy : sepals elliptical-
oblong. Ovary spherical, scarcely stipulate ; septum veinless : ovules 6 in
each fell. D. Don. — We do not recognise this species among our Texan
specimens collected by Drummond, kindly sent us by Sir William Hooker ;
but our var. /?. agrees so nearly with the description and figure of Don,
that we cannot regard it as specifically distinct.

4. V. repanda (Nutt. ! mss.) : stem minutely and sparingly pubescent,
decumbent ; leaves linear-oblong or nearly linear, ahnost glabrous, narrowed
at the base, repand, obtuse ; silicle obovate-globose, on a short stipe ; style
about two-thirds as long as the silicle; stigma capitate; petals obovate,
twice the length of the calyx ; filaments subulate.

Banks of the Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stem a foot or more
in length, branching from the base, rather stout and angular, the upper part
sparingly pubescent. Leaves li-2i inches long ; the upper ones slightly
repand-denticulate, with a few minute appressed stellate hairs on both sur-
faces. Pedicels an inch long, spreading. Sepals linear- oblong. Petals 3-4
lines long, Avith distinct claws. Ovary obovate-oblong: each cell with 6-8
ovules. Silicle 2 lines long, on a distinct pedicel : style rather slender : stig-
ma conspicuous.

5. V. angustifolia (Nutt.! mss.) : canescently and stellatcly pubescent :
radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid or repandly toothed, oblong, attenuated at
the base ; cauline linear, entire, or repand ; silicle globose, glabrous, nearly
sessile ; style filiform, rather shorter than the silicle ; petals obovate-oblong,
twice the length of the ovate sepals ; filaments subulate, dilated at the base.

Prairies of Arkansas and Red River, Nutt all! Dr. Leavenicorth ! April.
— (T) Stems several from one root, about a foot high. Radical leaves taper-
ing at the base into a long petiole ; cauline ones about a line Avide. Raceme
not much elongated in fruit. Seeds mostly abortive, few in each cell : funi-
culi adhering to the septum at the base.

6. V. Nnttallii : somewhat pubescent, branched from the base and procum-
bent; leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusely repand-dentate or almost entire ;
silicle pyriform-subglobose, somewhat stipitate, glabrous ; style two-thirds as
long as the silicle ; petals obovate ; filaments dilated at the base.

Prairies of Red River, Arkansas, Nnttall ! Dr. Leavenworth ! — (J) Stem
12-18 inches long. Leaves an inch or more in length, narrowed at the base.
Racemes much elongated in fruit : pedicels nearly an inch long, spreading
or somewhat recurved. Flowers bright yelloAV. Silicle 2 lines long, a little

102 CRUCIFER^. Vesicaria.

constricted near the base, and with a circular depression at the insertion of
the stipe. Seeds 4 in each cell (ovules 6-8), not margined : funiculi partly-
adhering.

7. V. brcvistijla : densely and stellately pubescent; radical leaves lyrately
pinnatifid or toothed ; cauline ones oblong, sessile, dentate-serrate ; siUcle
globose, sessile, glabrous : style rather thick, one-third the length of the sili-
cle ; seeds margined, about 6 in each cell ; petals broadly obovate ; filaments
dilated at the base.

Texas, Drummond ! — (T) Stems numerous from one root, about a foot
lone. Radical leaves 2-3 inches long ; cauline about three-fourths of an
inch in length, closely sessile and but little dilated at the base. Petals 4-5
lines long, with a short claw. Fdaments short, with a broad ovate dilatation
at the base. Sihcle about 2i lines in diameter.

8. V. gracilis. (Hook.?): somewhat scabrous with sparse stellate hairs;
leaves oblong and Imear-oblong, entire or remotely denticulate ; silicle globose,
stipitate, shorter than the style, glabrous ; seeds 2-3 in each cell, not niar-
gined ; petals obovate ; filaments subulate. — Hook. hot.mag.t.MQ'i^l (in a
note.)

Texas, Drummond ! — About a span high, erect ; several slender stems
from one root. Radical leaves petioled ; cauline sessile, narrowed at the
base. Silicle about a line and a half in length ; style filiform ; stigma
minute.— Hooker (1. c.) has noticed tAvo Texan species, without describing
them ; but from the appropriateness of the name, there can be little doubt
that the plant here described is his V. gracilis.

9. V. ^/lor/a.- decumbent, somewhat pubescent with stellate hairs; leaves
elliptical, sessile, entire, or slightly repand ; silicle globose, with scarcely any
stipe ; style more than twice as long as the silicle ; seeds 2 in each cell, not
margined ; petals obovate ; filaments dilated at the base.

Banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Frankfort, Kentucky, Short .'— (T) Stem
about a span long, slender. Leaves i-1 inch long, narrowed at each end.
Flowers bright yellow : pedicels half an inch in length. Silicles scarcely a
line in diameter, stellately pubescent. Seeds suspended from near the sum-
rait of the cell.— Easily distinguished by its small silicle and very long
style.

§ 2. Silicle ovate; valves convex, rather Wg-i(Z.— Alyssoides, DC.

9. V. alpina (Nutt. ! mss.) : " dwarf and csespitose, canescent with a
dense stellate pubescence ; leaves linear-spatulale, entire ; calyx equal at the
base, deciduous; silicle inflated below, compressed at the summit, shorter
than the slender style.

" High hills of the Rocky Mountain range, toward the sources of the
Platte.— If Main stem short and thick, throwing up nuinerous stalks 2-4
inches high. Leaves nearly an inch long, and about a line in width." Nutt.
— Flowers in short corymbose racemes, large for the size of the plant. Petals
oblong-spatulate, one-half longer than the calyx. Filaments subulate, with a
callous enlargement at the base of each: anthers ovate. Silicles acute,
densely clothed with stellate hairs : septum usually with an oval hole in the
centre : cells 4-seeded. Seeds not margined.

§ 3. Silicle didymous, much inflated, membranaceous.— "PhysaTia,
Nutt. mss.

10. V. didymocarpa (Hook.) : canescent Avith a stellate pubescence ; ra-
dical leaves broadly obovate-spatulatc ; cauline ones spatulate-lanceolate,

Draba. CRUCIFERiE. 103

mostly entire ; silicles large, inflated, didymous ; seeds not margined.— //oofr,
//. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 49. t. IG.

In deep sand on the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57, Drummond ! and on
the Argillite hills of the Platte, from Scott's Bluffs to the mountains, Nut-
tall! Oregon, Douglas, Nidtall.— U Root fusiform. Stems branching
from the base, diffuse, 3-4 inches high. Flowers showy, corymbed. Petals
obovate-spatulate, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Silicle conspicuously
didymous ; each cell of the size of a large pea : septum lanceolate !

22. ALYSSUM. Linn, (in part); DC. syst. 2. p. 301.

Silicle orbicular or elliptical ; valves plane or convex in the centre. Seeds
2-4 in each cell, compressed, sometimes membranaceously margined. Calyx
equal at the base. Petals entire. A part of the stamens usually toothed.

1. A. hyperboreum (h'lnn.): stems herbaceous, caespitose ; leaves ellipti-
cal, coarsely and acutely toothed, somewhat hirsute; silicles elliptical; the
longer stamens toothed. DC.—Pursh, Ji. 2. p.i3i; DC. prodr. 1. p. 164.
Draba hyperborea, Dcsv.

N. W. Coast.— A doubtful native of America.

23. DRABA. Linn.; R. Br. inhort. Kew. 4. p. 91.
Draba & Erophila, DC.

Silicle oval or oblong ; valves plane or convex. Seeds many, not margin-
ed. Calyx equal. Petals entire or bifid. Stamens aU toothless. — Flowers
white or yellow.

§ 1. Petals entire. — Draba, DC.
* Perennial: scapes mostly leafless.

1. D. algida (Adams): flaccid; scapes short, naked, pilose with spreading
hairs; leaves oblong, plane, and (with the calyx) pilose with simple hairs;
silicles somewhat corymbed, elliptical, glabrous ; style very short ; flowers
yellow. Hook.— DC. prodr 1. p. 167 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 50.

y. hrachycarpa (DC.) : silicle shorter, ovate. — DC. I. c.

S. breviscapa (Hook.) : scape immersed among the smoothish leaves.
Hook. I. c.

Sea-coast of Arctic America. — Pedicels always glabrous. Petals obovate,
twice the length of the calyx. — Very near D. alpina. Hook.

2. D. alpina (Linn.) : somewhat rigid ; scapes naked, mostly somewhat
hirsute ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, plane, more or less pilose with branching
hairs; petals (yellow) more than twice the length of the calyx; silicles some-
what corymbed, oblong-elliptical ; style very short. — Fl. Dan. t. 56 (leaves
broader than in our plant) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 67 ; R. Br. ! in Parry's 1st
voy. app. p. 265 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 50.

a. silicles glabrous. — D. alpina, herb. Linn, ex R. Br. I. c.
P. silicles hairy. — R. Br. I. c.
^. flowers white.— flbofc. I. c.

104 CRUCIFER^. Dhaba.

Melville Island ! Shore of the Arctic Sea ! Kotzebue's Sound.— Flowers
lar2:e, fine yellow, rarely white. Our specimens from Melville Island have
the scape and sepals nearly glabrous, and the leaves very sparingly hirsute.

3. D.glaciaUs (Adams): scape naked, stellately pubescent or glabrous;
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, rigid, stellately pubescent; petals (yellow)
twice the length of the calyx ; silicles racemose, oblong-ovate, the ceUs 5-6-
seeded ; style short. — '"'' Adams, in merii. soc. iiat. Mosc." ex DC. j)rodr. 1. p.
167 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 51.

a. scapes, pedicles, and silicles [nearly] glabrous ; flowers pale yellow.
Hook. ! I. c.

/?. scapes and pedicels pubescent ; silicles glabrous. Hook. ! I. c.

y. scapes, pedicels, and silicles strongly hirsute-pubescent. Hook. ! I. c.

S. smaller ; scapes numerous and, with the pedicels, glabrous ; flowers very-
pale yellow. Hook..' I.e.

e. smaller ; scapes and pedicels glabrous ; flowers deep yellow. Hook. I. c.

Rocks on the loftiest of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57°, and on the
shores of the Arctic Sea. — Leaves narrow and more rigid than in the pre-
ceding species, furnished with a strong midrib. Style short, but distinct.

4. D. oligosperma (Hook.) : scape naked, slightly pubescent ; leaves
erect, linear, rigid, ciliate, stellately pubescent on both sides, especially
towards the apex ; petals (white) twice as long as the slightly hairy calyx ;
siUcles pubescent, racemose, elliptical, rather acute at each end, 4-8-seeded,
four times the length of the style. Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 51.

fi.1 Andina (Nutt. ! mss.) : " densely csespitose; leaves imbricated, linear-
oblong ; silicle ovate, rather obtuse at the base ; cells about 2-seeded."

Mackenzie's River, lat. 68^. P. Summits of lofty hills towards the sources
of the Platte, within the Rocky Mountain range. Nuttall ! — Stems or scapes
in a. 3 inches ; in /?. 2 inches high. Leaves about 3 lines long. Pedicels a
little longer than the fruit.— The var. /?. diff"ers in its more densely imbricated
leaves, as well as in the shorter and fewer-seeded silicles. The flowers have
not been seen. It wiU perhaps prove to be a distinct species.

5. D. densifolia (Nutt. ! mss.) : " densely csespitose in somewhat globose
tufts ; leaves closely imbricated, oblong-linear, strongly ciliate, and hirsute
with nearly simple hairs ; scapes naked, hirsute ; silicle ovate, pubescent,
with a style about one-third its length; cells mostly 2-seeded.

" On the central chain of the Rocky Mountains towards Lewis's River. —
Resembles the preceding, but differs in the pubescence being nearly simple,
and in the remarkable density of the fohage." Ntdt.

6. D. pauciflora (R. Brown) : scapes and pedicels hairy ; leaves lanceo-
late, entire, hairy (the hairs simple or branched) ; petals (yellow) spatulate,
scarcely exceeding the hirsute calyx. B. Br. in Parrifs 1st voy. app. p.
266 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 51.

Melville Island. — A doubtful species : near D. alpina. /?. Brown.

7. D. micropetala (Hook.) : scapes and pedicels hairy ; leaves broadly
lanceolate, veiny, entire, covered with a simple or branched pubescence ; pe-
tals (white) linear-spatulate, scarcely exceeding the slightly hairy calyx; si-
licles eUiptical, glabrous ; stigma sessile, emarginate. Hook. ! in Par-ry''s 2d
voy. app. p. 385, (fjl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 52.

island of Igloolik, and (/?. minor) sea coast of Arctic America. — Habit of
D. alpina. The flowers resemble those of D. pauciflora, but are white.

8. D. mxiricella (Wahl): scape naked, velvety; leaves oblong, entire,
canescent with u soft stellate pubescence ; silicles oblong-lanceolate, gla-
brous (flowers white.) DC— Wahl. jl. Lapp. p. 178. t. 11. /. 2; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 168 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 52. D. nivalis, Liljeblab.; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 433 %

Draba. CRUCIFERiE. 105

Labrador and Arctic America.— Not well distinguished from D. nivalis
and D. hirta. Hook.

9. D. oblongata CR. Brown) : scapes naked, somewhat floccosely hirsute ;
leaves cajspitose, oblong-linear, entire, ciliate and velvety ; sihcles oblong-
elliptical, velvety. DC.—R. Br. in Ross's toy. app. (without descr.) ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 168; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 52. D. hirta, var. 2. Hook, in
Pamfs voy.

Shores of Arctic America.— Flowers unknown : style very short.

10. D. corymbosa (R. Brown): scape naked, minutely hispid; leaves
densely caespitose, oblong, attenuate at the base, ciliate and somewhat hispid ;
silicles elliptical, corymbose, minutely hispid. DC. — li. Br. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. \.p. 169; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. l.p.52.

Shores of Arctic America.— Very near D. oblongata and D. rupcstris.
/?. Brown.

11. D. hirta (Linn.): scape puberulent, often bearing one or two toothed
leaves ; radical leaves oblong, mostly entire, minutely pubescent; silicles ob-
lonof, and. with the pedicels, glabrous ; style almost none (flowers white).
DC.— Wahl.f. Lapp. p. lib. t. 11./. 3; DC. prodr. l.p. 169; Hook. Jl.
Bor.-Am. l.p. 52.

J. siliquosa: silicles 9 lines long. Hook. I. c.

t. leaves almost glabrous ; scape entirely glabrous. Hook. ! I. c.

Arctic and Subarctic America! Rocky Mountains; Kotzebue's Sound.—
A variable plant, appearing to pass into D. rupestris on the one hand, and
into D. incana on the other. Hook.

12. D. rupestris (R. Brown) : scape naked, or with a single leaf, pubes-
cent ; leaves oblong-spatulate, ciliate and somewhat hirsute ; silicles oblong,
pubescent or glabrous ; stvle very short ; stigma emarginate (flowers white).
Hook.! jl. Bor.-Am. l.p.' 53.

a. silicles pubescent. Hook. ! I. c— D. rupestris, R. Br. in hort. Kexo. 3.
p. 91 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 169. D. hirta, Eng. bot. t. 1338. D. hirta, var. 4.
Hook, in Parry'' s 2nd voy. app. p. 386.

/?. silicles 2:labrous. Hook. '. I. c.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57°.- Not well distinguished from D. hirta.
The var. p. Hooker supposes to be identical with D. nivalis, Willd. If so,
as is not improbable, that name being the older by several years, must be
adopted instead of the one here employed.

13. D. Lapponica (Willd.): scapes naked, glabrous; leaves lanceolate,
entire, ■•■-'• " ' ' i . -_j / ..

brous.
Hook. ^

androsacea, Wahl. jl. Lapp. p. 174. t. 11./. 5.
Melville Island 1 — Flowers white.

14. D. stellata (Jacq.) : scape with a single leaf, pubescent ; leaves oblong-
oval, tomentose with a short stellate pubescence ; pedicels puberdent ; si-
liques oblong. DC— '' Jacq. hort. Vindob. p. 113, Obs. n. 5i.t. i.f. 3." ;
DC. prodr. l.p. 169; Deless. ic. 2. t. 46./. B; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 53.
D. hirta, Jacq.

0. hebecarpa: silicles entirely clothed with a velvety pubescence. DC.
I. c. ; Hook. l. c.

Unalaschka and Kotzebue's Sound. 0. Arctic America !— Lower leaves
lanceolate-obovate, ciliate. Flowers white.

15. D. Icevipes (DC.) : scapes naked or with a single leaf, pubescent ;
leaves ovate, tomentose with a short woolly pubescence ; silicles long and

14

106 CRUCIFER^. Draba.

linear, and, with the pedicels, glabrous. DC. syst. 2. p. 346 ; Deless. ic. 2. t.
46./. A; Hook.fl. Bur.-Am. 1. p. 53.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57°. — Flowers white. Silicles 6 lines long and
scarcely one line wide. DC.

16. D. crassifolia (Graham); scape naked or with a single leaf; calyx
and pedicels glabrous ; leaves linear -spatulate, somewhat fleshy, ciliate with
simple hairs ; petals a little exceeding the calyx, retuse ; silicles ovate-ellipti-
cal, glabrous. — Graham, in Edinb. pjiil. jour. 1829.^3. 182; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 54.

o. petals white. Hook. I, c.

0. petals pale yellow. Hook. I. c.

Summits of the Rocky Mountains, lat 52^-57°, Drummond ! and about
lat. 41°, Nuttall. — Scapes 1-2 inches high : flowers small. Silicles glabrous.
Hook. Leaves lanceolate-linear, entire or somewhat serrate. Nutt.

* * Perennial : stems leafy.

17. D. ? Icevigata (Cham. & Schlecht.) : stem leafy, simple, glabrous,
strict ; radical and inferior cauline leaves petioled, ovate, attenuate at the
base, somewhat fleshy, the margin obscurely ciliate ; silicles oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous, 4-6 times as long as the pedicels. Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea,
1. p. 25 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 54.

Island of St. Lawrence, Chamisso. — Root thick, descending. Radical
leaves few, (not in a rosulate cluster) with the petiole 1^-2 inches long. —
Stems several, 3-4 inches high in flower, elongated in fruit. Flowers white.
Silicles 7-8 lines long, and 3-4ths of a line broad : style very short. Seeds
not seen. Cham. ^ Schlecht. — Hooker has placed this in his second section,
including the annual and biennial species ; but the authors above quoted state
it to be perennial.

18. D. ramosissima (Desv.) : puberulent ; stems numerous ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, remotely and sharply laciniate-toothed ; racemes corymbosely
panicidate ; silicles lanceolate, attenuate at each end, pubescent ; style one-
fourth the length of the silicle. — Desv. jour. bot. 3. p. 168; DC. syst. 2. p.
355 ; Gray ! in ann. lye. New- York., 3. p. 224. D. arabisans, Pursh ! fl. 2. p.
434. (not of Michx.) D. dentata. Hook. ^ Am. ! in jour. bot. 1. p. 192
(without descr.); Hook.! ic. \.t. 31. Alyssum dentatum, Nutt.! gen. 2.
p. 63.

On rocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia ! and Cliffs of Kentucky River, Short!
April-May. — Rhizoma creeping, branching and throwing up tufts of stems,
which are about a span high. Pubescence simple and stellate (mostly with
4 rays). Radical leaves rosulate, crowded, with a long cuneiform base; cau-
line ones sessile, almost pectinateiy toothed; the teeth 2-3 on each side.
Racemes forming a large spreading panicle : flowers white. Pedicels erect-
spreading, about as long as the somewhat contorted silicle. Seeds 4-7 in each
cell. — A very distinct species, with much the habit of D. arabisans.

19. D. arabisans (Michx.) : slightly and stellately pubescent ; stem leafy,
simple or branching from the base, leaves acutely toothed, radical ones cune-
ate-lanceolate, the cauline oblong; silicles glabrous, lanceolate-oblong, acumi-
nate with a very short but distinct style ; petals (Avhite) about twice as long
as the sepals.— Mic/i.r. .' /. 2. p. 28 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 170 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 55. D. incana /?. glabriuscula, Gray ! in ann. lye. New- York, 3.
p. 223.

/?. leaves nearly entire, radical ones rather obtuse ; style almost wanting. —
D. Longii, herb. Schwein. ! ; Nutt. ! onss.

Rocks, Lake Champlain, Michaux ! and on the borders of small lakes in
the northern part of the State of New York ! /?. Fort Gratiot, and N. shore

Draba. CRUCIFER^. 107

of Lake Superior, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stems many from a single root, 6-8 inches
high. Radical leaves numerous, forming a rosulate tuft, 1-U inch long,
acute, much attenuated at the base, furnished with 2 (rarely more) very acute
spreading teeth on each side, sometimes entire; cauUne leaves somewhat
clasping! Flowers in a short close nearly simple raceme. Petals broadly
ovate. Silicle half an inch long, contorted; cells about 10-seeded: lower
pedicels nearly as long as the silicle ; upper ones shorter, often cohering by
pairs nearly or quite to the summit.— Nearly related to D. incana, and also to
D. hirta. We have seen in the herbarium of the Academy at Philadelphia,
si)ecimens of the var. 0. ; but the locality is not recorded.

♦♦* Annual or biennial : stems leafy.

20. D. incana (Linn.) : stem leafy, simple or branching, clothed with a
velvety stellate pubescence ; leaves ovate, toothed ; silicles oblong, glabrous
or pubescent, contorted or straight.

a. cauline leaves ovate, acutely toothed ; silicles mostly contorted, gla-
brous ; style very short.— D. incana, Fl. Dan. t. 130 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 434 ;
Hook.fl. Hor.-Am. 1. p. 54. D. contorta, Ehrh.; DC. prodr. I. p. 170.

p. confusa : leaves sparingly toothed ; silicles pubescent. — D. mcana, var.
Linn. D. confusa, Ehrh. ; DC. prodr. I. c. ; Hook. '. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 54.

y. borealis : somewhat hirsute ; stem-leaves few, ovate ; radical ones ob-
long, attenuate at the base, entire ; silicles . . . (ovaries ovate) — D. borealis,
DC. syst. 2. p. 342. (fide Hook.)

a. Labrador. 0. Arctic America and the Rocky Mountains, y. Islands of
St. Lawrence and Unalaschka.— @ and Ij? Stems 6-10 inches high, usually
sev.eral from one root. Raceme somewhat compound. Hook.

21. D. glabella (Pursh) : slightly and somewhat stellately pubescent ; radi-
cal leaves oblong-spatulate ; cauline ones 2-4, ovate, toothed or entire; petals
(white) naore than twice as long as the very smooth calyx ; silicles. . . Hook.
— Pursh, fl. 2. p. 434? ; Richards, app. Frankl. jour. ed. 2. p. 27 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 54.

Margins of alpine rivulets in the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 52^-57='.
Hudson's Bay, Pursh.— Uahit of D. crassifolia, but 3-4 times the size, and
the flowers as large as any of the genus. Silicles not seen. Hook.

22. D. Unalaschkiana (DC): stem leafy, simple, pubescent; leaves
ovate-oblong, entire, pubescent ; silicles oblong, minutely hirsute. DC. syst.
2. p. 3S0 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 55.

Unalaschka.— Petals (white) twice as long as the calyx ; lamma obovate,
emarginate. DC.

23. D. aurea (Vahl) : pubescent ; stem erect, leafy ; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or toothed ; corymbs terminal and axillary ;
silicles oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, 3 times as long as the pedicels ; petals
(yellow) emarginate; style rather short. Hook.—Fl. Dan. t. 1460; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 170; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 55, f in hot. mag. t. 2934.

Rocky Mountains. — Flowers sometimes white. Hook.

24. D. lutea (Gilib.) : pubescent; stem branching, leafy; leaves oval;
cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; silicles oblong-elliptical, glabrous, about 30-
seeded, one-third the length of the pedicels. Hook.— DC. prodr. 1. p. Ill ;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. I. p. bb. , . , .,. i tt i

fi. lonsripes (DC.) : pedicels 3-4 times the length of the siUcles.— l/oo/i:.
I. c— D.^gracilis, Graham^ in Edinb. phil. jour. 1828. p. 172.

Arctic and Subarctic America ! Grassy moist places at the junction of the
Wahlamet and the Oregon, Nuttall /—Stem 6-15 inches high, very slender,

108 CRUCIFERtE. Draba.

usually simple, but sometimes a little branching from the base : pubescence
simple or forked. Flowers very small, yellow: petals about twice as long as
the calyx. Silicle 4 lines long, rather obtuse : stigma sessile. — Hooker's
reference to Nuttall's Genera is a mistake, as Nuttall has no D. lutea. Not
very distinct from the next species.

25. D. nemoralis (Ehrh.) : pubescent; stem branched; leaves oval;
cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; silicles oblong-elliptical, pubescent, nearly
30-seeded, one-third the length of the pedicels. Hook. — DC.prodr. l.p. 171;
Hook ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 55.

a. flowers yellow ; petals nearly entire. Hook. I. c.

fi. flowers nearly white ; petals emarginate. Hook. I. c.

N. W. Coast and Subarctic America ! P. Plains of the Rocky Mountains,
Nuttall ; Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stem slender, 3-4 inches
high, pubescent below, glabrous above. Leaves hirsute. Flowers minute.
Pedicels very long. Petals emarginate, longer than the hairy calyx. — Our
specimens from Dr. Pitcher have glabrous fruit.

26. D. muralis (Linn.): pubescent; stem branching, leafy; leaves
broadly ovate ; cauline ones cordate, somewhat clasping, strongly toothed ;
silicles oblong-elliptical (glabrous, DC.)., about 16-seeded,a little shorter than
the pedicels (flowers white). Hook. — Eng. hot. t. 192 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. Ill ;
Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 56.

About Montreal. Petals entire or notched, upon the same plant. Hook.
— The last three species are in much confusion, which we have not the
means of clearing up, and we have therefore very closely followed Hooker,
who, however, is far from being satisfied with his own account of them.

27. D. cuneifolia (Nutt.): hirsute-pubescent; stem branching below;
leaves sparingly toothed ; radical ones spatulate-oblong ; cauline ones few,
oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuate at the base; racemes rather elongated in
fruit ; silicles oblong-lanceolate, minutely hispid, twice as long as the pedi-
cels ; petals (white) emarginate. — Niitt. ! mss. in herb. Hook.

Grassy places around St. Louis, Missouri; also in Arkansas and West
Florida, Nuttall ! Kentucky, Short ! March- April. — Very pubescent , the
hairs branching. Plant 3-8 inches high ; the lower part only clothed with
leaves, slender. Radical leaves an inch and a half long, and three-fourths of
an inch broad. Flowers rather large : petals nearly three times as long as
the calyx. Silicles 6-7 lines long, minutely hispid, especially on the margin,
diverging horizontaUy ; cells about 15-seeded : style none.

28. D. platycarpa: canescently hirsute with branching hairs; stem
branching below, the branches leafy ; leaves remotely toothed ; radical ones
obovate ; cauline oblong, closely sessile ; racemes elongated in fruit ; silicles
obovate-oblong, minutely hispid, shorter than the pedicels ; petals (white)
emarginate.

Texas, Drummond! — Stem 3-8 inches high, divergingly branched below.
Leaves about an inch long, with 2-3 distinct teeth on each side. Petals
broadly obovate ; the claw short : limb deeply emarginate. Silicles on spread-
ing pedicels, 3-4 lines long and nearly 2 lines broad, very obtuse ; cells 25-
30-seeded.

29. D. hrachycarpa (Nutt. mss.) : minutely pubescent, simple or branch-
ed ; radical leaves roundish-ovate, petioled, cauline oblong or linear, minutely
(about 2-) toothed, or entire; racemes many -flowered, strict, elongated in
fruit (flowers Avhile) ; silicles oval, glabrous, about the length of the pedi-
cels; cells 5-6-seeded ; style very short; petals entire. — Alyssum bidentatum,
Nutt. ! in herb. Hook.

fi. fastigiata (Nutt. mss.) : more pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; radical
leaves mostly 4-toothed ; silicles pubescent.

COCHLBARIA, CRUCIFERiE. 109

Plains and open grassy places, near St. Louis, Missouri ; and in Arkansas,
Nuttall ! Milledgeville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin ! Macon, Georgia, Mr. Loovii.i!
0. Arkansas, Nutlall ! March-April. — Stem often much branched,' leafy.
Flowers minute. Silicles about 2i lines long; valves marked with a me-
dian nerve, obscurely veined. Petals obovatc, very slightly emarginate.

30. D. Caroliniana (Walt.) : stem leafy and hispid at the base, naked
and sniooth above ; leaves roundish-ovate, entire, hispid ; silicles linear,
glabrous, corymbed, longer than the pedicles ((lowers white). — Walt. Car.
p. 174; Ell.sk.2. p. 138; DC. proch. 1. p. 171. D. hispidula, Mich.r. !
Jl.2. p. 28; Pursh.'Ji. 2. p. 433. Arabis rotundifolia, Raf. in Avier. month.

mag. 2. p. 43.

p. umbeUata : silicles elongated, almost umbellate.

Sandy fields, Connecticut ! to Georgia ! west to Arkansas ! /?. Arkansas,
Dr. Pitcher '. April-June. — Plant 1-3 inches high. Petals oblong, twice as
long as the sepals. Silicles 4-6 lines long; cells 20-30-seeded : style almost
none. — Petals in the terminal flowers of old racemes very minute, or nearly
wanting.

31. D.micrantha {^mXX. mss.) : "stem leafy and hispid below, naked
and smooth above ; leaves cuneate-obovate, hispid, entire ; silicles linear, mi-
nutely hispid, much longer than the pedicels (flowers white).

" Open plains and rocky places about St. Louis, and in Arkansas." Nut-
tall. — Differs from the preceding chiefly in the hispid silicles.

§ 2. Petals 2^arted. — Erophila, DC.

32. D. rerna (hinn.) : scapes naked; leaves lanceolate, somewhat tooth-
ed; silicles elliptical. — Eng. hot.t. 586; PuTsh ! Ji. 2. p. 433. Erophila
Americana & vulgaris, DC. prodr. 1. p. 173. E. vulgaris, flbo/c. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 56.

Fields and hill sides, Canada ! to Virginia ! March-April. — (l) Scapes 1-
4 inches high, filiform. Flowers minute, Avhite. Silicles on long pedicels :
style very short. Seeds numerous.

24. COCHLEARIA. Tourn. ; DC. syst. 2. p. 358.

'Silicle ovate-globose or oblong ; valves ventricose. Seeds numerous, not
bordered. Calyx equal, spreading. Petals 2-parted. Stamens tootliless.
Style short or none. — Flowers white. Leaves mostly fleshy.

1. C. ohlongifoUa (DC.) : silicles roundish, half as long as the pedicels ;
cauline leaves oblong, entire (or sinuate-toothed), sessile, the uppermost
slightly auricled. DC. .<!yst. 2. p. 263; Hook.fi. Bo7\-Am. 1 p. 56.

N. W. America ; Sitclia, Bongard.

2. C. Anglica (Linn.) : silicles globose-elliptical, reticulately veined, half
as long as the pedicels ; radical leaves petioled, ovate, entire ; cauline ones
oblong. DC— Eng. hot. t. 552 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 173 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am..
1. p. 57.

Arctic America and Kotzbue's Sound to Oregon. — Septum often fenes-
trate. Hook.

3. C.f enestrata (R.^rovfn)'. silicles elliptical or oval; valves scarcely
veined ; septum elliptical-lanceolate, with the axis often fenestrate ; radical
leaves cordate, entire ; cauline ones oblong-spatulate, somewhat toothed.
R. Br. ! in Ross''s voy. and in Parry^s \st voy. app. p. 266; DC. prod?:
l.p. 174 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 57.

110 CRUCIFER^. Cameuna.

Shores of the Arctic Sea! — Root fibrous, thickened at the neck, and
throwing up several short simple or branching stems. Leaves glabrous. Ra-
cemes short and crowded. Silicle apiculate with a very short style. Seeds
about 8 in each cell.

4. C q^ciiialis (hinn.) : silicles globose-ovate, half as long as the pedi-
cels ; radical leaves petioled, cordate ; cauline ones ovate, toothed or angled.
DC.—Eng. bot. t. 551 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 173 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 57.

Arctic America, ex Hook. — A native also of Europe.

5. C. Danica (Linn.) : silicles elliptical [or subglobose] as long as the
pedicels ; leaves aU petioled, deltoid. DC. — Eng. hot. t. 696 ; DC. prodr.
1. p. 173; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. l.p. 57.

Arctic America, ex Hook. — A native also of the northern parts of Eu-
rope.

6. C. tridactylites (DC.) : silicles globose-ovate ; cauline leaves with a
single tooth on each side (as if 3-lobed). DC. syst. 2. p. 367.

Labrador, Herb. Banks, (according to DC.)

7. C. Grcp.nlandica (Linn.) : silicles ovate, as long as the pedicels ; radi-
cal leaves petioled, reniform, entire ; cauline ones few or none. DC. pi^odr.
1, p. 173.

Greenland. — A native also of Norway and Iceland.

8. C spaZ/mZaia (Schlecht.) ; stellately pubescent; silicles globose-ellip-
tical ; leaves spatulate, coarsely toothed, acute, veined. Hook. — Schlecht. in
herb. Willd. ex DC. syst. 2. p. 369; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 57. C.
septentrionalis, DC. prodr. 1. t. 174. Draba grandis, Langsdorff ; DC.
syst. 2. p. 355 ; Deless. ic. 2. t. 47.

Aleutian Islands, lat. 56^-57. — Septum fenestrate. DC.

9. C. siliquosa (Schlecht.) : silicles oblong-lanceolate, apiculate with the
style, half as long as the pedicels ; leaves oblong, entire, attenuate at the
base, pubescent. Schlecht. 171 herb. Willd. ex DC. syst. 2. p. 369 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 57.

Rocky places in Unalaschka. — Flowers in dried specimens yellowish. DC.
— Nearly related to the preceding. Chamisso.

Tribe VI. CAMELINEyE. DC.

Silicle dehiscent, ovate or oblong, compressed parallel to the sep-
tum, or turgid ; valves plane or convex: septum elliptical or ovate,
sometimes incomplete or none. Cotyledons plane, incumbent, con-
trary to (i. e. their margins looking towards) the septum.

25. CAMELINA. Crantz ; DC. syst. 2. p. 514.

Silicle obovate or somewhat globose ; valves ventricose, dehiscing with
a part of the style; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds oblong, not
bordered.

1. C. sativa (Crantz) : silicles obovate-pyriform ; style rather long; stig-
ma simple; leaves lanceolate, sagittate, nearly entire. — DC. prodr. l.p. 201;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 379. Myagrum sativum, Limi. Alyssum sativum,
Smith, lEng. bot. t. 1254. '

Fields and cultivated grounds ! May- June. Introduced. — (J) Stem li-3
feet high, paniculate at the summit. Leaves usually roughish-pubescent.
Flowers small, yellow.

Platypetalum. CRUCIFERiE. Ill

2. C. barbareaifolia (DC.) : silicles globose; stigma capitate ; leaves ob-
long, piniiatifid, obtusely auricled at the base ; stem villous below. DC. syst.
2. p. 5 IT); Dcles-s. ic. 2. t.70; Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. /). 29 ;
Hook.Jl. Bnr.-Am. \. p. 65.

Bay of Eschscholtz, N. W. America, Chamisso. — 11 Habit of Nastur-
tium ampliibium.

26. BRAYA. Sternb. <^ Hoppe ; DC. syst. ; Hook, cxot.fi. 1. t. 121.

Silicle (or rather silique) oblong, terete, torulose. Style short or none.
Septum cleft in the middle. Seeds about 6 in each cell. Calyx equal at the
base, erect. — Perennial herbs, with thick long descending roots. Leaves
mostly radical, narrow. Scapes short. Flowers small, white or pale purple.

We follow Hooker in placing Uiis and the following genera in Camelineae ; but
are not satisfied that this is their proper station.

1. B. aJpina (Sternb. & Hoppe) : leaves glabrous ; scapes sparsely leafy;
racemes capitate in fruit. Hook. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 141 ; Deless. ic. 2. t. 2§;
Ilook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 65.

/?. Americana (Hook. 1. c.) : style rather long, slender.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°-57°. (var. B.) — Leaves'linear-spatulate, entire.

2. B. glabella (Richards.) : leaves glabrous ; scapes mostly leafy ; ra-
cemes elongated in fruit, loose. Hook. — Richards, app. Frankl. journ. p.
25; DC: prodr. 1. p. 141 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 65.

Arctic America, i?icAarrfso?i. — V, Scape sometimes hairy. Flowers most-
ly white. Hook.

3. B.? pilosa (Hook.) : leaves pilose ; scapes leafless ; racemes elongated
in fruit. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 65. t. 17.

Arctic Sea at the mouth of Mackenzie River, Richardson ! — 11 Leaves
much crowded, linear-lanceolate. Scape 2-3 inches high. Silicle (imma-
ture) oval hairy; cells 8-seeded. Mature fruit not seen. — Probably a dis-
tinct genus.

27. PLATYPETALUM. R. Br. in Pam/s 1st voy. app. p. 266.

Silicle oval, compressed, many-seeded ; valves convex. Style very short.
Calyx somewhat spreading. Limb of the petals dilated. — Habit of Braya,
but differing in the fruit.

1. P. purpurascens (R. BroAvn) : stigma with 2 spreading lobes ; style
distinct; scapes naked or with a single leaf; silicles nearly glabrous. R. Br.
I. c. ; Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 66. t. 23. I3raya arctica, Hook, in Parry^s
2nd voy. app. p. 3S7.

Arctic America! from Mackenzie River to Spitzbergen. — 11 Scapes
several from one root, in flower scarcely an inch high. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly entire. Petals white, tinged with purple (i?. Br.) : lamina broader
than long, very obtuse. Silicles in long racemes, about one-third of an inch
in length ; cells about 8-seeded. Septum complete, thin: areolae transverse.
Seeds not margined.

2. P. dubium (R. Brown) : stigma undivided, nearly sessile ; silicles and
scapes pubescent. R. Br. I. c.

Melville Island. — Flowers not seen. R. Br.

112 CRUCIFERiE. Platyspermdm.

28. EUTREMA. R. Br. in Parry's Ut voy. upp. p. 267 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 67. t. 24.

'Silicle (or rather silique) ancipital ; valves carinate : septum (in E. Ed-
wardsii) incomplete. Seeds not margined. — Perennial herbs, with the habis.
of Braya and Platypetalum.

1. E. Edwardsii (R. Brown) : silicles lanceolate ; septum obliterated ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles. Hook. I. c. — R. Br. I. c. t. A.

Arctic America! — Stem 2-4 inches high (in fruit sometimes a foot high
Hook.), simple, few-leaved. Leaves entire. Petals white. Silicle 3-4 lines
long ; cells about 4-seeded : style almost none : stigma somewhat lobed.
R. Br.

2. E. arenicola (Richards.): silicles broadly linear; septum complete;
leaves spatulate-oblong. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. .1. p. 67. i. 24.

Arctic America, in deep sand, Richardson. — Caudex divided under the
sand into many branches, each of which bears a dense tuft of leaves at the
crown. Leaves on long petioles. Scape 2-3 inches high, someAvhat leafy.
Petals white. Silicle 6-8 lines long : septum marked with an obscure
longitudinal line in the middle. — Hook.

29. APHRAGMUS. Andrzejowski, in DC.prodr. 1. p. 209.

Oreas, Cham tf- Schlecht. in Linnma, 1. ]). 29. t- 1-

Silicle lanceolate, compressed ; valves plane, marked with a median line :
septum none. Style very short : stigma capitate. Seeds many, oval, sus-
pended on elongated funiculi from the upper part of the placentse. — A small
perennial herb, with the habit of Cardamine beUidifolia. — Character from
Cham. (^ Schlecht.

We have scarce a doubt that Apliragmus, Andrz. and Oreas, Cham. <^ Schlecht.
are founded upon the same plant, and hence we venture to adopt the prior name.
The following comprises all that is recorded concerning Andrzejowski's plant :
" Silicula acuta, valvis plants nervosis, septo nulla, semina 2-seriata ycndula, cotyle-
doncs incumbcntes crassiE. — In insulis Ahutianis." Andrz. in litt. (Z?C. I. c) De
Candolle places it in Isatidcse, but asks (very properly) if it does not rather belong
to Camelineaj.

A. Eschscholtzianus (Andrz. 1. c.) — Oreas involucrata, Cham.^ Schlecht.
I. c. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 67.

Among loose stones on the Alpine mountains of the Island of Unalaschka.
Root [rhizoma?] filiform, branching, concealed among stones ; the branches
bearing tufts of leaves at the extremity. Scapes i an inch to 2 inches high.
Radical leaves on long petioles, spatulate, entire. Flowers (and fruit) corym-
bose, white, with large lanceolate or spatulate bracts at the base of the pedi-
cels. Silicle 4-6 lines long, li line broad, 4-10-seeded. Funiculi and seeds
persistent long after the falling of the valves. Cotyledons [ex icon.] very thick.
Cham. (§• Schlecht.

30. PLAT YSPERMUM. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 68. 1. 18. / B.

Silicle oval, compressed ; valves plane. Stigma sessile. Seeds few, with
a broad margin. — A small annual herb. Leaves radical. Scapes 1-flowered.

Thlaspi. CRUCIFERiE. 113

P. scapigerum (Hook. 1. c.)

On rocks at the Great Falls of the Oregon, Douglas. March-April. —
Leaves runclnate-pinnatifid, attenuate at the base, glabrous. Scapes nume-
rous, 3 inches high. Petals white. Seeds about 4 in each cell, roundish.
Funiculi rather long and slender. Hook.

31. SUBULARIA. Lin«. ; DC. ; Hook. fi. Land. (n. ser.) t. 135.

Silicle oval ; valves turgid : cells many-seeded. Stigma sessile. " Cotyle-
dons linear, curved." Hook. — A small stemless aquatic plant. Leaves
linear-subulate. Scapes few-flowered : flowers white.

S. aquatica (Linn.)— />C. prodr. 1. p. 235 ; Hook. I. c. f Brit. fl.
p. 299.

Borders of ponds Maine, NuttalU—H Scape 1-2 inches high. Flowers
minute : pedicels slender. Silicle a line and a half long. — According to
Hooker, the cotyledons are not biplicate as they are described by De Can-
doUe, but are curved or folded in such a manner that their base occupies a
portion of the radiclar side of the curvature.

Tribe VIL THLASPIDEiE. DC.

Silicle dehiscent, compressed contrary to the very narrow septum ;
valves boat-shaped. Cotyledons plane, accumbent, contrary to the
septum.

32. THLASPL Dill; DC.syst.2. p. 373.

Silicle emarginate at the apex ; valves winged on the back ; cells 2- or
many-seeded. Petals equal. Calyx equal at the base. — Flowers white.

1. 71 arrense (Linn.): leaves oblong, toothed ; silicles orbicular-obovate,
shorter than the pedicels; style scarcely any. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 435; DC.
prodr. 1. p. lib ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 58.

Canada; New-York to Pennsylvania, Pwrs/j ; Michigan, Nuttall. In-
troduced. June-July. — Cauline leaves somewhat sagittate ; auricles minute.
Valves of the silicle much compressed, furnished with a conspicuous wing.

2. T. alliaceum (Linn.) : leaves oblong, obtuse, somewhat toothed ; the
upper ones sagittate-clasping, with acute auricles ; silicles ovate-ventricose ;
stigma nearly sessile. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 176 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 65.

Cultivated fields, scarcely naturalized. — Flowers smaller than in T. ar-
vense.

3. T. montanum (Linn.) : leaves rather fleshy, entire ; radical ones ob-
ovate, petioled ; cauhne ones oblong, sagittate-clasping; petals longer than the
calyx; silicles obcordate, 4-seeded ; style filiform. DC. prodr. \. p. 176;
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 58.

Arctic America and Canada, ex Hook. May-July. — U .

4. T. cochleariforme (DC.) : leaves rather fleshy ; radical ones petioled,
ovate or obovate, somewhat toothed or entire ; cauline ones oblong, cordate-
clasping ; petals longer than the calyx ; silicles obovate, emarginate, 8-seeded.

15

114 CRUCIFER^. Senebiera.

—DC.syst.2.p.38l; Deless. ic.2. t. 52; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 58;
Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 13.

Head waters of the Oregon! April-May. — If Somewhat glaucous,
about a span high. Stem simple, or a little branching at the base. Radical
leaves abruptly narrowed into a petiole, mostly entire, or with one or two mi-
nute teeth ; the limb half an inch long. Petals obovate-oblong. Pedicels 3
times as long as the silicles, diverging horizontally. — Scarcely to be distin-
guished from T. montanum.

5. T. alpestre (Linn.) : leaves entire or obscurely toothed ; radical ones
ovate, petioled ; cauline ones oblong, clasping ; petals about as long as the
calyx ; silicles obcordate, 8-12-seeded ; style filiform. UC. prodr. 1. p. 176 ;
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 58.

Canada. Introduced 1

6. T. tuberosum f Nutt.) : leaves rhomboidal-ovate, obscurely toothed, ses-
sile ; radical toes in long petioles ; stem simple, pubescent; root tuberiferous
and fibrillose. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 65 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 177.

Western Pennsylvania, Nuttall. April-May.— H: Plant 4-5 inches high.
Flowers rather large, rose-color. Silicle somewhat orbicular. Nutt.

34. HUT CHIN SI A. R. Br. in hort. Kew. 4. p. 82 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 385.

Silicle elliptical ; valves wingless ; cells 2- (rarely many-) seeded. Calyx
equal. Petals equal.

1. H. calycina (Desv.) : canescently tomentose ; leaves mostly radical,
on long petioles, deeply pinnatifid ; calyx persistent ; silicles oblong, attenuate
at each end, pointed with the style. Hook.— Desv. jour. hot. 3. p. 168 ; DC.
prodr. l.p. 178 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 58. t. 11. f. B.

0. lower leaves allentu-e. Hook. I. c.

Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°-57^. 0. Kotzebue's Sound.— Root ligneous.
Stem 3-4 inches high. Flowers white, in dense corymbs : Umb of the petals
roundish. Ovary oblong, somewhat hirsute.

Tribe VIII. LEPIDINE.E. DC.

Silicle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum
(sometimes l-celled) ; valves boat-shaped (or rarely ventricose). Co-
tyledons plane, incumbent, parallel to the septum.

35. SENEBIERA. Poir. diet. 7. p. 75 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 521.

Silicle didymous ; valves ventricose or somewhat carinate, partly indehis-
cent; cells 1-seeded. Seeds globose-triquetrous. Cotyledons linear.— Ra-
cemes opposite the leaves. Flowers white.

1. S. pinnatijida (DC): leaves pinnately divided; lobes oblong, toothed
or somewhat incised ; silicles compressed, emarginate at the apex, reticulate-
rugose. DC. prodr. l.p. 20Z.

0. incisa (DC.) : lobes of the leaves 3-4-parted. DC. I. c— S. incisa,
Willd. enum. 2. p. 268. Biscutella apetala, Walt. Car. p. 174. Cochlearia
humifusa, Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 27. Coronopus didyma, Pursh, jl. 2. p. 434;
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 65 ; Ell sk. 2. p. 139.

Fields and along rivers, North Carolina! to Louisiana ! west to Arkansas!
Feb.-July.— ® or @ Stems prostrate. Petals minute or none.

Lepidium. CRUCIFERiE. 115

2. S. Coronopus (Poir.): leaves pinnately divided ; segments entire, tooth-
ed or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate at the apex, compressed ; valves ru-
gosely crested. — Poir. diet. 7. p. 76 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 203. Cochlcaria Co-
ronopus, Linn. Coronopus Ruelliij Allioni ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 435 ; Null,
gen. 2. p. (H.

Road sides, Virginia to Carolina. June-Aug. Introduced. — (p and (2).

36. LEPIDIUM. li. Br. in hort. Keic. 4. p. 85 ; DC. sysl. 2. p. 527.

Silicle ovate or subcordate ; valves carinate or rarely ventricosc, dehiscent ;
cells 1-seeded. Seeds compressed, or somewhat 3-sided — Racemes terminal.
Flowers white. (Cotyledons accumbent in several species.)

1. L. campeatre (R. Brown) : silicles ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly-
punctate ; cauline leaves sagittate, denticulate. DC. syst. 2. p. 53o. Thlas-
pi campestre, Linn.; Eng. hot. t. 13S5.

Waste places, New-York ! Delaware! Introduced. June-July. — ® or
@ Stem and leaves minutely velvety.

2. L. Virfrinicwn {lAnn.) : silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, emarginate ;
flowers diandrous (petals 4); cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, incised ; cotyle-
dons accuuabent.— .T/ic/i.r. .' ^. 2. p. 27; DC. prodr. 1. p. 205; Hook, fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 69.

Fields and road-sides, throughout the United States. June-August. — (T)
About a foot high, paniculately branched above. Flowers minute, rarely tn -
androus.

3. L. ruderale (Linn.) : silicles broadly oval or nearly orbicular, wingless,
emarginate; flowers diandrous, apetalous; leaves (radical ones scarcely) in-
cised ; those of the branches linear, entire ; cotyledons incumbent. — Eng.
bot.t. 1595; DC. prodr. 1. p. 205; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 68, <^ in
jour. bat. p. 192.

British America! to the Pacific! Michigan, Dr. Pitcher! St. Louis,
Missouri. (Hook.) — J) Leaves less deeply divided than in the European
plant. Very near L. Virginicum ; but easdy distinguished by the apetalous
flowers and incumbent cotyledons.

4. L. Menziesii (DC): silicles orbicular, wingless, emarginate'; flowers
diandrous, apetalous (petals 4, Natt.) ; radical leaves bipinnatifid ; cauline and
branch leaves mostly pinnatifid ; the uppermost linear, entire. Hook. — DC.
syst. 2. p. 539; Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. l.p. 68.

California, Menzies, NiUtall ; N. W. Coast? Rocky Mountains, Drum-
mond, Nuttall.—(^ ( U DC.) Radical leaves hispid or pubescent. Hook.

5. L. Californicum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "stem somewhat hirsutely pubescent,
much branched ; silicles nearly orbicular, emarginate, wingless ; flowers dian-
drous (petals 4) ; leaves nearly glabrous, laciniately pinnatifid."

Near Monterey, Upper California, ]Vuttall!—{J) Segments of the leaves
linear. Silicles very small, slightly emarginate : style ahnost wanting. Pedi-
cels twice the length of the silicles. Cotyledons incumbent.

6. L. lasiocarpvm (J^uti. I mss.): "hispidly pubescent ; silicles elliptical-
oval, conspicuously emarginate, wingles'i, somewhat pubescent, reticulated,
rather longer than the pedicels ; leaves undivided, linear-lanceolate, incisely
toothed ; flowers diandrous, apetalous."

Near St. Barbara, Upper California, Niittall! — T) Silicles one-third larger
than in L. Virginicum; the pedicels somewhat reflexed. Cotyledous iucum-
bent.

116 CRUCIFERyE. Capsella.

7. L. nitidum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " glabrous ; silicles elliptical-obovate, emar-
ginate, slightly winged, shining ; pedicels flattened, about the length of the
silicles ; leaves laciniate, the segments linear and very narrow ; flowers apet-
alous or dipetalous, diandrous." ,

With the preceding, Nutt all ! — Silicle about one-third larger than in L.
Virginicum: peduncles and pedicels a little pubescent. Cotyledons incum-
bent.

8. L. oxycarpum : silicles broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, wingless, the
valves pungently acuminate and reticulated; stems branched, diffuse; leaves
linear-fiiifbrm, sparingly pinnatifid, toothed; flowers apetalous, diandrous.

California, Douglas ! — Q) Stem 3-6 inches long, branching from the base,
minutely hairy. Leaves mostly radical, pectinately 3-5-toothed. Sepals al-
ternately subulate and broadly ovate. Ovary with the points uncinate-in-
flexed. Silicle about IJ line long, as long as the compressed pedicels : valves
carinate, glabrous, acutely and somewhat divaricately produced beyond the
septum. Style none. Cotyledons incumbent.

9. L. latipes (Hook.) : caespitose, strigosely pubescent; flowers in dense
spiked racemes ; silicles elliptical-ovate, 2-winged at the summit, reticulated ;
pedicels very broad, flat ; leaves pinnatifid, with fiiiformly linear segments. —
Hook. ic. 1. t. 41.

Monterey, California, Douglas'. — ^ Stems numerous, densely caespitose,
2-3 inches long, spreading. Racemes ovate or oblong, thick ; the flowers
much crowded. Leaves extending beyond the racemes ; segments 2-3-parted
or entire. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, oblong, ciliate. Sili-
cles muricately hirsute, deeply bifid ; the lobes wing-lrke, straight and erect.
Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent.

10. L. integrifoliiim (Nutt.! mss.): " glabrous and decumbent; silicles
elliptical-ovate, wingless, scarcely emarginate ; septum prominent ; style short
but distinct ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, narrowed below ; petals about
twice the length of the broad membranaceous sepals.

" Prairies near the central chain of the Rocky Mountains, Lewis's River,
&c. June-July. — If Root rather large and deep. Stems several, decum-
bent, leafy, about a foot long, paniculately branched above. Flowers rather
conspicuous." Nuttall. — Silicles about 2 lines long, somewhat acute ; pedi-
cels 4-5 lines long, angular. Cotyledons incumbent.

11. L. montanum (Nutt.! mss.): "nearly glabrous, decumbent; silicles
elliptical, slightly emarginate, wingless ; style conspicuous ; leaves pinnati-
fid and bipinnatifid ; segments oblong ; uppermost leaves trifid or entire.

" Plains of the Rocky Mountains, on the western side, to the borders of the
Oregon. August. — li Root long, somewhat ligneous. Branches many from
one root, 8-12 inches long, spreading in a circular manner. Radical leaves
usually more or less bipinnatifid; segments short, acute. Flowers rather
conspicuous. Sepals oval-oblong. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals."
Nuttall. — Silicles 2 lines long, indistinctly reticulated. Pedicels 3-4 lines in
length. Cotyledons incumbent.

L. tuberosum, L.prcccox and L. diffiisum, DC. sijst. being founded on species describ-
ed by Rafinesque in the Forula Ludoviciana, are excluded : see p. 86.

37. CAPSELLA. Vent. ; Lam. ill. t 557 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 383.

Silicle triangular-cuneiform ; valves boat-shaped, wingless, coriaceous ;
cells small, many-seeded. — Herbaceous, annual. Radical leaves rosulate.
Flowers small, white, in long racemes.

Thysanocarpus. CRUCIFERiT:. 117

Removed from Tlilaspidrfc on account of its incumbent cotyledons, which were
first detected by Sclikuhr. (handb. 2. L, 180.)

C. Bursa-pastoris (Moench.) — DC. syst. 2. p. 383 ; Darlingt. fl. Cent. j).
380. Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris, Linn. ; Eng. hot. t. 1485.

Fields and waste places. Introduced. May-Sept. — Radical leaves varia-
ble, sometimes entire, but usually toothed, incised or pinnatifid, narrowed
into a petiole at the base. Pedicels filiform, much longer than the silicles.

38. HYMENOLOBUS. Nutt. mss.

"Silicle ovate or elliptical, membranaceous; valves somewhat tumid,
slightly carinate, wingless; cells many-seeded. Stigma sessile. — Small
slender glabrous annuals, with divaricate stems, and more or less pinnatifidly
cleft or laciniated leaves. Flowers minute, white."

Scarcely distinct from Capsella; with which it is apparently connected through
C. elliptica, C. A. Meyer, {pi. Cauc. p. 194. Hutchinsia procumbens, Desv. Hymen-
olobus procumbens, Nutt. mss.)

1. H. divaricatus (Nutt.l mss.): "procumbent, much branched; leaves
short and pinnatifid, with several oblong lobes ; upper ones linear and often
entire ; silicle elliptical-oblong, obtuse.

" Shady grassy plains of the Oregon, near the junction of the Wahlamet.
— Stems 3-4 inches long, diffusely branched. Lower leaves with about five
segments. Flowers very minute." — Nuttall.

2. H. erectus (Nutt. mss.) : " stem erect, much branched ; leaves oblong,
somewhat pinnatifid or entire ; silicle linear-oblong.

" With the preceding, to which it is very closely allied." Nuttall.

3. Nucamentaceoe.
Tribe IX. ISATIDE^. DC.

Silicle micamcntaceous, indehiscent, (mostly) 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Cotyledons incumbent, the direction various.

39. THYSANOCARPUS. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 69. t. 18.

Silicle obovate, or nearly orbicular, much compressed, usually surrounded
with a broad winged margin, 1-cellcd. Seed broadly obovate, pendulous
from a lateral funiculus. Cotyledons roundish, compressed, parallel with the
valves, obliquely incumbent ; the radicle approaching near the edge. — An-
nuals. Flowers small, white or pale violet, racemose. Silicles pendulous,
on filiform pedicels.

Allied to Tauscheria; but that genus has cymbiform silicles, with a narrow mar-
gin, and the apex elongated into a beak.

118 CRUCIFERyE. Thysanocabpus*.

* Sllicles winged, plano'Convex.

1. T. curvipes (Hook.) : radical leaves pinnatifid or toothed ; cauline ones
lanceolate or linear ; silicles roundish-obovate, obscurely crenate, nearly gla-
brous ; margin broadly winged, entire or perforated with small holes ; petals
shorter than the calyx. — Hook. I. c. t. 18. J. A ; Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind. sem.
St. Petersb. Dec. 1835. p. 50.

Great Falls of the Oregon, Douglas. April-May. — Stems solitary, mostly
branched, erect, 6-8 inches to a foot high, somewhat leafy. Leaves mostly
radical, spreading. Petals linear-oblong. Silicle about 2^ lines long. Hook.

2. T. elegans (Fisch. & Meyer) : petals nearly twice as long as the calyx ;
silicles orbicular-obovate, membranaceously winged ; thawing (often) per-
forated with holes, emarginate at the apex.

a. silicles glabrous ; style conspicuously exserted. — T. elegans, Fisch. ^
Meyer, I. c.

/?. silicles villous ; style slightly exserted. Hook..' ic.t. 39. T. Deppii,
Nutt. mss. T. n. sp. Fisch. ^ Mey. I. c. (without a name.)

V. silicles somewhat pubescent, wing not perforated ; style not exserted.

California, Douglas! Deppe. (ex Fisch. ^ Meyer.') — Stem 12-18 inches
high, branching, nearly glabrous. Leaves in /?. lanceolate, sagittate, repandly
toothed ; in y. linear, the upper ones almost subulate and sagittate-clasping.
Silicles 2i lines long; the winged margin p?rforated with a row of 12-14
oblong holes, or marked with thin diaphanous spots, the opaque coriaceous
substance of the centre extending between them, and thus giving the sihcle
a radiated appearance.

3. T. pmlchellus (Fisch. & Meyer) : petals longer than the calyx ; silieles
glabrous, the wing not perforated, truncated at the apex ; style much exsert-
ed. Fisch. (^ Meyer. 1. c.

California — Petals white, or someAvhat violaceous. Near T. curvipes.
Fisch. ^ Meyer.

4. T. crenatus (Nutt. ! mss. ) : " petals about as long as the calyx ; silicles
orbicular-obovate, crenate, glabrous, slightly emarginate, membranaceously
winged ; the wing perforated ; style not exserted ; leaves linear -lanceolate,
runcinately and remotely denticulate.

" St. Barbara, California, March-April. — Stem 12-14 inches high, branch-
ing above. Leaves an inch long ; the lower ones somewhat hirsute. Silicles
about half as large as in T. curvipes ; the wing more or less perforated." Nutt.

5. T. laciniatus (Nutt.! mss.): "petals as long as the calyx; silicles
elliptical, glabrous, winged; the wing entire or crenate, not perforated, en-
tire at theapex, and acuminate with the conspicuous style ; leaves linear, re-
motely and incisely toothed.

"With the preceding. — Decumbent, deep green and glabrous. Stem
about a foot long. Leaves U inch long, and scarcely a line wide ; teeth
long and subulate. Silicile about 2 lines long, acute at each end ; the wing
diaphanous." Nutt.

* * Silicles slightly doubly convex, wingless.

6. T. ohlongifolius (Nutt. ! mss.) : "petals about twice as long as the calyx ;
silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, hispid with uncinate hairs ; leaves oblong,
toothed, and (Avith the lower part of the stem) densely and stellately hirsute.

"Rocky banks of the Oregon, near the junction of the Wahlamet. —
About a foot high, much branched, sometimes partly decumbent. Radical
leaves attenuate into a short petiole at the base ; cauline sessile. Petals cu-
neiform, rather conspicuous. Silicles about U line long, rather acute at the
base, very obtuse at the summit, and without a notch: style very short, but
distinct." Nutt.

Raphanus. CRUCIFERyE. 119

7. T.pnsilln.t (Hook.) : flowers apctalous ; silides noarly orbiculnr, wing-
less, hispid with uncinate hairs ; leaves oblonof, toothed, and (with the lower
part of the stem) stellately hirsute. — Hook..' ic. t. 413.

Monterey, California, Douglas ! Banks of the Oregon, Avith the preced-
ing, NattaU. April. — Stems (iUform, branching from the base, 3-5 inches
long. Leaves about half an inch long, ovate and oblong, sparingly toothed.
Flowers very minute. Silicles scarcely a line in length, rather acute at the
base : style very short. — Nearly related to the preceding ; but much smaller
and more slender, the silicles about half the size, and the flowers apetalous.

4. LomentacecB.
Tribe X. CAKILINE^. DC*

Siliqiie or silicle separating transversely into several 1. ceiled
1-seeded joints. Seeds usually compressed, not margined. Cotyledons
plane, accumbent.

40. CAKILE. Tourn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 427.

Silicle 2-jointed ; the superior portion ovate or ensiform. Seed in the
upper cell erect ; in the lower pendulous. — Annual glabrous and fleshy (mari-
time) herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves. The lower joint of the silicle
often abortive.

1. C. maritima (Scop. ) : superior joint of the silicle ensiform. D C prodr.

1. p. 185 ; Lam. ill. t. 554. Bunias Cakile, Linn.

0. superior joint of the silicle ovate-eusiform. — C.Americana, Nutt. gen.

2. p. 62; DC prodr. I.e. C. edentula. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 59. C.
maritima, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 434; Ell. sk. 2. p. 137. Bunias edentula, Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 251.

Sea shore, Canada and shores of the great Lakes ! & Massachusetts ! to
Georgia. July-Aug. — Much branched, procumbent. Leaves oblong-cunei-
form, sinuately toothed. Flowers corymbed, pale purple. Lower joint of the
silicle short, clavate-obovate ; the upper one with a prominent line on each
side, minutely 2-3-toothed at the base. Seeds akuost always accumbent.

Tribe XL RAPHANEiE. DC.

Silique or silicle indehiscent, transversely separating into l.(or
few.) seeded joints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons conduplicate, as in
Brassicese.

41. RAPHANUS. Linn .; DC. syst. 2. p. 662.

Silique transversely many-celled. Seeds in a single scries. — Leaves
lyrate. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. — Radish.

* C. A. Meyer (pi. Cane. p. 185.) changes the name of this tribe to Chorisporeae,
excluding Cakile, which he incorrectly says has the cotyledons (at least iu the upper
cell) always incumbent. See Torr. in ami. lye. J^Teio-Yorkyi. p. 91.

120 CAPPARIDACEiE. Cleomella.

1. R. Raphanistrum (Linn.) : silique terete (joints 1-seeded), moniliform
and 1-celled when mature, longer than the style ; leaves simply lyrate.— J9C.
prodr. 1. p. 229 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 252.

Road-sides and in fields, New-England. June-July. Introduced, but
hardly naturalized.— (l) Corolla veiny, yellow, white in decaying. Silique
3-8-seeded. — Wild Radish.

Discovium Ohioense, Raf. in jour. phys. 89, (1819) p. 96, and DC. prodr. 1. p.
236, is so imperfectly described that it cannot be identified. It is probably a
Thlaspi or a Lepidium.

Order XV. CAPPARIDACE.^. Juss.

Sepals 4, deciduous or marcescent, distinct or somewhat united and
imbricated in ajstivation, or cohering in a tube with a valvate estiva-
tion. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate or irregular, usually unguic-
ulate and more or less unequal, sometimes wanting. Stamens 6-12
(rarely 4), or numerous, but usually some multiple of 4, inserted on
the short or sometimes elongated torus : filaments equal or unequal :
anthers innate or introrse, mostly revolute when dry. Ovary often
stipitate, composed of 2 (very rarely of several) united carpels, with
2 parietal placentae : styles united into one, often filiform, sometimes
short or almost none : stigma often discoid or subcapitate. Fruit 1-
celled, either a pod-shaped (siliqueform) 2-valved capsule, with the
valves often separating from the persistent filiform placenta (rarely
coriaceous and nearly or quite indehiscent), or baccate, very rarely
1-2-, usually many-seeded. Seeds campulitropous, reniform, with no
albumen, but the lining of the testa often thickened. Embryo curved :
cotyledons foliaceous, somewhat incumbent. — Herbs, shrubs, or rarely
small trees, with a watery acrid juice which sometimes has the pun-
gent taste of the Crucifera?. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple or
palmately compound : leaflets mostly, entire. Stipules none, or with
spines in their place.

Teiee L CLEOME^. DC.

Capsule membranaceous, dehiscent, (rarely subcoriaceous and inde-
hiscent). — Leaves mostly compound.

1. CLEOMELLA. DC. prodr. 1. p. 237.

Sepals very small, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, subspatulate, subsessile.
Torus short, oblong. Stamens 6 : filaments incurved in aestivation. Pod

Cleome. CAPPARIDACE^. 121

obovate-rhomboidal. 4-6-seeded, raised on a filiform stipi'. Embryo condu-
plicate. — A slender annual. Leaves 3-foliolate: leaflets linear. Raceme ter-
minal, leafy. Flowers yellow.

C. Mexicana (DC.)— "/r. /. Mex. rned." fide DC. I. c. ; Tarr. ! in
ann. lye. New-Yo7-k, 2. p. 157 ; Don, in Edinb. new phit.jour. {Jan. 1831) ;
Hook. ! ic. 1. /. 28.

Mexico, DeCandoJle; Texas, Drtimmondl Aikansas, Dr. James! —
Glabrous, a foot or more hii^h, branchinj; above. Leaflets narrowly linear-
lanceolate, flat, longer than the petiole. Pod somewhat compressed, silicle-
shaped. Stipe longer than the pod. Style very short. Placentae filiform,
persistent after the valves fall off, each about 3-seeded.

2. GYNANDROPSIS. DC. jyrodr. 1. p. 237.

Sepals distinct, spreading. Petals 4. Torus Unear, elongated. Stamens
fi: the lower part of the filaments adnate to the torus its whole length. Pod
linear-oblong, raised on a long stipe Avhich rises from the top of the torus. —
Annuals. Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate. Flowers in a terminal raceme.

§ ^Estivation open. — Gymnogonia, R. Br.

1. G. pentaphylla (DC.) : minutely glandular-pubescent ; middle leaves
5-foliolate ; lower and floral leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, entire or ob-
scurely serrulate. — DC. l. c. ; IV. ^ Am. prodr. Ind. \.p. 21. Cleome penta-
phyUa,L/m?.; Pur.9h,fi.2.p.Ul; Nutt.! gen.2.p.73; Bot.mag.t. 1681.
Cleome (Gymnogonia) pentaphylla, R. Br. app. Denh. <S- Clapp. voy. p. 17.

In cuhivated grounds, Pennsylvania (Pur.sh) to Florida. Introduced.
May-July. — Stem 2-3-feet high. Penducles slender. Calyx deciduous.
Petals white : claws long and slender. Pod 2-3 inches long. — A native of
Africa and India.

3. CLEOME. Linn, (in part) ; Gcertn. fr. t. 76.
Cleome & Peritoma, DC.

Sepals distinct, or sometimes more or less united below. Petals 4. Torus
minute or nearly hemispherical. Stamens 6, or rarely only 4, often unequal.
Pod linear or oblong, subsessile or raised on a stipe. — Annual (rarely peren-
nial) herbs, or shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-9-foliolate or simple. Flowers
soUtary, or in a terminal raceme.

§ 1. Sepals more or less united below: calyx marcescent, at length some-
times separating at the base : torus minute : pod stipitate. — Peritoma,
DC. (Atalanta, Nutt.)

The discovery of 3 additional species allied to Cleome serrulata, Pursh, renders
it obvious that this plant cannot be separated from Cleome. They might perhaps
all be referred to the section Pedicellaria of De CandoUe.

1. C. serrulata (Pursh) : leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate or spatulate,
minutely serrulate ; sepals united more than half their length j petals (violet-

16

122 CAPPARIDACEiE. Polanisia.

purple) distinctly unguiculate ; pods lanceolate, longer than the stipe. —
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 441. Atalanta serrulata, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 73. Peritoma
serrulata, DC. proclr. 1. p. 237.

Banks of the Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall! Dr. James-! Aug. — (I)
Nearly glabrous. Leaves glaucous above. Flowers in a terminal raceme.
Calyx at length separating from the base : segments short, subulate. Sta-
mens equal.

2. C. integrifolia : somewhat glaucous ; leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets (and
bracts) lanceolate (the lowermost oblong), entire, submucronate ; sepals
united to the middle; petals (reddish-purple) with very short claws; pods
oblong-linear, compressed, much longer than the stipe. — Peritoma? integri-
folia, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 14.

Plains of the Platte to Oregon, Nuttall ! June-Aug. — (T) Stem 2-3 feet
high. Racemes sometimes nearly a foot long. Flowers large, showy-
Calyx persistent; segments triangular-acuminate. Stamens equal. — This
species was originally described from specimens collected by Capt. Wyeth
exhibiting the floral leaves only, which are narrowly lanceolate and very
acute at each end. Mr. Nuttall obtained complete specimens in his recent
journey.

3. C. aurea : " glabrous ; leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
acute at each end, entire [sepals united at the base only] ; petals oblong-
elliptical, nearly sessile (golden-yellow); stamens equal; pods linear, [short]
longer than the stipe." Nutt. ! mss. — Peritoma aurea, Nutt. in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 15.

" Plains of the Platte to Lewis's River, in irrigated places. June-Aug. — (T)
Branching, 1-3 feet high. Muchlargerin all its parts than C. lutea." Nutt.

4. C. lutea (Hook.) : nearly glabrous ; leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets narrowly
lanceolate, entire ; sepals nearly distinct ; petals (yellow) oblong-obovate,
nearly sessile ; stamens unequal ; pods oblong-lanceolate, about the length of
the stipe. — Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 70. t. 25.

Rocky Mountains and Oregon, Douglas, Nuttall ! — (T) Stem 6-12 inches
high. Sepals lanceolate, persistent. " Stamens 6 of which 2 are longest,
with small oblong curved anthers, and 4 shorter with linear mucronate an-
thers." Hook. I. c. But the figure represents a flower with 4 long stamens
and 2 short ones.

4. POLANISIA. Raf. injour.phys. (1819) f». 98.

Sepals distinct, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8-32: filaments filiform
or dilated at the summit. Torus minute (often nectariferous). Pod linear,
sessile or nearly so. — Annual herbs with the habit of Cleome, mostly glan-
dular, with a heavy odor.

§ 1. Torus hearing a short fleshy nectary or gland next theupper sepal:
filaments filiform, ojten unequal and more or less declined, (6-8 of
them arising from between the nectary and the ovary) : petals on slen-
der claws, unequal, emarginate or entire : sepals tardily deciduous. —
Polanisia proper.

Polanisia proper, as is indicated by R. Brown (in app. to Denh. <§- Clapp.p. 15),
consists of two American species solely, viz: P. graveolens and the closely allied
P. uniglandulosa of Mexico. The close resemblance between these two species was
iirst noticed by Nuttall. (See gen. JV. ^m. pi. 2. p. 74.) A third species exists in the

CiusTATELLA. CAPPARIDACE/E. 123

herbarium of Maj. Le Conte, which approaches in the foliage and the very unequal
petals to Cristatella; a curious genus, which should perhaps be considered a section
of Polanisia, if indeed all these genera ought not to be restored to Cleome, accord-
ing to the opinion of Brown.

L P. graveolens (Raf.): viscidly pubescent and glandular; leaves 3-loli-
olate; leaflets (and bracts) oblong, shorter than the petiole; sepals (purplish)
soraewhat unequal; petals cuneate, emarginate; stamens mostly 10 or 11 ;
style shorter than the ovary ; pods broadly lanceolate, turgid, attenuate at the
base, reticulated, rough with a glandular pubescence. — Raf. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 242; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. l.p. 71. Cleome dodecandra, Michx.
Ji. 2. p. 32 ; Pur-sh ! jl. 2. p. 441. C. dodecandra, var. Canadensis, Linn. ;
Cornut. Can. t. 131. C. viscosa, Sprang, syst. 2. p. 125, ex Am.

On the gravelly banks of rivers and lakes, from L. Champlain ! and On-
tario ! to Arkansas ! June-Aug.— Branching, 6-18 inches high. Raceme
many-flowered. Sepals glandular on the back. Petals yellowish-white :
claws filiform. Filaments purplish. Nectary concave, truncate, very short.
Style at length deciduous. — Odor of the plant strong and unpleasant.

2. P. tenuifolia : viscid-glandular ; leaves 3-foliolate, nearly glabrous ; leaf-
lets (and bracts) fihform-linear, longer than the petiole ; petals very unequal,
suborbicular, entire, on short claws; stamens 9-11; style longer than the
ovary ; pods linear, terete, niinutely reticulated, glabrous. — Cleome tenuiib-
lia, herb. Le Conte.

Georgia, Le Conte .'—Stem afoot high, branched, slender. Leaflets about
an inch long. Raceme few-flowered ; pedicels filiform. Sepals glabrous,
nearly equal. Filaments nearly equal. Nectary minute, cuneiform, emargi-
nate. Style persistent.

5. CRISTATELLA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 85. t. 11.

Sepals somewhat united at the base, spreading. Petals 4, on filiform
claws, fimbriate-toothed or laciniate ; the two lower much smaller. Torus
minute, bearing a conspicuous tubular and truncate petaloid nectary between
the ovary and the upper sepal. Stamens 6-14 : filaments nearly equal, de-
clined. Ovary declined: style filiform. Pod linear, stipitate. — Annual
minutely viscid-glandular 3-foliolate herbs, with the habit of Polanisia
tenuifolia. Leaflets narrowly linear, longer than the petiole. Raceme
few-flowered, leafy : pedicels filiform. Flowers small, white or pale yel-
low.

1. C. erosa (Nun.) : stamens 10-14; petals white; lamina of the lower
ones lacin lately parted ; sepals acute. — Nnft. ! I. c. p. 86. t. 11.

On sandy hills near Red River, Nuttall ! and near Fort Towson, Dr.
Leavemoorth! June-July. — Rather slender, branching, 8-14 inches high.
Sepals oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the claws of the petals. Superior pe-
tals very broadly cuneiforai, sparingly lacerate-toothed : lower ones cuneiform,
cleft nearly to the base of the lamina ; segments linear, slightly dilated and
cleft or toothed at the apex. Nectary about the length of the smaller petals,
yellow, tubular, toothed at the summit (cleft on the side next the ovary, ac-
cording to Nuttall; but in the specimens from Dr. Leavenworth, the tube is
undivided). Pod narrowly linear, slightly torulose, many-seeded, ascending,
much longer than the stipe, crowned with the slender style. Seeds circinate,
minutely roughened.

124 CAPPARIDACE^. Isomesis.

2. C. Jamesil : stamens 6-9 ; petals pale yellow ; lamina of the lower
ones palmately firabriate-cleft ; sepals obtuse. — Cleome n. sp., Torr. ! in
ann. lye. New- York, 2. p. 168.

In sand, Arkansas, />?\ James ! Texas, Drummond! ("Srd Tex. coll. no.
3.) — Strict, somewhat branched, a foot or more high. Leaflets rather shorter,
and flowers considerably smaller than in C. erosa. Sepals slightly unequal,
oblong, obtuse, as long as the claws of the petals. Petals obovate-orbicular,
somewhat cuneiform at the base ; lamina of the lower ones laciniately cleft,
but not parted to the base. Nectary at first undivided, at length cleft on the
inside (?). Stipe and style shorter than in the preceding species. Mature
fruit not seen.

6. ISOMERIS. mat. mss.

" Sepals united below, someAvhat spreading, marcescent. Petals 4, oblong,
sessile, regular. Torus fleshy, subhemispherical, produced into a small dUated
appendage on the upper side. Stamens 6: filaments equal, [inflexed in
sestivation] much exserted. Capsule large, obovate-eUiptical, inflated, coria-
ceous, indehiscent, stipitate, crowned with the very short subulate style.
Seeds several, very large, smooth. — A low tree, with a long tap-root, and a
very spreading top. Leaves crowded, 3-foliolate. Flowers large, yellow, in
terminal racemes. Whole plant with the unpleasant odor of Polanisia."

/. arborea (Nutt. ! mss.)

" St. Diego, California. — Stem about the thickness of a man's arm, very
knotty : the wood hard and yellow. Young branches, petioles, &c. minutely
pubescent. Leaflets lanceolate, mucronulate, glabrous. Calyx campanu-
late : segments triangular-ovate, acuminate. Petals slightly spreading. Cap-
sule slightly compressed, an inch or more long, and | of an inch broad,
longer than the stipe, crowned with the very short style : stigma minute.
Seeds several upon each parietal placenta, as large as a small pea: cotyledons
incumbently incurved." Nutt.

This genus, with the character somewhat modified, may possibly be found to in-
clude several tree-like S. American species of Cleome, (of the section Pedicellaria),
and should perhaps be viewed as a section of Cleome.

Order XYI. RESEDACEtE. DC.

Sepals 4-6, somewhat united at the base, unequal, herbaceous, per-
sistent : aestivation open. Torus short, bearing a flat and rounded
glandular hypogynous disk, which is produced posteriorly (i. e. next the
axis) between the petals and the .stamens. Petals 4-6 (or by abortion
fewer), open in aestivation, deciduous, unequal, the posterior ones lar-
ger, the anterior ones often abortive or sometimes wanting ; claws
usually broad and thickened, nectariferous within ; the lamina often
lacerate or palmately parted. Stamens 8-20, rarely 3, inserted on
the disk : filaments erect : anthers oval, fixed by the middle, introrse.

Elumia. RESEDACEyE. 125

Ovary l-celled, 3-4 lobed, composed of 3-4 united carpels, wliich arc
distinct and diverging at the apex : stigma sessile, miniito, glandular,
alternate with the parietal placentae. Fruit a membranous l-celled
many-seeded capsule, rarely succulent, opening between the stigmas
long before maturity. Seeds campulitropous, reniform, smooth or
pitted : albumen none or scarcely any. Embryo arcuate : radicle
taper. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants, with a watery juice.
Leaves alternate or sparse, undivided or pinnatifid, without stipules,
but often biglandular at the base. Flowers in terminal racemes or
spikes, small, often very fragrant.

With the exception of the plant brought from California by Mr. Nuttall, Reseda-
ceae are exclusively natives of the region surrounding the Mediterranean. — Reseda
luteola(the Dyer's Rocket, or Yellow-weed, used in dying woo:len stuffs yellow) is
found along road-sides in portions of the western part of the State of iSew-York, but
is hardly naturalized.

1. ELLIMIA. Nutt. mss*

" Sepals 4. Petals 2, small, membranaceous, linear-oblong, entire or emar-
ginate, posterior or next the axis. [Disk scarcely any.] Stamens 3, alter-
nate with the petals. Capsule depressed-globose, somewhat 8-lobed below,
opening by a quadrangular cleft at the summit : stigmas 4. Seeds 20 or
more, very smooth and shining. — A small glabrous annual, with crowded
slightly succulent and narrowly Unear leaves. Flowers in short and slender
spikes."

E. ruder alts (Nutt. ! mss.)

" St. Barbara, CaUfornia. — Root slender, simple. Stem branched from the
base, 5-6 inches high. Leaves resembhng those of Linaria vulgaris, but
smaller. B'lowers subtended by a bract simUar to the sepals, very small.
Sepals all inclined anteriorly. Petals white, one of them usually emarginate.
Ovary rather deeply 4-lobcd below; each lobe (or carpel) more or less
2-lobed. Seeds at first bright green, at length black, narrowly reniform."
Nutt.

Order XVII. POLYGALACEiE. Juss.

Sepals .5, distinct, usually persistent, very irregular ; three of them
exterior and smaller, of which one is superior (next the axis of inflo-
rescence) and two inferior ; the two lateral or inner ones (tvings)
larger and usually petaloid : aestivation imbricated. Petals hypogy-
nous, irregular ; deciduous, usually 3 ; of which one (the keel) is ante-
rior and larger than the rest, and the two others alternate with the

• " From iWtiiifia (defective) ; in allusion to the reduction in the parts of the flow-
-." MiUall.

126 POLYGALACE^. Polyqala.

upper and lateral or inner sepals, often connate with the keel (rarely
5, and then the 2 minute additional ones are situated between the
wings and the lower sepals) : the keel usually crested or S-lobed.
Stamens 6-8, hypogynous : filaments combined into a tube which is
split on the upper side and more or less connate with the claws of the
petals, free at the summit : anthers innate, usually l-celled,* opening by
a terminal pore. Ovary compressed, formed of 2 (anterior and poste-
rior) united carpels, 2.celled with the placenta in the axis, sometimes
l-celled by the suppression of the upper cell, very rarely l-celled with
2 parietal placentae : ovules solitary (or very rarely 2-6) in each car.
pel, pendulous : style curved and often cucullate. Fruit loculicidal or
indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with a crustaceous testa : albumen co-
pious and fleshy, rarely almost none. Embryo as long as the albu-
men, straight or very slightly curved. — Herbaceous (all the N. American
species) or shrubby plants ; the roots very bitter and often milky.
Leaves exstipulate, entire, generally alternate or sparse, the lower
ones not unfrequently verticillate. Flowers usually racemose or
spicate : pedicels l-3.bracteate.

1. POLYGALA. Tourn.; Lam. ill. t. 598; A. St.Hil. ^ Moquin-Tan-
don, in mem. mus. 17. p. 313.

Sepals persistent ; the wings large and petaloid. Petals 3 ; their claws co-
herent with the stamineal tube ; the lowest one keel-shaped. Ovary 2-celled :
ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule 2-celled, compressed contrary to the
very narrow dissepiment, elliptical, obovate or obcordate. Seeds caruncu-
iate with copious albumen.— Racemes often spicate or capitate.

§ 1. S-pikes thick, capitate or oblong, terminating the stem and branches :
keel cristate {the crest often minute) : style mostly cucullate and di-
lated in the middle : filaments united nearly to the summit : caruncle
with a 2-lobed appendage. Annual or biennial.

1. P. sanguinea (Linn.) : spilces globose-ovate, rather loose ; wings el-
liptical-obovate, attenuate at the base, twice as long as the fruit, crest minute ;
seed dobose-obovate, hairy, with a very minute caruncle ; leaves Imear ;
stem somewhat fastigiately branched.— Mt^. .' geii. 2. p. 88; DC.prodr.
1. p. 328. P. viridescens, Poir. diet. 5. p. 502 (fide DC.) j Pursh, fi. 2.

fry 4:65.

Dry soils New Jersey (iV?i«a//) to Georgia! Kentucky! and Louisiana !
Aw^ -Sept.—® About a span high. Leaves | of an inch long, acute.
Spike an inch long, and about half an inch m diameter, obtuse. Wmgs thin
and membranaceous, bright rose-color. Capsules broadly obovate, scarcely
covered by the narrow wings. Style much dilated and cucullate in the mid-
dle with a filiform bearded process at the summit. Seed black.

* That the one-celled anthers in this family do not belong to half-stamens, but re-
sult from the union of the two cells, is evident from their structure in Polygala pau-
cifolia and others of the same section, in which the imperfect septum may be observed.

PoLYGALA. POLYGALACE^. 127

2. P. purpurea (Nutt.) : spikes ovate or oblonjr, compart ; winps broadly
ovate or obovate ; crest minute ; seed obovate, hairy ; caruncle nearly as long
as the seed; leaves linear and oblong-linear ; stem fastigiately branched. —
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 88 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328 ; Darlinet.Ji. Vest. p'. 401 . P. san-
guinea, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 52 ; Pursh ! fi. 2. p. 465; liigcl. Ji. Host. p. 264 ;
Bai-t. fl. Amer. Sept. 2. t. 46.

Wet meadows; also in sandy fields, Massachusetts! to New Orleans!
west to Arkansas! July-September. — {T) Stem S-12 inches high, erect,
sometimes simple, but usually more or less branched above, angular and
slightly winged. Leaves an inch long and 2 lines wide. Racemes at first
akuost globose, at length oblong ; lower tiowers deciduous : bracts minute,
somewhat persistent. Wings usually dilated at the base, or somewhat cor-
date, rose-color and green, of a firm texture, generally twice as long as the
mature fruit. Style as in the preceding species. Seeds giayish-black. —
Much more common than the preceding species, from which if is easily dis-
tinguished by its broader and thicker wings, and minute caruncle, which is
scarcely one-fifth the length of the seed. This is P. sanguniea of most
North American botanists ; but whether it is the plant of Linnaeus can only
be determined by consulting his herbarium.

3. P. cruciata (Linn.) : spikes ovate, dense, sessile or on short peduncles ;
wings deltoid-cordate, acute or cuspidate ; crest minute; caruncle nearly as
long as the seed ; stem somewhat fasiigiate, winged at the angles ; leaves
verticillate in fours, linear and linear-oblong, punctate. — iMich.r. ! ji. 2. p.
52; Nutt.f gen.2.p.89; DC. prodr. 2. p. 328; Ell. sk. 2. p. 183 ; Bigelji.
Bost. p. 266 ; Hook.fl. Bor. Am. l.p. 85. P. brevifolia, Nutt. I. c j DC. I. c.
P. fastigiata, Nutt.! I. c. P. cuspidata, Hook. ^ Am. in bot.jour. l.p. 195.

Swamps, particularly where Sphagnum abounds, Massachusetts to Flo-
rida ! west to Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — (I) Stem (in open situations) low
and with spreading branches, or (in shady places) rather tall, with erect
slender branches. Leaves linear, or somewhat oblong, obtuse, marked with
obscure resinous dots. Spikes at first dense, often sessile, but sometimes pe-
dunculate. Wings much dilated at the base, greenish with a purple margin,
larger than the capsule. Lateral petals oblong. Style as in P. sanguinea.
Seed obovate-oblong, sparsely hirsute. — This species varies much in size,
branching of the stem and form of the leaves, according to its degree of ex-
posure to light and moisture.

4. P. lutea (Linn.) : spikes ovate, dense ; flowers distinctly pedicellate ;
wings ovate, abruptly acuminate ; exterior sepals minute ; crest mmute; cau-
line leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; radical ones obovate, attenuate at the
base ; stems mostly branched. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 88 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328 ;
Ell sk. 2. p. 185. P. lutea, var. elatior, Michx. ! ji. 2. p. 54.

Sandy swamps. New Jersey ! to Alabama ! June-October. — (?) Stem
€-12 inches high, often simple, but generally throwing off a few long nearly
naked and spreading branches. Radical leaves rosulale, obtuse. Flowers
bright orange-yellow, and of nearly the same color when dry. Style elongated,
slightly dilated in the middle, from which proceeds a pedicellate gland.
Seed hairy. Lobes of the caruncle Linear, collateral, nearly as long as the seed.

5. P. 7iana (DC.) : spikes cyUndrical-ovate, dense ; flowers nearly sessile ;
wings ovate, cuspidately acuminate, twice the length of the nearly equal ex-
terior sepals ; crest conspicuous, segments filiform, exceding the lateral petals ;
leaves oblong-spatulate, somewhat petioled ; stem mostly simple, often short-
er than the leaves. — DC. prodr. l.p. 328. P. viridescens, Nutt.! gen. 2.
p. 88 ( not of Pair.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 186. P. lutea, var. nana, Michx. ! fl. 2.
p.5i.

Damp pine barrens, Carolina ! to Louisiana ! west to Arkansas ! — Stems
1-4 inches long. Radical leaves often ligulate, obtuse. Spikes large and

128 POLYGALACEiE. Polygala.

very thick, conspicuously squarrose with the projecting cusps of the wings.
Flowers green with a tinge of yellow. Style rather slender, somewhat
dilated and furnished with a projecting gland in the middle. Seed obovate,
hairy. Lobes of the caruncle diverging, nearly as long as the seed.

§ 2. Spikes ovate, in simple terminal or compound cymes : keel cris-
tate (the crest sometimes minute) : styles slender, 2-lobed, not cucullate :
filaments united nearly to the summit : appendage of the caruncle very
minute or none. Biennial.

5. P. corymbosa{M.\Q\vx.): cymes compound ; spikes ovate; wings ob-
long, cuspidate ; radical leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline ones linear; stem
simple below, angular.— M?'c/( J-. .' /. 2. p. 54; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 89; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 329. P. ramosa, Ell. sk. 2. p. 186.

Swamps, Sussex county, Delaware, Nuttall, io'Ne-w-Orlea.nsl Texas, Dr.
Leavenworth ! — Stem 8-12 inches high, simple, (except when the plant has
been injured), bearing a large terminal corymb. Radical leaves an inch long.
Spikes rather compact, half an inch in diameter. Flowers citron-yellow,
becoming blackish-green in drying. Wings 4 times as long as the capsule.
Seed oblong, with a minute roundish caruncle. — Elliott has described the
stem as branched from the base, which is never the case, except it has been
broken off, when it throws up lateral branches.

6. P. acntifolia: cyme compound; spikes ovate, rather loose; wings
oblong, rather obtuse, mucronate ; exterior sepals ovate-triangular, acute ; crest
conspicuous ; seed subglobose, glabrous, without a caruncle ; stem simple, at-
tenuated upward ; radical leaves lanceolate-linear, very acute ; cauline ones
linear-subulate.

Borders of pine-barren ponds. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman ! May-Oct.
— Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, somewhat angled above. Radical leaves 2-3
inches long, attenuated to a sharp point ; cauline leaves gradually diminish-
ing upward to mere subulate bracts. Flowers blackish-green when dry, dis-
tinctly pedicellate. Exterior sepals unequal ; the upper one more than half as
large as the wings. Crest composed of 4-6 capitate or emarginate processes.
Style at first straight, afterwards curved above the middle : gland (stigma ?)
sessile. Capsule minute, dilated ; one of the cells usually abortive. Seed
black, slightly dotted. — Resembles P. cymosa; but that species has the
cyme simple, much smaller exterior sepals, and an inconspicuous crest.

7. P. cymosa (Walt.): cyme simple; spikes ovate; wings elliptical-ob-
long, rather obtuse, mucronulate ; superior sepal half as large as the wings,
rather obtuse ; lateral petals distinct nearly to the base; crest minute ; seed
subglobose, glabrous, without a caruncle; stem simple, terete, attenuated
upward; radical leaves linear-spatulate ; cauline ones linear-subulate, minute.
— Walt. Car. p. 179. P. graminifolia. Pair. diet. 5. p. 500 ; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 329. P. attenuata, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 90. P. corymbosa, Ell. sk. 2. p. 187.
(not of Michx.)

Ponds and swamps in pine barrens, North Carolina, Nuttall, to South Ca-
rolina ! and Florida ! June-Aug.— Stem 2-5 feet high. Radical leaves 2-5
inches long ; cauline ones gradually diminishing in size ; the uppermost mere
scales. Cyme always simple ; the peduncles short, squarrose with the per-
sistent bracts. Flowers yellow, drying blackish-green. Wings as long as
the corolla, obtuse, with a minute mucronate tip. Crest formed of 2-3 very
short subulate processes. Style curved toward the summit: the gland
nearly sessile.

8. P. Baklwinii (Nutt.) : Cyme compound ; spikes subglobose, compact ;
flowers (nearly white) on very short pedicels ; sepals all cuspidate ; the wing

PoLYGALA. POLYGALACEiE. 129

oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the corolla ; lateral petals distinct nearly
to the base ; crest rather conspicuous; seed ovate, very hairy; caruncle very
minute, 2-lobed ; stem simple, angular; radical leaves spatulate, obtuse; cau-
line ones lanceolate.— iV<;«. / gtn. 2.jj. 90; DC. prodr. l.p.329; Ell.sk.
2. p. 187.

0. chlargena : flowers green when dry.

Wet pine land, Georgia, Dr. Bald^cin! Lt Conte I— ^tem 2-3 feet high,
leafy to the summit. Leaves scarcely an inch long ; cauline ones acute.
Spikes squarrose Avith the cuspidate points of the wings. Bracts twice as
long as the pedicels. Flowers whitish even when dry ; except in 0. which, in a
dried state, are of a beautiful verdigris-green, very odorous (Le Conte.)
Wings nearly twice as long as the corolla, with along cuspidate point. Crest
consisting of' 4 narrow processes, the two exterior ones simple, the others bi-
fid. Style nearly straight: gland scarcely pedicellate. Seeds clothed with
spreading hairs.— The variety ji. has the flowers more distinctly pedicellate,
the cyme Avith longer branches, and the processes of the crest twice bifid.
It may prove to be a distinct species.

§ 3. Spikes oblong-cylindrical, compact, the fowers nearly sessile: keel
cristate : style 2-lobed, not cucullate in the middle : fdaments united
nearly to the middle : caruncle cristate, spongy.

9. P. incarnata (Linn.) : glaucous ; Avings lanceolate, much shorter than
the corolla ; claAvs of the petals united into a long slender cleft tube ; lamina
of the lateral petals oboA^ate ; stem slender, mostly simple ; leaves hnear-sub-
ulate, scattered. Avithout glandular dots.— Michx: ! f. 2. p. 52; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 464 ; Ell.'sk. 2. p. 185 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 327.

p. stem paniculately branched; leaves very minute; tube of the corolla
a little longer than the Avings. — P. paniculata, herb. Le Conte.

Dry soils, District of Columbia! to Florida! west to Arkansas! 6.
Georgia, Le Conte .'— Plant 1-2 feet high, erect. Leaves 4-6 lines long
(in /?. almost AA'anting). Spike 1-li inch long. Bracts subulate. FloAvers
pale purple or rose-color. Exterior sepals unequal, ovate-lanceolate. Wings
cuspidate, usually about half as long as the tube of the corolla. Lamina of
the petals distinct; the claAvs united Avith the filaments into a slender neaily
straight lube or sheath, Avhich is cleft on the inside : crest very conspicuous.
Style long and filiform the greater part of its length, curved tOAvards the sum-
mit, bearded at the extremity : gland sessile. Seed OA^ate, hairy. Caruncle
2-lobed, spongy or vesicular ;' the lobes projecting above the seed in the form
of a crest, and attached by the middle to the short neck or stipe of the seed.

10. P. setacea (Michx.): Avings oblong, abruptly acuminate, two-thirds the
length of the petals; tube of the corolla very short; stem filifonn, simple or
sparingly branched ; leaves very minute, scale-like. — Michx. ! Ji. 2. p. 52 ;
EU. sk. 2. p. 183 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328.

North Carolina, Michaux ! Georgia ! to Florida \—H 1 ((l) DC.) Stem
about a foot high, often Avith one or more long, slender, erect branches.
Leaves scarcely more than a line long, setaceous. Spike ^ of an inch long.
Flowers pale rose-color. Exterior sepals unequal ; the posterior ones ovate.
Petals united about half their length ; lamina of the lateral ones ovate :
crest conspicuous, composedof 6-8 filiform, sometimes emarginate, processes.
Stamens 6, distinctly diadelphous. Seed as in the preceding spscies.

§ 4. Spikes elongated or racemose : keel cristate : filaments united near-
ly to the stimmit : style dilated and cucullate in the middle: appendage,
of the caruncle 2-lobed.

17

130 POLYGALACEiE. Polygala.

11. P. verticillata (Linn.): spikes pedunculate, acute, dense; wings
roundish-obovate ; crest conspicuous; stem erect, branched; leaves verticil-
late, linear and lanceolate-linear, glandularly punctate. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p.
54; Niitt.! gen. 2. p. 89; Ell. s'k. 2. p. 182; DC. prodr. l.p.329; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 85.

Sandy fields and dry hill-sides, Canada! to Florida! and west to Akan-
sas ! June-Aug. — Stem 6-10 inches high. Leaves mostly in whorls of 4
or 5, but sometimes scattered. Spike 15-20-flowered, an inch or more in
length, 2 lines in diameter at the base, and tapering to a pretty acute summit.
Flowers very minute, greenish-Avhite. Bracts very deciduous. Exterior
sepals unequal ; the posterior ones ovate, twice as large as the other two.
Wings a little longer than the corolla. Lateral petals nearly as large as the
wings, and somewhat spreading. Style dilated and saccate almost imme-
diately above the ovary: gland inconspicuous; the terminal appendage
subulate, with a hairy tuft at the extremity. Seed oblong, hairy. Caruncle
with 2 distant oblong lobes nearly half the length of the seed. — In this and
the following species, the exterior sepals, the ovary, and the keel of the co-
rolla are furnished with oblong or linear vesicles, which are filled with a yel-
lowish farinaceous matter.

12. P. amhigua (Nutt.) : spikes pedunculate, acute, dense ; rachis squar-
rose with the persistent bracts ; Avings roundish ; stem erect, with virgate
branches ; leaves linear, not glandular, the lower ones sometimes verticillate,
the others scattered.— A'm^. .' gen. 2. p. 89; DC. prodr. I. p. 329; Darlingt.
f. Cest. p. 402.

Woods and sandy fields, often in wet places, New Jersey ! to Virginia,
Nuttall. Ang.-Sept.— @ Plant 8-12 inches high. Flowers greenish- white,
more or less tinged with purple. — Nearly related to the preceding species in
the structure of the flowers and seeds, as well as in general appearance.

13. P. bicolor (Kunth): spikes cylindrical, densely flowered ; exterior se-
pals with 2 thick parallel nerves ; leaves pellucid-punctate ; the lower ones
ternately or quinately verticillate ; upper ones linear-lanceolate. H. B. ^ K.
nov. gen. 5. p. 394. t. 509. e.v. DC. prodr. l.p. 327 ; Hook. jour. bat. 1. p. 194.

Near New-Orleans, Drummond. If ((T) DC.) Stem U foot or more in
height. The verticillate leaves obovate-lanceolate ; the upper and ahernate
ones linear. Spike very long: flowers much larger than in P. verticillata.
Hook. — We have not seen this plant. May it not be a variety of of P. ver-
ticillata or P. amhigua ? The " thick parallel nerves" of the sepals are pro-
bably the vesicles noticed in the preceding species.

14. P. leptocmdis : spike racemose, much elongated, very slender, loose ;
wings elliptical-obovate, about as long as the corolla; exterior sepals some-
what equal, acute ; crest conspicuous ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong ; lobes
of the caruncle very minute ; stem fiiliform, nearly simple, or with a few
long erect branches ; leaves linear, very narrow.

Texas, Dnnnmond ! — (T) Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves about
half an inch long, almost subulate, not dotted. Spike 1-2^ inches long. The
flowers about a line long, rather remote, pale purple, longer than the slender
pedicels. Exterior sepals somewhat equal. Wings narrowed into a short
claw at the base. Crest consisting of several filiform processes, equalling the
lateral petals. Style saccate, without the terminal appendage : gland obtuse,
sessile. Seed very hairy : the lobes of the caruncle collateral.

15. P. Beyrichii: spike dense, acute; flowers on very short pedicels;
wings orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the broadly obovate lateral
petals ; capsule oblong ; seed very villous with appressed hairs ; lobes of the
caruncle distant, about half as long as the seed ; stems numerous, somewhat
branched ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, somewhat glandular.

PoLYGALA. POLYGALACEiE. 131

Texas, Drummond ! Arkansas, Beyrich! — y About a foot high, angiilar.
Leaves an inch or more in length, and a line wide, rather thick, mucronate.
Spike 1-2 inches long: flowers as large as in P. Senega, closely approximat-
ed, white. Wings concave. Processes of the crest 6, short. Keel nuuked
with 3 yellow glands below the crest. Style short, broad and saccate; ap-
pendage short : gland prominent, but sessile. Capsule spotted with small
yellow glands.

16. P. Senega (Linn.) : spike dense, rather acute ; flowers on very short
pedicels; wings orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the obovate

Eetal.s ; capsule nearly orbicular ; seed somewhat hirsute with spreading
airs; lobes of the caruncle collateral, as long as the seed ; stems numerous,
simple ; leaves lanceolate, scabrous on the margin. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 894 ;
Walt. Car. p. 17S ; Bigel. ! med. hot. 2. p. 97. t. 30, <^Jl. Bost. p. 265 ; Bot.
mag. t. 1051; DC. prodr. 1. p. 330 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bar.-Am. 1. p. 85 ; Dar-
lingl. Jl. Cest. p. 403. P. Senega, a. albida, Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 53 ; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 465.
13. latijolia : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate at each end ; stem branched above.
Dry rocky woods, Saskatchawan River! to North Carolina! west to Ken-
tucky ! /!(. Kentucky, 6Vt07-;.' May-June. — U Root thick and rather ligneous.
Stems about half a foot high, somewhat inclined ; the base usually invested
with small oval scale-like leaves. Leaves 1-2 inches long, and 3-4 lines
wide (in 0. 3-4 inches lon^ and IJ inches wide), serrulatcly ciliolate. Spike
1-2 inches long, a little inclined : flowers greenish-white. Sepals all obtuse.
Crest short ; the processes iew and often partly confluent. Style short, ga-
leate and somewhat rostrate ; appendage wanting, but in its place a short
tuft of hairs. — Seneca Snake-root.

17. P. alba (Nutt.) : spike on a long peduncle; flowers nearly sessile;
wings rounded, about as long as the corolla ; stem simple ; leaves linear, re-
volute on the margin. Nictt. gen. 2. p. 87; DC. prodr. 1. p. 330.

Plains of the Missouri, common, the only species of the genus in that re-
gion. — U About 6 inches high. Leaves glabrous. Flowers white : bracts
lanceolate, deciduous. — Near P. Senega, but distinct. NuttaU. — We have
not seen this plant, but we suspect that it is a variety of P. Senega.

18. P. Boykinii (Nutt.): spike dense, acute; flowers distinctly pedicel-
late ; wings orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the obovate pe-
tals ; capsule broadly obovate ; seed very hirsute with appressed hairs ; lobes
of the caruncle collateral, two-thirds the length of the seed ; stems numerous
branching above ; leaves verticillate in fours and fives, obovate-oblong and
lanceolate. — Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. l.p. 86.

Milledgeville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin! Near the Apalachicola River, Flo-
rida, Croom! June-Sept. — Root like that of P. Senega. Stems 1-2 feet
high. Leaves about an inch long ; the lower ones nearly obovate ; upper ones
gradually narrower. Spikes 2 inches long, tapering to a narrow point.
Flowers resembling those of P. Senega: crest minute. Style short; appen-
dage subulate : gland somewhat pedicellate. — This species greatly resembles
P. distans, St. Hil. ft. Bras. 2. p. 24. t. 84.

19. P. Chapmanii : spike oblong, acute, loose; wings obovate, with a short
claw ; exterior sepals unequal ; the posterior one broadly ovate, obtuse ;
lateral petals obovate, distinct from the keel ; crest almost none ; seed obo-
vate, clothed with spreading hairs ; lobes of the caruncle minute, diverging;
stems filiform, somewhat branching ; leaves linear-subulate, numerous.

West Florida, Dr. Chapman ! — Glabrous. Stems about a foot high,
branching from the ba5e or only near the summit. Leaves 6-S lines Ions,
scarcely half a line wide. Spike 1-li inch long. Bracts minute, persistent.
Flowers bright rose-color, nearly as large as in P. sanguinea. Wings rather
longer than the corolla. Lateral petals united with the keel only at the base :

132 POLYGALACE^. Poltgala.

crest consisting of several very minute processes. Style slender, a little di-
lated in the middle; appendage conspicuously bearded: gland sessile. Seed
black ; the lobes of the caruncle scarcely one-tifth the length of the seed.

20. P. poly ga ma (Walt.) : terminal racemes spiciform, loose, the flowers-
at length pendulous ; wings broadly obovate, spreading, longer than the co-
rolla; crest conspicuous; radical racemes with wingless flowers; capsule
oblong, emarginate ; lobes of the caruncle more than half as long as the very
hairy seed; stems numerous, assurgent ; leaves oblong and oblong-hnear. —

Walt. Car. p. 179; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 75; Ell. sk. 2. p. 181 ; DC.prodr. 1.
p. 330 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 86. t. 29. P. rubella, IVilld. sp. 3. p. 875 ;
Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 264, ^ med. bot. t. 54 ; DC. I. r.

Dry sandy fields and woods, Canada! to Florida! and Louisiana! June-
July — (g) Stems 5-10 inches high. Leaves an inch long, mucronate. Ter-
minal racemes 6-15-flowered : pedicels slender : flowers larger than in P.
purpurea, deep rose-color or purplish. Wings with short claws. Processes
of the crest laciniate. Style short, cucuUate: gland exseited : appendage
strongly bearded. Radical racemes leafless, prostrate, often subterranean.

§ 5. Bac ernes loose: keel not cristate: upper half of the Jilaments un-
connected: style slender^ without lobes: caruncle helmet-shaped, with^
out appendages.

21. P. grandiflora (Walt.): pubescent; raceme elongated, the flowers
distant; pedicels recurved after floAvering; wings roundish (large) covering
the corolla and fruit; keel large, cucuUate, connected with the lateral petals
and filaments only at the base ; stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
ciliolate. — Walt. Car. p. 179. P. pubescens, Miihl. cat. p. 66 ; Nutt. gen.
2. p. 87 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 180 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 330. P. Senega, var. rosea,
Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 53 ; Piir.sh, ft. 2. p. 465. P. Senega, A. St. Hil. ^ Moq.-
Tand. in mem. mus. 17. t. 21. f. 17, ^ t. 28. /. 10.

Dry soils. South Carolina! to Florida and Louisiana! May-Aug. — 11
Root thick, tortuous. Stem about a foot high, simple or virgately branched.
Leaves 1-li inch long, 3-4 lines broad, tapering at each end. Raceme 12-
18-flowered ; the lowest flowers usually remote : pedicels 2-4 lines long.
The 2 inferior sepals united except at the summit. Wings one-fourth of an
inch in diameter, at first deep rose-color, afterwards green. Lateral petals
much shorter than the keel, dilated above, waved, bright rose-color : keel with
a mere callosity at the apex instead of a crest. Filaments monad elphous;
straight and unconnected above. Style a little dilated and tubular in the
middle ; the upper part curved, bearded on the under side below the glandu-
lar summit. Capsule oblong-obovate, emarginate, glabrous. Seed silky -vil-
lous. Caruncle about one-fifth as long as the seed, laterally compressed. —
This most remarkable of all the N. American Polygala?, and the only one
destitute of a crest, resembles P. brizoides, St. Hil. Michaux strangely
considered it a variety of P. Senega ; and St. Hilaire & Moquin-Tandon
have fallen into the same mistake, having figured the flowers and seed of
this species from Michaux's specimeii.

§ 6. Flowers few, large, terminal; posterior sepal concave-cucuUate,
with a gland at the base on the inside: keel cristate or callous at the
apex. (Cham^buxus, Dill.)

22. P. paucifolia (Willd.): rhizoma creeping and branching, throwing up
simple erect branches, leafy at the summit ; leaves ovate, petioled; terminal
flowers 2-3 ; crest fimbriate ; radical flowers wingless. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 880 ;

PoLTQALA. POLYGALACE.E. 133

Bart. fl. Amer.-Sept. 2. t. 5(5./ 1 ; DC. prodr. ]. p. 331 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 180;
Hook. ! bot. mag. t. 2852. f Jl. IJor.-Am. 1. p. 86. P. purpurea, Ail. hew.
4. p. 244. (not of Nutt.) P. unillora, Mich.i:.' fl. 2. p. 53. Tridisperina
grandiHora, Jiaf. speech. 1. p. 7.

/?. a//>a (Eights): flower solitary, smaller, white; stem somewhat leafy at
the base. Jieck, bot. p. 46.

Sphagnous swamps, often in mountainous situations, Saskatrhawan Ri-
ver! to'Oeorgia. 0. Sand plains near Albany, JJr. J. Eiirfit.'i. May.— 1(
Stalks 3-4 inches high, the lower part scaly.' Leaves 4-5, about an inch
long and half an inch or more wide. Flowers nearly i' of an inch long-,
deep rose-color ; the pedicels 5-6 lines in length. Wings obovate, attenuate
at the base, as long as the corolla. Lateral petals obi. ng, concave, united to
the keel the greater part of their length : crest conspicuous, compound. An-
thers bilabiare, imperfectly 2-celled. Style long, a little curved, slightly en-
larging upward ; the orifice irregularly 4-toothed, without hairs. — In the struc-
ture of the flowers this species strongfy resembles P. Chamaebuxusof Europe.

J Species of ichich the flowers and fruit are not sufficiently described.

23. P. Nutkana (Moe. ic. ined.) : racemes loose, 4-5-flowered ; wings or-
bicular; capsule emarginate ; stem somewhat shrubby at the base; leaves
oval, petioled, acuminate at each end. DC. prodr. 1. p. 330.

Nootka, North-west America. DC. — There is not improbably some mis-
take about the habitat of this plant, as no species of the genus has been
found by other observers on the Pacific coast of N. America.

24. P. attenuata (Hook.): racemes loose, attenuated at the apex ; pedicels
as long as the flowers ; wings ovate, acute, concave, scarcely longer than
the bearded keel; stem slender, elongated, angular, branched ; leaves linear,
opposite, rarely quaternate; upper ones alternate. Jlook. in jour. bot. 1. p.
.195. (not of Xutt.)

Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drvmmond. — (Tj Stems very slender, erect, about
a foot and a half high. Flowers greenish. — Habit of P. ambigua and P.
ganguinea, but very diH"erent in size, and in the flowers and racemes. Hook.
— We are unacquainted with this plant. The two species which it is said
.by Hooker to resemble are very unlike each other.

Suborder KRAMERIE/E. Mart.

Sepals 5, or rarely 4, more or less irregular, much spreading, colored,
deciduous, in aestivation imbricated in a triple series; the two outer
ones anterior and posterior ; the two intermediate ones lateral and
alternate with the exterior pair ; and tiie innermost usually smaller,
situated either to the right or left of the posterior exterior sepal, some-
timcK wanting. Petals 5, or rarely 4, hypogynous, smaller than the
sepals ; the three superior with long and slender claws (the lamina
sometin>es abortive), severally alternating with the two (outer and
inner) posterior and the lateral sepals ; the claws sometimes united
into a slender column, which alternates with the two posterior sepals
when both are present, or is placed opposite to the exterior sepal when
the other is abortive ; the two lower petals (scales, abortive stamens ?
Kunth) opposite the lateral sepals (in K. cistoidea, ex Hook. 4' Arn. and
in K. lanceolata !), or alternating with these and the anterior sepal
(ex A. St. Hil.), sessile, fleshy, much smaller than the others and remote
from them. Stamens 4, hypogynous, naore or less unequal, declined ;

134 KRAMERIEiE. Kkameria;

two usually lonjrer, alternate with the lateral unguiculate and the
lower or fleshy petals ; and two close together, alternate with the supe-
rior and the lateral petals : filaments thick, distinct, or the interme-
diate ones united, or (in K. lanceolata) all more or less united : an-
thers innate, fleshy, somewhat conical, 2-celled, opening at the apex
by a single or douhle pore. Ovary 1- (or incompletely 2-) celled,
densely hairy, gibbous : style subulate, ascending : stigma minute :
placenta posterior or next the upper petal : ovules 2, pendulous from
near the summit of the cell. Fruit between woody and leathery, glo-
bose, glochidate, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Seed roundish,
ovate, anatropous, with a membranous testa : albumen none. Em-
bryo straight : cotyledons roundish, plano-convex, fleshy. — Spreading
or procumbent under-shrubs, much branched from the base, silky or
hirsute with simple hairs : the root astringent and very bitter. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate, simple or rarely 3-foliolate, entire. Peduncles
terminal and axillary toward the summit of the branches, sometimes
more properl}^ racemed, 1-flowered, 2-bracteolate in the middle.

Hooker and Arnott {hot. Beeckey^s voij. p. 9. t. 5. 1831), in their elaborate account
of the structure and affinities of Krameria, have corrected an important error in the
character given by St. Hilaire {riiem. mus. 17. t. 31, and 19, p. 336 ; 4- in ji. Bras,
merid.; copied also in Lindl. nat. syst. ed. 2. 1836.), wiio describes the three ungui-
culate petals, and consequently the sepal accompanying the smaller internal one, as
inferior or anterior; the structure according to this view being nearly the same as in
Polygalaceas. Hooker and Arnott remark that they are borne out in tlieir view of
the position of the parts of the tlower (which supposes an inversion of the com-
mon arrangement in Polygalacea; to take place), by Ruiz and Pavon, Jussieu, and
Kunth; and their view is fully sustained by the structure of K. lanceolata, although,
on account of the twisting of the peduncles, the petals often appear, at first sight,"to
be anterior. St. Hilaire is equally mistaken in considering the side of the ovary
which is turned away from the ' lower' (that is, according to his view, the ungui-
culale) petals as placentiferous: but the affinities suggested by Hooker and Arnott
are not borne out by the correction, unless the ovary is proved to be monocarpellary,
which is probably not the case. The innermost sepal may either be situated on the
left of the exterior upper sepal (as in K. grandiflora figured by St. Hilaire ; the
flower being brought into its true position), or more commonly on the right : in
K. lanceolata we find this sepal sometimes dextral and sometimes sinistral.

2. KRAMERIA. Lceji. ; Rxiiz f Pav. prodr. fl. Per. ^ Chil. t. 3 ; .4. St.
Hil. I. c. 19. p. 336 ; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechey's voy. p. 8.

Character same as of the Suborder.

1. K. lanceolata (Torr.): branches mostly procumbent, many-flowered;
lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate ; the others nar-
rowly linear ; peduncles hibracteate above the middle, longer than the leaves ;
sepals 5, nearly equal ; unguiculate petals 3, the claws united their whole
length; stamens 4; filaments monadelphous. — Torr.! in ann. lye. New-
York, 2. p. 168.
.In sandy soil on the upper part of the Arkansas or the Canadian, Dr.
James! Prairies west of Fort ^Towson, Dr. Leavemcorth ! Texas,
Drummo7ul ! Tampa Bay, E. Florida, in pine woods, Dr. Bin-rows !
and Dr. Leavenworth! May. — Canescently hirsute. Stems numerous;
branches slender, often a foot or more long. • Lower cauhne leaves about f
of an inch long, and 2 lines broad, sometimes obtuse ; those of the branches
usually longer. Peduncles on the prostrate branches secund, often twice the
length of the leaves, forming as it were loose leafy racemes. Sepals purple

NoisETTiA. VIOLACE^. 135

within, ovate-lanceolatP ; the inner superior one mostly seated on the left.
Upper petals a little shorter than the sepals; the claws united into a linear-
fihtbrm column; laininai small, roundish-obovate, distinct, equal, of a rather
firm texture : lower petals scarcely longer than the ovary, glabrous. Sta-
mens shorter than the upper petals : filaments sometimes monadelphous at
the base, sometimes united almost to the summit: anthers attenuate above,
the apex produced into a short somewhat dilated membranaceous tube.
Ovary densely hirsute and spinulose, imperfectly 2-celled in the youngest
state by the projection of the placental ridge. Style rigid, quadrangular, a
little declined. Immature pericarp 2-seeded ; one of the seeds perhaps at
length abortive. — Apparently more nearly allied to K. linearis, Poir. (K.
pentapetala, Ruiz ^ Par.), which has (according to the figure in the Flora
Peruviana) the three upper petals united throughout ; the compound lamina
being merely 3-toothed. In a single flower of our species we observed the
suppression of one of the upper petals, and in another case two of them
were apparently wanting.

Order XVIII. VIOLACE^. DC.

Sepals 5, persistent, distinct or slightly united, and often auricled
or produced at the base, imbricated in aestivation, the anterior and
two posterior being exterior, and the two lateral ones interior. Pe-
tals 5, alternate with the sepals, hypogynous, marcescent or deciduous,
on short claws, commonly unequal, the superior one (which by the
resupination of the flower becomes inferior) usually spurred or sac
cate at the base : aestivation obliquely convolute. Stamens 5, alter-
nate with the petals, inserted on the hypogynous disk or torus : an-
thers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, opening longitudinally : filaments di-
lated, elongated beyond the anthers ; two of them generally furnished
with a spur-like appendage or gland at the base. Ovary composed of
3 united carpels, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae opposite the outer
sepals : style usually declined, with an oblique cucullate stigma.
Capsule l-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, bearing the many- (rarely few-)
seeded placentae on the middle of the valves. Seeds anatropous,
usually with a distinctly marked chalaza, and a crustaceous testa.
Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves simple, petioled, alternate or rarely opposite, with an involute
vernation : stipules persistent or marcescent. Flowers axillary.

1. NOISETTIA. H. B. ^ K. nov. gen. 5. p. 382; DC. prodr. l.p. 290.

Sepals unequal, decurrent on the pedicel at the base ; the 2 inferior ones
often inequilateral. Petals very unequal, persistent; the superior (or appa-
rently inferior) one large, somewhat unguiculate, with a long spur at the base.
Stamens distinct: fiilaments short: anthers sagittate, the 2 anterior ones with
a long subulate process at the base. Ovary Avith numerous ovules. Capsule

136 VIOLACEiE. Viola.

ovate : placentae linear. — Erect shrubs, Avith alternate leaves. Stipules in
pairs. Flowers in axillary many-flowered racemes, or in crowded fascicles :
pedicels with 2 bracteoles near the middle.

1. N. acuminata (DC): leaves lanceolate, on short petioles, eiliate, tooth-
ed, the apex produced into a long entire point ; pedicels solitary, rather short-
er than the leaves. DC. prodr. 1. p. 290.

North America, Michaux, ex DC. — This plant is inserted on the authority
of De CandoUe, who states that he saw it in the herbarium of the Museum
of Paris, imder the name of Violseoides, Miclur. mss. He asks whether it is
not a variety of N. orchidiflora. It has doubtless been recorded as a native
of N. America by mistake.

2. VIOLA. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 112 ; Gingins, in DC. prodr. 1. p. 23T.

Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at the base. Petals unequal ; the su-
perior (by resupination inferior) one spurred at the base. Stamens approxi-
mated, filaments distinct, dilated at the base ; the two lower ones with ap-
pendages on the back which are concealed in the spur : anthers connate ; the
lobes diverging at the base. Ovary sometimes surrounded at the base by the
concave torus, and then apparently half inferior. Capsule bursting elastically..
Seeds horizontal, Avith an evident caruncle. — Low herbaceous plants, mostly
perennial, with a short subterraneous stem or rhizoma (and then called acaur
lescent or stemless), or caulescent. Leaves alternate. Peduncles angular,
solitary, 1-flowered, Avith two little bracteoles, recurved at the summit, so
that the flower is resupinate or nodding.

§ 1. Stigma rostrate; the beak more or less recurved, with a foramen at
the extremity, margined or convex on the back: style attenuated from
the summit to the base : stamens oblong : torus fattish : capsule often
2-sided: seeds mwieroiis (15-30). Gingins.

* ^caulescent.

1. V. pedaia (Linn.): nearly glabrous ; leaves pedately about 7-parted j
segments linear-lanceolate, entire, or incisely 3-toothed at the summit ; stig-
ma large and thick, margined, obliquely truncate ; beak very short ; petals all
glabrous. — Michx: ! fl. 2. p. 151 ; Schwein. ! man. Viol, in Sill. jour. 5.
p. 50; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 249; DC. prodr. 1. ^.291; Le Conte ! mon. Viol,
in ann. lye. New-York, 2. p. 147. Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 74. V. digitata,
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 171; V. flabellifolia, Lod'd. bot. cab. t. 111.

Dry sandy Avoods and on rocky hills, British America, lat. 53^, to Florida !
and west to Illinoi*— Rhizoma thick. Leaves of a firm texture ; the seg-
ments sometimes very narroAv and laciniate. Stipules ciliate. Flowers
very large, usually bright blue, sometimes pale or even white.

2. V. delphinifolia (l^uU. I mss.): "minutely pubescent ; leaves pedately
7-9-parted ; segments linear, 2-3-cleft ; stigma thick, distinctly rostrate ; the
2 superior petals pubescent ; the 3 inferior emarginate ; spur saccate, short.

" Prairies of Missouri, near Independence, not uncommon. March. —
Rhizoma thick. Leaves pubescent on the margin and nerves; often finely
divided, Avith numerous lobes. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, much acuminated,
neaily entire. Peduncles, at the time of floAA^ering, a little longer than the

Viola. VIOLACEiE. 137

leaves; the bracts minute and alternate. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers
a little smaller than in the preceding species, brilliant blue. Cusps of the
anthers remarkably broad. Style short, clavate.— This species, on the Mis-
souri, appears to take the place of V. pedata." Nutt.

3. V. palinata (Linn.) : pubescent ; leaves cordate, palmately or hastately
lobed (rarely entire) ; lobes crenate and toothed, the middle one much lar-
ger ; stigma triangular, the beak short; inferior petals bearded.— ^/it/i.?-. .'
Jl.2. p. 161; Ell. .sA-. 1. ;;. 300; Schwfin. f I.e.; Torr.! fi. 1. p. 249;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 292; Le Conte ! I c. ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 74. V. hct-
erophylla, Lc Conte! I. c. V. ranunculifolia, Juss. in JRcfin. f Schull. syst.
5. p. 352 1

Low grounds, Canada ! to New Orleans T west to Arkansas! May. —
Rhizoma thick. Leaves variable in form and degree of pubescence ; rarely
alnw^t glabrous, sometimes woolly ; the early ones nearly or quite entire,
and somewhat ovate and reniform; the base usually more or less hastate;
under surface often purplish. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue, rarely
white.

4. V. cucullata (Ait.): glabrous or rarely somewhat pubescent; leaves
reniform-cordate, somewhat acute, cucuUate at the base, crenately sern'tp ;
stigma triangular, margined; lower petals bearded. — Ait. Kew. 3'. p. 288 ;
PursK ft. 1. p- 172; Bis^el. ! ft. Bost. p. 60 ; Ell sk. 1. p. 298; Schwein. !
I. c. ; Torr.! f. 1. p. 251 ; Le Conte ! mon. I c. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 292;
Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. lb. V. papilionacea, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 173; DC.
prodr. I. c. V. obliqua, Ait. I. c. ; Schwein.! I. c.j Torr. ! I. c. V. affinis,
Le Conte ! I. c.

0. congener : villous ; leaves broadly and somewhat reniformly cordate,
crenately toothed, somewhat lobed. — V. congener, Le Conte! I. c.

y.l sororia : nearly glabrous ; leaves exactly cordate; flowers small. — V.
sororia, Willd. horf. Berol. t. 72.

i. alba: smoothish ; flowers white.

e. reniforinis : glabrous ; leaves broadly reniform.

Fields, woods, and wet meadows; Arctic America ! to Florida! /S.Geor-
gia, Le Conte ! j . Dry hill-sides, Massachusetts to New Jersey ! S. Ken-
tucky, Short ! f. Massachusetts, Pickering f April-May. — A very vari-
able species. In wet or shady places it is perfectly glabrous, but in expos-
ed situations more or less pubescent.

5. F. septemloba (Le Conte) : glabrous and shining ; leaves somewhat
succulent, ovate-cordate ; lowest ones entire, the others pedately 7-lobed
with the middle lobe largest : lateral petals bearded. Jje Conte .' I. c.

Pine Avoods of the low country of Carolina and Georgia, Le Conte ! — Pe-
duncles longer than the leaves. Flowers generally blue, varying to white.
Lower petal large, villous at the base, and, as well as the lateral ones, mark-
ed with deeper blue lines. Le C. — We fear that this species is only a variety
of V. palmata.

6. V. Selkirkii (Go\die): leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutelv hir-
sute above, glabrous beneath, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stigma tri-
angular, margined, with a distinct beak ; spur nearly as long as the lamina,
thick, very obtuse. — G oldie ! in Edinb. phil. jour. 6. p. 319; Hook. ! jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 75.

Hills about Montreal, Lower Canada, Goldie, Dr. Holmes ! Mountains
of Massachusetts, Dewey ! Woody hill-sides in the Western part of the
State of New-York! — Rhizoma somewhat creeping. Leaves numerous,
forming a little tuft, on long petioles ; lamina an inch broad, somewhat
acute, or obtuse. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers much small-
er than in V. cucullata : petals pale blue, obovate ; spur very conspicuous,
soBoewhat dilated at the extremity. — A very distinct species.

18

138 VIOLACEiE. Viola.

7. V. sagittata (Ait.) : glabrous or a little pubescent ; leaves oblong,
acute, cordate-sagiitate and incised at the base ; stigma depressed, margined ;
inferior petal glabrous, the rest bearded.— .4t7. Kew. 3. p. 287 ; Fursh, fi. 1.
p. 172; Null. gen. 1. ]>. 147; Schwdn.'. I.e.; Torr. ! ji. 1. p. 250; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 299 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 294 ; Le Conte ! I. c.

/?. ovata : villous ; leaves ovate, somewhat cordate, crenate, often lacer-
ately toothed at the base ; petiole margined.— V. ovata, Nutt. ! gen. 1. p.
148 ; Schxcein.! I. c. ; Torr. I I. c; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293 ; Hook. f. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 76. V. primulifolia, Pursh, fi. 1. p. 172 (not oi Linn.). V. Al-
leghaniensis, Roem. <S; Schult. syst. 5. p. 560; DC. I. c.

y. emarginata (Nutt.): glabrous ; leaves almost triangular, lacerately
toothed near the base ; petals emarginate. or bidentate. Nutt. h c. ; Schicein. !
I. c. V. emarginata. Le Conte! I. c. V. dentata, Pursh, fi. 1. p. 172?

Hill-sides and fields, Canada ! to Florida ! west to Arkansas ! /?. New
Jersey. April-May. — Rhizoma short and thick. Leaves usually a little
pubescent on the upper surface, crenately toothed, often somewhat hastate
at the base: petioles about as long as the lamina. Peduncles commonly long-
er than the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue. Spur short and
very obtuse.

8. V. villosa (Walt.): pubescent; leaves plane (appressedto the ground),
ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, crenately-toothed, sinus nearly closed ; petals
mostly villous, the lateral ones bearded.— Wa/f. Car. p. 219; Ell.sk. I. p.
297; 'Schwein. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 295; Le Conte ! I. c.

Sandy pine and oak woods, in the southern States ! March-April—
Leaves very pubescent but not villous, rather thick, becoming nearly glabrous
late in the season, variegated with purple veins, often entirely purple under-
neath. Flowers small, pale blue. Le Conte.— This species appears to be
confined to the Southern States. We have not had an opportunity of ex-
amining the stigma.

9. V. rotundi folia (Michx.) : leaves orbicular-ovate, cordate, somewhat
crenate, nearly glabrous, the sinus closed ; petiole pubescent (flowers yellow) ;
stigma recurved at the apex, margined ; lateral petals bearded ; sepals ob-
tuse ; spur almost none.— Mic/i.r. 7 fi. 2. p. 150; Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 149;
Schwein.! I. c ; Torr.! fl.l.p.252; BigeL! fl. Bost. p. 97 ; DC. ])rodr.
l.p. 295 (excl. syn. Pursh); Le Conte! I. c. ; Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 77.

P.pallens (herb. Banks): smooth ; sepals acuminate. DC. I. c.

Shady rocky woods and hill-sides. New England! Western part of the
States of New-York ! and Pennsylvania! to the high mountains of Carohna,
MichaiLv! 0. Labrador, Banks. May.— Rhizoma rather thick, throwing out
long stolons from the neck late in the season. Leaves spreading and appressed
to the ground, at the flowering time about an inch in length, but later in
the season 3-4 inches long and nearly three inches in diameter; the veins of
the under surface slightly pubescent. Flowers small, pale yellow: petals
broadly ovate, sometimes emarginate, the lateral ones with 3 brown striae ;
upper one small.— This may be the V. obUqua of Alton, which is described
as having straw-colored flowers ("petala straminea").

10. V. blanda ( Willd.) : leaves broadly cordate, slightly pubescent above,
the sinus rounded ; petiole glabrous ; stigma capitate, depressed, margined,
with a recurved beak; petals beardless (white) ; rhizoma creeping.— JrtV/rf.
hart. Berol. t. 24 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 149; Schwein. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! fi. 1. p.
254; DC. prodr. 1. p. 295; Le Conte! I. c. V. clandestina, Pursh! fi. 1.
p. 173 (excl. syn. Michx.) V. obliqua, Pursh, I. c. V. amoena, Le Conte !

I. c.

Wet meadows, Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! April-May— Leaves nearly
flat membranaceous, often reniform-cordate, sometimes rather acute when
young, but at length rounded at the summit. Flowers small, odorous : pe-

Viola. VIOLACE^. 139

tals obtuse ; the inferior and lateral ones strongly veined with puryile. — V.
clandestina, Pursh, of which we have seen specimens in Lambert's licrba-
rium,is only the apetalous state of this species, which like most other violets
with subterraneous stems, puts forth, late in the season, stolons, which
bear one or more apetalous flowers.

11. V. primuhp folia (Linn.): leaves oblong, somewhat cordate, the lamina
abruptly decurrent on the petiole, the under surface and the peduncles a lit-
tle pubescent; stigma capitate, margined (flowers white); lateral petals
bearded; rhizoma creeping. — Null.! gen. 1. p. 149 ; Schwein. I. c; Ell. sk.
1. p. 297 (excl. syn. Pursh) ; Torr. ! fi. 1. j). 253 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293 ; Le
Conte ! I. c.

0. acuta: leaves ovate, glabrous; petals acute, lateral ones nearly gla-
brous.— V. acuta, Bigel. ! fl. Bost. p. 9.5 ; Torr. ! jl. I. c.

Wet meadows, Massachusetts ! to Florida !~west to Kentucky, Short.
/5. Moist grounds, near Boston, Bigelow ! April- June. — Plant usually 2-3
inches high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, shorter than the peduncles, mostly
somewhat cordate at the base, but sometimes merely truncate: petiole
shorter than the lamina. Flowers odorous : spur short, very obtuse.

12. V. lanceolata (Linn.) : glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the
base into a long petiole, rather obtuse, obscurely crenately serrate ; stigma
with a short recurved beak, somewhat quadrangular and margined ; petals
(white) beardless.— McA.r. .' fi. 2. p. 150; Null. ! gen. \.p. 150 ; Schwein.!
I. c. ; Torr.! fl.\. p. 253; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293; Le Conte ! I. c. ; Hook.!
Jl. Bor.-Am. l.;j. 76.

Wet meadows and swamps, Canada ! to Florida ! west to Texas !
Drummond! April-May.— Rhizoma creeping; often bearing very long
creeping stolons with an apetalous flower on a short peduncle at each joint.
It sometimes produces perfect flowers late in the season.

1.3. V.palustris {Iauxv.): leaver reniform-cordate ; stipules broadly ovate,
acuminate; stigma margined; sepals ovate, obtuse; capsule oblong, trian-
gular ; seeds ovate, dark green. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 294.

[i. Pennsyh-anica (DC): flowers purple; petals somewhat orbicular.—
DC! I.e.

Summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, Dr. Boott ! Mr.
Oakes ! Wet places among the Rocky Mountains, and in Oregon, Nuitall!
—Rhizoma articulated, creeping, somewhat scaly. Flowers resembling
those of V. cucuUata, but considerably smaller and of a pale lilac color.

* * Caulnscent : stigma coiixex, not margined.

14. V. Langadorffii {Fischer) : leaves roundish-cordate, nearly glabrous;
stipules ovate," setaceously acuminate, the lowest ones wnth bristly teeth;
stem at length elongated, oblique at the base ; inferior petals somewhat
rhomboidal; spur broadlv saccate, very obtuse. DC. prodr. 1. p. 296;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 77.

Island of Uualaschka, Chamisso.

15. V. striata (Alt.): glabrous; stem angular, oblique, branching ; leaves
roundish-cordate or someAvhat ovate, upper ones a little acuminate ; stipules
oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; stigma tubular, recurved, pubescent at the
summit; spur somewhat produced.— .4(7. Kew. {ed. 1.) 3. p. 291; Pursh!
Jl. 1. p. 174; Natl.! gen. 1. p. 150; Ell. sk. I. p. 301 (excl. syn. Michx. <^-

Walt.) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 297 ; Le Conte ! I. c. V. ochroleuca, Schicein. !
I. c; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 255; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 77. V. repens,
Schwein. I. c. 'V. Lewisiana,* DC. I c. V. debilis, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 150 1

* Gingins and CandoUe mistook ihe Christian name of Mr. Schweinitz for the
surname.

140 VIOLACEiE. Viola.

Wet meadowi=, chiefly in mountainous districts, Canada! to Georgia!
west to Kentucky ! and Illinois. April-May.— Plant 6-12 inches high.
Leaves 1-li inch broad, crenately toothed: stipules conspicuous. Flowers
large, sulphur-yellow: peduncles longer than the leaves: lateral petals beard-
ed. — Perhaps V. debilis of Michaux should rather be referred to V. Muhlen-
bergii; but his specimens of that species are imperfect, and we were unable
to determine them with certainty.

16. F. Muhlenbergii (Torr.): glabrous; stem assurgent or somewhat
prostrate; leaves reniform-cordate, the upper ones a little acuminate, cre-
natelv serrate ; stipules lanceolate, deeply serrate-ciliate ; stigma tubular,
papillose, pubescent; spur produced.— Tarr. .' /. 1. p. 256. V. Muhlen-
bergiana, Ging. in DC. prodr. \. p. 297; Le Conte ! I. c; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 78. V. uliginosa & asarifolia, Mv.Jd. ! cat. p. 25. V. debilis,
Pursh! fl. \.p. 174 (excl. syn.). V. punctata (fc V. uliginosa, Schicein.!
I.e. v. Labradorica, Schrank ; DC. I. c.

a. albiflora (Hook.): stems very short; leaves cordate-ovate or ovate,
densely pubescent ; flowers white. — Hook. I. c.

y. multicanlis : stems numerous, prostrate; leaves cordate-reniform, ob-
tuse, rather thick, minutely pubescent on both sides ; stigma very acute, re-
curved ; lateral petals distinctly bearded.

Swamps, and in dry shady places, Labrador ! and British America (lat.
59-^) to New Orleans! west to the Rocky Mountains! P. British America,
Eichardson. y. Rocks near Kentucky River, Short. April-May.— Stem
6-10 inches long, branched from the base, when old decumbent and genicu-
late. Veins of the under surface of the leaves sometimes pubescent. Flow-
ers middle-sized, rather pale blue: lateral petals usually glabrous. Spur
often more than half the length of the petal— Very near V. canina of Eu-
rope; a species which is said by De CandoUe to occur on the N. W. Coast,
but which has not been found by any of the recent travellers in that region.
The var. y. may prove to be a distinct species. When it first begins to flower
the stem is very short, but at length it throws off prostrate branches, which
produce tufts of leaves and flowers at the extremity.

17. F. longipes (Nutt. ! mss.) : "glabrous or slightly pubescent; stem short,
somewhat decumbent ; leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, more or less decurrent
at the base, repandly crenate ; stipules linear-lanceolate, remotely spinulose-
denticulate or lacerately cihate ; peduncles elongated ; stigma slightly ros-
trate, slender, papillose ; spur produced, obtuse. V. debilis, Nutt. ! in jour,
acad. Philad. 7. p. 15, not of Micl\a\

" Borders of woods and in bushy plains near the Oregon, and in the
Rocky Mountains.— Root creeping. Stem 1-2 inches long. Leaves on
petioles which are 2-3 times as long as the lamina, dotted with minute brown
glands: stipules conspicuous, 6-8 lines long. Peduncles overtopping the
leaves: bracts above the middle, linear-subulate. Flowers as large as in V.
Muhlenbergii, deep blue. Appendages of the anthers filiform." Am«.— The
V. canina, Richards, in upp. Frankl. journ. is supposed by Nuttail to be a
variety of this species.

18. F. rostrata (Pursh) : glabrous ; stems numerous, assurgent, terete ;
leaves cordate, the upper ones acute, serrate ; stipules lanceolate, serrate-
ciliate; stigma glabrous, tubular, erect, minute ; petals beardless; spur longer
than the corolla.— Pz^rs^, fl. 1. p. 72 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 150 ; Schicein. 1. c. ;
Torr. ! fi.\. p- 256 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 298 ; Le Conte ! I. c. ; Hook.f. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 78.

Moist rocky situations, Canada ! to Virginia ; Avest to Ohio and Kentucky.
May. — Stems 4-6 inches high. Sinus of the leaves open. Flowers large,
pale blue. Petals beardless, slightly veined with deep blue. Spur slender

VjoLA. VIOLACE^. 141

and rather acute, sometimes nearly twice the length of the petals. Appen-
dages of the anthers filiform, extending nearly the entire length of the spur.

19. V. adunca (Smith) : stem ascending, somewhat simple ; leaves ovate
and cordate-ovate, coriaceous, crenate, covered with distinct brown dots ; sti-
pules lanceolate, acuminate, dentate-ciliate; stigma somewhat rcHexed, gla-
brous; sepals linear-lanceolate; petals scarcely longer than the spur, two of
them bearded ; peduncles much longer than the leaves. Smith, in Rees,
cycL; Hook.ji. Bar. -Am. !./>. 79.

North-west coast, Menzies, Douglas. — Leaves of a dusky hue. Flow-
ers deep purple-blue. Spur obtuse, straight or uncinate. Hook.

§ 2. Stigma capitate, bearing a ttift of hairs on each side, icith a mi-
nute somewhat lateral foramen: style compressed, clavate: stajnens
oblong, approximate: torus rather Jlat: capsule often triangular.
Gingins.

20. V. Nuttallii (Pursh): stem erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, some-
what pubescent or nearly glabrous, undivided, nearly entire, attenuated into
a long petiole ; stipules lanceolate, entire ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate ;
petals ovate-lanceolate ; spur very short ; peduncles shorter than the leaves. —
Pursh, f. l.p. 174; Schwein. ! I.e.; DC.prodr. 1. p. 300; Le Conte! I.
c. ; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 9. t. 26; Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. l.p. 16.

Sandy plains of the Missouri, Nutt all ! Saskatchawan, Drummond;
sources of the Oregon, Mr. Wyeth ! — Rhizoma ascending. Stems nume-
rous, short. Leaves sometimes obscurely sinuate-toothed. Flovv'ers small,
pale yellow. " Pubescence of the depressed stigma very minute." Nutt.

21. V. lingucefolia (Nutt. mss.) : "pubescent ; stem scarcely any ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, somewhat serrate, on very long petioles ; bracts of the
peduncles minute ; stigma thick and clavate, with scarcely any beak; sepals
long and narrow, linear ; petals linear-oblong, somewhat emarginate.

" Kamas Prairie, near the sources of the Oregon, Mr. Wyeth. — Flowers
yellow, larger than in the preceding. Intermediate between V. Nuttallii and
the succeeding species." Nuitatl.

22. V. prcsmorsa (Doug].): hirsute or very pubescent; stems erect, short;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate or nearly entire ; stipules lance-
olate, entire; stigma clavate-capitate, conspicuously pubescent above, mi-
nutely beaked ; petals obovate ; spur very short ; peduncles longer than the
leaves.— Lindl. in bot. reg. t. 1254 ; Hook. ! ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 80.

Dry plains of the Oregon, and on the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! Douglas.
Fort Vancouver, Dr. Scolder ! Plant 6 inches high, usually densely hir-
sute with short spreading hairs. Flowers rather large, yellow, on peduncles
which are mostly shorter than the leaves. Lower petal emarginate, veined
with brown.

23. V. pedunculata : somewhat pubescent ; stem short ; leaves rhombic-
ovate, crenately toothed, abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole; stipules
linear-lanceolate, entire ; stigma somewhat triangular, emarginate ; spur very
short ; appendages of the inferior stamens wing-form, a little produced at the
base.

California, Douglas! — Lamina of the leaves scarcely an inch long, rather
thick, with coarse obtuse teeth. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves.
Flower large, deep yellow. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals broadly obovate ;
the 2 upper ones with conspicuous claws ; lateral ones bearded at the base.
Summit of the filaments rounded. Stigma with a minute lip on the lower
edge.

21. V. hastata (Michx.): nearly glabrous; stem simple, erect; leaves

142 VIOLACE^. Viola.

deltoid-lanceolate, hastate and rhombic-ovate, repandly toothed ; stipules
ovate, acute ; stigma somewhat incurved, emarginate ; sepals lanceolate,
acute; spur very short. — Michx. ! Jl. 2. jj. 1^9 ; Ell sk. 1. p. 202 ; Schwein.!
I. c; Torr.! fl. \. p. 257; DC.prodr. 1. p. 300; Le Conte! I. c. V. gib-
bosa, /?o/.; DC. I.e.

Shady w^oods, particularly in mountainous regions, Pennsylvania ! to
Florida! — Rhizoma long and creeping. Stem 4-10 inches high. Radical
leaves dilated and truncate at the base. Peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Flowers smaller than in V. pubescens, yellow: lateral petals slightly bearded.
Stigma hairy on each side, with a deep furrow on the top.

25. V. tripartita (Ell.) : hirsute ; stem simple, leafy only at the summit ;
leaves deeply 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, toothed. Ell. sk. p. 2. 302 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 300. V. hastata, /?. Le Conte, I. c.

Near Athens, Georgia. — Stem about a foot high ; the young plant villous.
Leaves divided to the base, sometimes trifoliolate, very hairy ; segments
sometimes acuminate. Stipules lanceolate, villous, entire or serrulate. Pe-
duncles long, slender, bracteate Avith 2 minute alternate scales near the
middle. Flowers yellow. Sepals acute. The lower petal beautifuUy streak-
ed with purple. Elliott.

26. V. pubescens (Ait.) : villous ; stem erect, naked below ; leaves broad-
ly cordate, toothed ; stipules ovate, somewhat toothed ; sepals oblong-lance-
olate; spur very short, a little saccate. — Ait. Keio. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 290; Nutt!
gen. 1. p. 150 ; Schwein. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 257 ; Le Conte ! I. c. V.
Pennsylvanica, Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 149.

/i. eriocarpa (Nutt.) : capsules densely villous. Nutt. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! I. c.
V. eriocarpa, Schwein. ! I. c. ; DC. I. c.

y. scabriuscula: branching from the root ; sterns decumbent, nearly gla-
brous; leaves smaller, somewhat scabrous, but hardly pubescent; capsule
glabrous, or villous. — V. scabriuscula, Schwein.! mss.

Dry woods, Canada ! to Georgia ! west the Council Blutfs on the Mis-
souri. J.Pennsylvania, Darlington! Kentucky, Dr. Short ! April-May.
— Stem 6-12 inches high, with naked stipules at the base. Leaves 2-3
on the upper part of the stem, somewhat acuminate, rarely almost glabrous.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, yellow : petals
handsomely striate. Appendages of the stamens forming a broad dorsal
wing or keel, not produced at the base. Stigma globose, not rostrate, strong-
ly bearded on each side.

27. V. glabella (Nutt.! mss.): "nearly glabrous; stem erect, naked be-
low ; leaves reniform-cordate, with a short acunjination, crenately serrulate;
stipules very small, membranaceous, nearly entire ; sepals hnear-lanceolate j
spur very short, slightly saccate.

" Shady woods of the Oregon. April.— Leaves with a very shallow smus,
scarcely at all cuneate at the insertion of the petiole. Flowers rather larger
than in V. pubescens, bright yellow, the upper ones almost fastigiate : petals
somewhat veined at the base. Stigma globose, hairy on the sides." Nuttall.
— Very near V. pubescens.

28. V. ocellata: pubescent ; leaves on very long petioles, cordate-triangu-
lar, crenately toothed; stipules lanceolate, somewhat ciliate ; peduncles short-
er than the leaves ; sepals linear ; petals oblong-obovate (lateral ones spot-
ted) ; spur very short; appendages dorsal, winged, not produced at the base.

California, Douglas .'—Stem nearly a foot high, simple, terete. Leaves
li inch wide, slightly cordate, or truncate at the base ; uppermost ones
somewhat acuminate and deltoid: petioles 3-4 inches long. Stipules small,
scarious. Flowers on the summit of the stem, middle-sized: peduncles
about an inch long. Upper petals purple, the others pale yellow; lateral

Viola. VIOLACEi^. 143

ones with a purple spot below the middle, slightly bearded on the elaw.
Style much attenuated downward : stigma strongly bearded on each side.

29. V. Canadesnis (Linn.) : nearly glabrous ; leaves broadly cordate,
acuminate, serrate, the nerves pubescent; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire;
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; sepals subulate ; petals elliptical-oblong ;
spur verv short, saccate; capsule very obtuse. — Pursh ! Ji. 1. p. 174;
Schwein'.! i.e.; Torr. ! Jl. l.p. 255; DC. prodr. 1. p. 301; Le Conte, I.
c; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. /;. 80.

0. corymbosa (Nutt. ! mss.): flowers 5-6, somewhat corymbosely fasti-
giate, sometimes white.

Shady woods, generally in mountainous districts, Hudson's Bay ! to Caro-
lina! and west to the Pacific, ff. Woods, Alabama, Nut tall ! May-July. —
Stem from (5 inches to 2 feet high, nearly simple. Flowers middle-sized.
Petals only slightly twisted, pale within, violet externally; lateral ones beard-
ed. Seeds roundish-ovate, brown.

30. V. .<!armentosa (DougL) stems creeping, filiform ; stolons floriferous ;
leaves cordate, with the sinus open, crenate, somewhat pubescent above,
glabrous and punctate beneath ; style rather slender ; appendages of the an-
thers somewhat produced ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; spur very
short.— Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. ].p. 80.

Hilly wooded places, N. W. America, Douglas ; pine woods of the Ore-
gon near the junction of the Wahlamet, NuttaU ! and near Wallawallah,
Mr. Towns end ! — Leaves about ^ of an inch in diameter ; the petiole longer
than the lamina. Flowers yellow : petals oblong-obovate, entire ; lateral petals
slightly bearded.

31. V. chrysantha (Hook.) : somewhat pubescent ; stems csespitose,
short ; leaves bipinnatifid ; segments linear ; sepals ciliate; inferior petal with-
out a spur. — Hook. ! ic. t. 49.

Monterey, California, Douglas ! — Stems partly subterranean, several in a
cluster from one root. Leaves on long petioles ; the segments very narrow
and rather acute. Stipules linear lanceolate, entire. Peduncles rather longer
than the leaves. Flowers very large : petals broadly obovate, glabrous ; the
2 superior ones purpHsh; the others bright yellow with dark lines at the
base ; inferior one slightly saccate at the base. Upper part of the filaments
broad and rounded : appendages dorsal, wing-like, not produced at the base.
Style clavate, curved: stigma obtuse, slightly hairy below the summit.

§ 3. Stigma urceolate, hairy on each side ; aperture large, Jumished
with a lip on one side : style attenuated downward : ovary partly im-
mersed in the concave torus : seeds very numerous. — Gingins.

32. V. tricolor (Linn.): root somewhat fusiform; stems branching, dif-
fused; lower leaves ovate, cordate ; stipules runcinately pinnatifid, the mid-
dle lobe crenate ; petals with short claws ; spur thick, obtuse, not produced ;
appendages short; seeds oblong-ovate. DC. prodr. 1. p. 303.

K. arven.'iis (DC): annual; stems assurgent ; upper leaves spatulate-
ovate ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx, yelloAvish, blue, or spotted with
purple. DC. I.e. ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81. V. hkoXor, Pursh ! Jl. 1.
p. 175 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 151 ; Schwein. ! I. c. V. arvensis. Ell. sk. 1. v. 302.
V. tenella, Muhl. ! eat. p. 25 ; Torr. ! ft. 1. p. 257 ; Le Conte ! I. c!

Dry rocky hills New-York ! to Georgia, Missouri, and Arkansas ! May. —
Plant nearly glabrous. Stem somewhat triangular. Stipules very large.
Petals pale blue, yellowish towards the base (sometimes none); lateral ones
bearded. Capsule glabrous.

144 VIOLACE^. lomDicM,

X Doubtful species.

33. V. radicans (DC): rhizoma horizontal, fibrillose; stigma with a
short beak, margined ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, abruptly attenuate at the base, or
somewhat cordate, serrate ; stipules linear, setaceously subulate, with bristly
serratures ; sepals linear, acute ; lateral petals obovale, beardless ?, the lowest
one smaller ; spur almost none. DC. prodr. 1. p. 207.

South Carolina, Michaux Jil. (ex De Cand.).— Is this a variety of V.
Muhlenbergii ?

3. SOLEA. Gingins, in DC. prodr. 1. p. 306..

Sepals nearly equal, not auricled, (reflexed after flowering, Gingins). Pe-
tals unequal; the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base ; the
rest emarginate. Stamens cohering; the lowest 2 bearing a gland above
the middle. Stigma uncinate, with a pore at the extremity of the point.
Capsule somewhat 3-sided, surrounded at the base by the concave torus.
Seeds 6-8, very large. — An herbaceous perennial herb, with alternate cauline
leaves, and small flowers on solitary or geminate axillary peduncles.

Scarcely a distinct genus from the succeeding.

S. concolor (Ging.) — DC. prodr. l.p. 306. Viola concolor, Forst. in Linn,
trans. 6. p. 308. t. 28 ; Niitt. ! gen. 1. p. 151 ; Schwein. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! fi.
I. c. V. stricta, Spreng. pug. rar. 1. p. 22. lonidium Sprengelii, Roem. ^
Schidt. syst. 5. p. 401.

Wet shady woods, western part of the State of New-York ! to Carolina ;
west to Missouri ! April-May— Plant somewhat pubescent or hairy. Stem
simple, leafy, a foot or more high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
erect, attenuated at each extremity. Peduncles very short, recurved. Flow-
ers greenish. Sepals about the length of the corolla. Lowest petal twice as
large as the others. Filaments produced a little above the anthers : nectari-
ferous glands sessile, confluent. Stigma glabrous, not margined. Capsule
nearly an inch long. Seeds whitish, globose-obovate.

4. lONIDIUM. Vent, (in part) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 307.

Sepals small, unequal, not auricled, membranaceous on the margin. Pe-
tals unequal ; the inferior one much larger than the others, somewhat ungui-
culate, with a dilated lamina, a little concave or gibbous at the base. Sta-
mens approximate ; filaments soraeAvhat unguiculate, bearing the anthers low
down ; the 2 anterior ones usually with a nectariferous gland or appendage
at the base. Capsule few-seeded. — Herbaceous or suflruticose humble plants.
Leaves alternate or opposite. Peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, articulated,
usually with 2 bracteoles above the middle.

1. /. stiptdaceum (Nutt. ! mss.) : nearly glabrous, annual (?) ; leaves al-
ternate ; lower ones oblong ; upper ones oblong-linear and linear, entire ; sti-
pules large, linear-lanceolate ; sepals very acute ; limb of the inferior petals
reniform, twice as long as the calyx ; appendages of the lower stamens sub-
ulate.

Plains of Red River, Arkansas, Nuttall! and on the Arkansas near
Fort Towson, Dr. Leavenxtorth ! Texas, Drummond! May-June. —
Plant 8-12 inches high. Leaves about li inch long, sometimes all except

Drosera. DROSERACE.E. 145

the uppermost oblons^ or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, scabrous on the margin ;
upper ones usually much narrower, acute. Stipules nearly half us lung as
the leaves. Flowers 2 lines long: peduncles slender, much shorter ihaii ihe
leaves, without bracteoles, articulated above the middle. Sepals nearly equal,
strongly carinate. Lower petal contracted into a claw in the middle, dilated
again and somewhat gibbous at the base; limb emarginate, strongly veined;
lateral petals incurved, oblong; superior ones nmch the smallest. Filaments
contracted at the base into a short but distinct (-law ; upper portion ovate and
somewhat acute; the lowest two with a small subulate appendage pointing
upward. Ovary triangular : style slender: stigma small, not rostrate. Cap-
sule 3-sided, glabrous, about 6-seedcd. Seeds ovate-globose, glabrous, light
brown.

2. /. iineare (Torr.) : somewhat pubescent ; stem branched ; leaves line-
ar, narrow, entire ; stipules linear, minute. Torr. ! in ann. lye. New- Yoi-k,
2. p. 168. '

On the Red River, Arkansas, Dr. James f — Leaves an inch or more in
length, scarcely more than a line long, pale green, scabrous on the margin.
Stipules one-third the length of the leaves. Capsules glabrous. — Of this
plant we have but a single imperfect specimen, which was collected by Dr.
James in Long's 1st Expedition. It may prove to be a variety of L stipula-
ceum, but it differs considerably from that species.

Order XIX. DROSERACE.E. DC.

Sepals 5, persistent, equal, sometimes united at the base, imbricated
in aestivation. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, nearly or quite hy-
pogynous, marcescent. Stamens distinct, marcescent, usually as
many as the petals and alternate with them, rarely 2-3 times as many :
filaments capillary or flattened : anthers extrorse or innate ; cells
distinct, or somewhat connivcnt above, opening longitudinally, or rare-
ly by a terminal pore. Ovary composed of 2-5 united carpels, l-cel-
led : placentae parietal, or filling the base of the cell : styles 2-5, usu-
ally distinct or united at the base merely, each 2-parted or multifid
and pencil-shaped ; sometimes all united into one. Capsule 2-5-valv.
ed, loculicidal, with the valves placentiferous in the middle, or indehis-
cent with the placenta at the base, many- (rarely few-) seeded. Seeds
anatropous : testa sometimes arilliform. Embryo short, at the base
of cartilaginous or fleshy albumen. — Herbs, or rarely suflrutescent
plants (growing in swamps or wet places). Leaves alternate or
crowded, entire, commonly furnished with glandular hairs, with a cir-
cinate vernation (except Dionsea) : stipules none, or in the form of a
tuft or fringe of scarious hairs at the base of the petioles.

1. DROSERA. Li7m. ; Lam. til. t. 220 ; G(Brt7i. fr. t. 61.

Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, 2-parted ; the divisions somewhat thickened
toward the apex, or multifid. Capsule subglobose or ovoid, usually 3-valved
at the top : valves placentiferous to the summit. Seeds verv numerous, in

19

146 DROSERACE/E. Dhosera.

2-5 rows on each placenta. — Small herbs, growing in sphagnous or sandy

swamps (the American and European species acaulesccnt, with a rosulate

tuft of leaves, and simple scapes which are circinate when young ; racemes

mostly unilateral). Leaves furnished with numerous long reddish glanduli-

ferous hairs. — Sun-de^c.

The pollen-grains in D. filiformis are connected by minute threads ; as in OEno-
thera. All the N. American species have usually three 2-parted or 2-cleft styles.

1. D. hreinfolia (Pursh) : leaves forming a close tuft, broadly cuneiform,
very obtuse, on petioles scarcely longer than the limb ; petals (rose-color)
obovate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; styles deeply 2-parted,
the divisions a little dilated and membranaceous above ; seeds oval (the testa
not arilliform), minutely ribbed. — Pursh! Ji. 1. j). 211; Nutt.I gen. 1. p.
141; DC. prodr. 1. p. 318.

/?. major : leaves on longer petioles. Hook. jour. bot. 1. p. 194.

Borders of sandy ponds (occasionally in exsiccated places, Nutt.), N. Ca-
rolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! /?. Louisiana, Drummond ; Apalachicola,
Florida, Dr. Chapman ! — Tuft of leaves about an inch in diameter. Scape
filiform, in flower 2-4, in fruit sometimes 6-8 inches high, 2 or 6-10-flowered :
flowers nearly half an inch in diameter when expanded. Sepals and pedi-
cels often minutely glandular when young. — Our specimen from Apalachi-
cola, which we refer to p. major of Hooker, has the less broadly cuneifonn
limb of the leaves scarcely one-third as long as the petiole, and the scape aknost
capillary : it will perhaps prove to be a distinct species.

2. D. rotundifolia (Linn.) : leaves orbicular, spreading, abruptly attenuate
into the long hairy petiole ; petals (white) oblong; styles very short, 2-parted,
with subclavate divisions ; seeds linear, with a loose, arilliform testa. — Eng.
hot. t. 867 ; Michx. ! Ji. l.p. 186 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 375 ; Nutt. ! gen. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 318; Hook.IJl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81. D. capiUaris, Poir. (?);
DC. I. c.

Sphagnous swamps, from the Arctic Circle and Unalaschka to Florida!
and Alabama! June-Aug. — (2) (© DC.) Scape 4-8 or 10 inches high,
5-10-flowered: raceme sometimes bifid. Capsule oblong.

3. D. longifolia (hinn.) : leaves cuneate-oblong, erect-spreading, attenuate
into the long and slender naked petiole ; caudex ascending or decumbent,
often elongated; scapes declined at the base (petals white, short); styles
very short, the divisions slightly thickened ; seeds oblong, slightly punctate,
the testa not arilliform.— i;«o-. bat. t. 868; Michx.! JI. l.p. 186; Nutt.!
gen. I. c; Torr.! JI. l.p. 331 (e.vcl. syn. Goldie.). D. Arnericana, Muhl. !
cat. p. 33. D. intermedia y. Americana, DC. I. c. D. foliosa, Ell. sk. 1. p.
375; DC. I.e.

In sphagnous and very wet sandy swamps, Canada ! to Alabama! and
Louisiana. June-Aug. — H Scapes 3-8 inches high, several-flowered, at
length about twice the length of the leaves. Capillary stipules conspicuous.
Capsule obovate-oblong.

4. D. Anglica (Huds.) : leaves linear-spatulate, erect : petioles elongated
(scarcely longer than the limb, DC.) ; seeds with an arilliform testa. Hook.
—Huds. fl. Angl. p. 135; DC. I. c. ; Hook. JI. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81.

Near Cumberland House, lat. 54°, Richardson; and N. W. Coast, Men-
zies, ex Hook. — Scape erect, twice the length of the leaves.

5. D. linearis (Goldie) : leaves linear, very obtuse, erect, on slender naked
petioles ; scapes 1-3-flowered, at first shorter, at length a little longer than
the leaves ; seeds oval-oblong, smooth and shining, the testa not arilliform. —
Goldie, in Edinb. phil. jour. 6. p. 325 ; Hook. ! JI. Bar.- Aon. 1. p. 82. t.
27. A.

Dion^;a. DROSERACRiT:. 147

Lake Simcoe, Goldie ; near Jasper's Lake in the Uofky Mcuntains,
Driimmnnd! Keweeim Point, Lake Superior, Dr. JJukl'-IiIuil.' July-Aug.
— ((J) Huok.) Leaves 3-5 inches long; the petiole rather exceeding the
limh; which is about 2 hnes wide throughout. Capsule oval, more than
twice the length ol" the calyx.

6. D. filiformis (Raf.) : leaves filiform and very long, nearly erect, glan-
dular-hairy, naked at the lower extremity (petiole?), densely Avoolly at the
base ; scape longer than the leaves, many -flowered ; petals (purple) obovate,
erosely denticulate, much longer than the glandular calyx; styles 2-parted to
the base, the segments filiform and slightly thickened upwards ; seeds acute
at each end, minutely punctate, the testa not arilliform. — Raf. in vied. rep.
2. p. 360, f ill JJesv. jour. hot. 1. p. 227; Pursh! Ji. 1. p. 211; Nutt. !
gen. 1. p. 142; DC. I. c; Ton\! fl. 1. p. 332; Hook. hot. mag. i. 3540.
D. tenuifolia, Muhl. ! cat. p. 33 ; Willd. ennm. p. 340.

Wet sandy places, from Plymouth, Massachusetts (Bigelow !) and Long
Island ! to the Pine barrens of New-Jersey ! and Delaware {Rajinesque.)
Also Apalachicola, F'lorida, Z>r. C7m/i???a«.' Aug-Sept. — 2+ Leaves 6-10
inches long. Scape a foot or more high, 8-20-flowered. Flowers larger than
in the other species. Cells of the anther linear-oblong, nearly distinct, at
length separable from the rhombic-lanceolate connectivum. — Tlie flowers in
all the specimens from Florida are nearly twice the size of liie northern
plant ; bi-ing about an inch in diameter when fully expanded.

2. DION^A. Ellis, in act. Ups. 1. p. 98. t. S.

Stamens 10-15: anthers innate. Style 1, thick: stigmas 5, connivent,
fimbriately many-cleft. Capsule membranaceous, indehiscent, but tearing
open irregularly (5-valved, DC), 1-celled. Seeds numerous (20-30), partly
immersed in the scrobiculate cellular placenta which fills the base of the cap-
sule. — A glabrous perennial (yellowish-green) herb. Flowers umbellate at
the extremity of a slender scape. Leaves (not circinate in vernation) radi-
cal, rosulate and spreading ; petiole winged and foliaceous, terminating in an
articulated circular spinulose-ciliate lamina, which is very sensitive, suddenly
closing when the upper surface is touched. — Vemis^s Fly-trap.

Arnott places Dionrea in his suborder ParnassicEe; but we prefer to retain it in
Droseracese proper, with which it agrees more nearly in habii, and from wliicli it
differs in no important character except in tlie vernation, and in the placenta which
fills the bottom of the ovary; the style, moreover, is just such an one as would he
produced liy the cohesion of the rnultifid styles of" some species of Drosera nearly
to the summit. On tlie oilier hand, it differs from Parnassia in most of the peculiar
characters of that o^enus, viz.: the peri^ynous stamens, a portion of which are abor-
tive or transformed, tlie sessile stigmas opposite the placenlte, and the albuminous
seeds.

D. muscipula (FiUis) — Linn. maM. p. 238; Michx.! Jl. 1. p. 267;
Vent. hort. Malmais. t. 29 ; Walt. Car. p. 144 ; Bot. mag. t. 785 ; Ell. sk.
1. p. 479 ; Nutt. ! gen. h p. 278 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 320 ; Curtis ! in Host,
jour. nat. hist. 1. p. 123.

Sandy bogs, New-Bern, and N. Carolina, Croom ! and from the mouth of
Cape Fear River to Fayetteville, Curtis ! Also along the lower branches of
the Santee River in S. Carolina, Elliott. April-May. — Scape 6-12 inches
high, about 10-flowered. Petals white, cuneate-obovate, marked with paral-
lel simply forked veins, marcescent. Filaments capiUary : anthers roundish.
Ovary depressed-globose, slightly 5-lobed : stigmas fimbriate within. Seeds

148 DROSERACE^. ParnassU.

obovate, smooth and shining, black, marked witli an inconspicuous raphe.
Embryo oblong, at the base of the cartilaginous albumen. — '' The sensitive-
ness of the lamina," according to Mr. Curtis, " resides only in the '3 or 4
hair-Uke processes of its upper surface, so placed that an insect can hardly
traverse it M^ithout interfering with one of them ; when the two sides sud-
denly collapse and enclose the prey, the fringe or hairs of the opposite sides
of the leaf interlacing like the fingers of the two hands clasped together."
See the further remarks of Mr. Curtis in loc- cit.

Suborder PARNASSIE^. Am. (excl. Dion^a.)

Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in aestivation ; more or less united
at the base and coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 5, some-
what perigynous, persistent, alternate with the petals: venation sim-
ple. Stamens, perigynous, persistent, consisting of an outer sterile se-
ries, somewhat indefinite in number, united in 5 phalanges situated
opposite the petals ; and an inner series of 5 fertile stamens alter-
nating with the petals' : anthers fi.xed by the base, introrse. Ovary com-
posed of 4 united camels, l-celled, with 4 sessile stigmas opposite the
parietal placentae. Capsule 1-celIed, 4-valved, loculicidal. Seeds very
numerous, anatropous, with an arilliform winged testa : albumen none.
Embryo straight, with a slender radicle and minute cotyledons. — Gla-
brous perennial herbs (growing in wet places.) Leaves mostly radical
or nearly so, petioled, exstipulate, entire, with obscure converging
veins. Scapes elongated, 1 -flowered : flower white.

This suborder, as characterized above, includes the anomalous genus Parnassia
alone ; which was placed by Jussieu, along with Diosera and Reseda, among " Ge-
nera Capparidibus affinia;" and is referred to Droseracese by Richard, De Candolle,
and (as & suborder) by Arnott- to Saxifragacese (with which they agree very well,
except in the completely syncarpous ovary and the position of the stigmas,) by
Brown and Liiidley ; to Hypericaceffi by Don ; and (with a mark of doubt) to Tama-
riscineae by Bartling. The curious scale-like organs terminating in three or more
threads or seta with glandular lips, are doubtless transformed stamens ; but their
situation {opposite the petals and exterior to the fertile stamens) as well as their
structure renders it evident that they are not composed each of a single stamen, as
has been stated, but of 3 or more, as we have described them. That they are so
considered by Don, is manifest from the view he takes of the affinity of the genus,
although the work which contains his remarks is not at this moment before us.

3. PARNASSIA. Tourn. inst. t. 127 ; Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 60.
Character same as of the Suborder.

^'^1. P. patusiris CLinn.): scales [phalanges of sterile stamens] with nu-
''merous (9-13) very slender setae ; leaves all cordate, the cauhne one [when
present] sessile. Hook.-^Fl. Dan. t. 584; DC prodr. 1. p. 320 ; Richards. !
app. Frankl. joiirn. p. 10 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 82.

Labrador! and Newfoundland to Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-50-, and
Kotzebue's Sound ; south to Canada ! and the south shore of Lake Superior,
Dr. Pitcher! — Scapes slender, 3-8 inches high, naked or with a single
somewhat clasping leaf. Leaves, sepals &c. marked, though not con-
stantly, as in all the species, with brownish dots. Petals, in American spe-
cimens, 3-5-nerved, h-i longer than the oblong-lanceolate sepals. Setse pel-
lucid, with minute glandular tips. — Our American specimens are all much

Parnassia. DROSERACEiE. 149

smaller than the ordinary European forms, and have fewer veins in the se-
pals and fewer sela; to the scales: they af^ree almost wholly with authentic
specimens of P. palustris /?. tenuis, Wtilil, from Lapland. — We take llie cha-
racters of this and the two foUowin^f nearly allied species from Hooker, not
beins: perfectly satisfied of their distinctness. The sets in these species do
not appear to furnish well-marked characters: we observe 7-12 in the Ameri-
can P. palustris, 5-8 in P. parviflora, Hook., and 3-5 in P. Kotzebuei.

-f^2. P. parviflora (DC.) : very slender ; scales with about 5 very; slender
'setae ; radical leaves ovate, attenuate into a petiole ; the cauline one linear-ob-
long, sessile. Jlook. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 320; Honk.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 82,
excl. syn. P. palustris /?. Wahl.

Sandy banks of rivers among the Rocky Mountains, Drummond! ex
Hook. IV. America, DC, who described from a specimen in the Banksian
herbarium. — Scapes from a span to a foot high, with a single bract-like leaf.
Flowers considerably smaller than in P. palustris : petals slightly unguicu-
Jate. Hook.

-7—3. P. Kotzebuei (Cham. & Schlecht.) : scales with 3 slender seta^; radi-
cal leaves (and cauline one when present) subcordate-ovate, petioled ; petals
about 3-nerved, shorter than the calyx. Hook. — Cham. ^ iivhhxht. in Lin-
ncea, 1. p. 549; Hook. ! I. c. t. 28; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechoij, p. 122.

Unalaschka and Kotzebue's Sound, Cliamisso ; Rocky Mountains, be-
tween lat. 52^ & 56° {Drummond) to Bear Lake and the shores of the Arc-
tic Sea, Richardson ! — Scapes slender, naked or with a single leaf near the
base, 3-6 inches high. Leaves membranaceous, very small. Sepals ellipti-
cal-lanceolate. Petals elliptical. Anthers subrotund. Ovary oval-globose,
nearly a third part inferior. — Hooker, and also Cham. & Schlecht., expressly
state the stigmas to be four and the capsule 4-valved, as in the rest of the
genus, and this we find to be the case in our specimens ; but the figure in
the Flora. Boreali- Americana exhibits several views of a pentacarpellary
■capsule, probably a monstrosity.

— ^ 4. P. Caroliniana (Michx.): scales of 3 stout and thick sterile filaments,
■distinct to near the base, about the length of the fertile stamens ; i)etals sub-
sessile, more than twice the length of the calyx, with strong greenish veins;
leaves (coriaceous) orbicular-ovate or somewhat elliptical-ovate^ subcordate,
the cauline one usually low down and clasping. — Michx. Jl. 1. p. 184; Bot.
mag. t. 1459 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 208 ; Torr. ! Jl. 1. p. 326 ; DC. I. c. ; Hook.
I. c. P. palustris, P«7-67«, I.e. P.Americana & ovata, MuhL! cat. ]. 32.
P. ovata /?. Belvisii, DC. I.e.?

0. leaves larger, not rarely orbicular-reniform ; sterile filaments exceeding
the fertile stamens; pollen orange-color. Hook. jour. bot. 1. j). 194. P.
grandifolia, DC. I. c.

Wet meadows and along shady streams, &c. Canada ! to Florida I Avest
to the Mississippi. 0. New-Orleans, Drummond. July-Aug. — Leaves
about 7-nerved, varying from orbicular-subreniform to ovate-cordate and
broadly oval with no sinus at the base. Scape 8-18 inches high. Flower
an inch in diameter. — We have seen no Southern specimens which agree
with the /?. of Hooker in the sterile stamens, &c. ; but Elliott describes them
as " nearly the length of the corolla," and " filaments very short."

5. P. asarijolia (Vent.) : scales of 3 sterile filaments ; petals broadly
ovate and very obtuse, naked and abruptly unguiculate at the base ; leaves
reniform; the cauline one reniform-cordate or somewhat orbicular, sessile.—
Vent. Malmais. t. 39 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 208 ; Muhl. ! cat. p. 32 ; DC. 1. c.

High mountains of Virginia ! and N. Carolina ! (v. s. in herb. Muhl. &
herb. Schweinitz.) July-Aug. — Leaves and flowers rather larger than in
P. Caroliniana. — A well-marked species.

150 CISTACEvE. Heuanthemum.

6. P. jimhriata (Banks): scales broadly cuneate, fleshy, carinate at the
middle within, crenately 5-toothc'd at the apex ; radical leaves on very long
petioles, biauriculate-reniform; the cauline one very small, cordate, sessile
above the middle of the slender scape ; petals fimbriate at the base, some-
what unguiculate. Hook. — K(£n. anil. hot. 1. p. 391; DC. prodr. I. p. 320;
Hook. ! hot. misc. 1. p. 43. t. 23, (f- fl. Bor.-Am,. 1. p. 84.

N. W. Coast, Menzies. Elevated swamps in the Rocky Mountains, lat.
52"?-56°, Drummond! and lat. 41°, Nuttall ! — Rhizoraa somewhat creeping.
Scape 1-U foot high. Flowers smaller than in P. Caroliniana.

Order XX. CISTACEiE. Juss,

Sepals 5, persistent ; the two outer ones usually much smallest or
sometimes wanting ; the three inner imbricated and often somewhat
twisted in a3stivation. Petals 5 (rarely 3 or by abortion none), hypogy-
nous, mostly very fugitive, usually crumpled in aestivation and twisted
in a direction contrary to that of the sepals. Stamens indefinite, or
rarely kw, hypogynous, distinct : anthers short, innate. Ovary com-
posed of 3-5 united carpels : styles and stigmas mostly united into
one. Capsule 3-5-valved, loculicidal, 1-celled with parietal nerviform
placentae, or imperfectly 3-5-celled with dissepiments proceeding from
the middle of the valves and bearing the placentae at or near the axis ;
endocarp often separating from the exocarp. Seeds few or numerous,
orthotropous (veiy rarely somewhat anatropous). Embryo nearly
straight or spirally convolute, in the midst of mealy or somewhat cor-
neous albumen. — Herbs or low shrubs : pubescence simple or stellate.
Leaves simple and usually entire, opposite or alternate (the lowest
always opposite), with or without stipules. Flowers perfect, yellow,
white, or red, showy or sometimes inconspicuous.

Mr. Spach, in his papnr entitled ' Description of some nciv Cistacece, published in
the first volume of the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, annouaces the some-
what curious fact, that a few Cistaceis have anatropous seeds, but without mention-
ino; in what plants this structure is found. We find anatropous seeds in Helianthe-
Tnum Fumana, H. procumbens, H. lajvipes, H. junipcrinum, and H. glutinosum
(which are all the species of the section fimiana of which we have specimens in
proper state for the examination) ; also in H. alpestre. In the two first-named spe-
cies the funiculus is adherent only for about half the length of the seed, which is thus
as it were heterotropous or amphitropous ; in the others it adheres almost to the
(organic) apex of the seed, but in H. Isevipes and H. glutinosum it may readily be
separated from the testa. I'he seeds of H. glutinosum, when thrown into water are
seen to be covered with a very dense coat of mucus, enveloping a great number of spi-
ral threads which uncoil when the mucus dissolves ; as in CoUomia linearis.

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Toiirn. inst. t. 128 ; Gc^tn.fr. t. 76 5 DC.

The two exerior sepals usually much smaller and bract-like, or wanting.
Petals 5 or rarely 3, sometimes abortive, fugitive. Stigmas 3, large, fimbrio-
late, more or less united into one. Capsule triangular, 3-valved, few- or

Helianthemum. CISTACE/E. 151

many-seeded : placentae filiform, in the axis of the valves or on iniperfuct
dissepiments more or less projecting into the cell. Embryo indexed.

The North American species belong to the section Lecheoides, Dwnal ; havine
the exterior sepals minute, a very short straight style, and strictly parietal placenta;:
they are almost sufTruticose, with mostly stellular pubescence, and exstipulate slightly
petioled aUernate leaves, except the lowest, which are usually opposite ; and the evo-
lution of the (yellow) flowers is centrifugal. Excepting H. scoparium from Cali-
fornia, and II. Carolinianum, which hardly belong to this section, they dirter
from the European sjiccics in producing two kinds of (lowers: viz. 1st, Terminal or
dichotomal flowers, usually preceding the others, on slender pendunclca, with con-
spicuous petals and numerous stamens. 2nd, Smaller flowers, usually clustered in
axillary cymes or glomerules, scarcely ever fully expanding, witli minute petals or
often none, fewer stamens, and smaller and fewer-seeded capsules. The two kinds
often occur on the same specimens ; but the latter are produced later in the season,
and in sterile soil often to the exclusion of the others, giving to the plant the appear-
ance of Lechea, so much so as to have deceived Linnaius, wliose L. major is wel!
known to have been founded upon such a state of Helianthemum Canadense. Mr.
Spach has noticed this peculiarity in our species, and separated them as a distinct
genus under the name of Heteromeris.

"r*"^!. //. Canadense (Michx.) : stem at first simple ; the primar}'^ or termi-
nal large and petaliferous flowers few or solitary, on peduncles scarcely longer
than the floAver, the erosely emarginate petals about twice the length of the
calyx ; secondary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or some-
what clustered on short leafy branches, the petals very small or none, and
the outer sepals usually wanting ; leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, with
revolute margins (when dry), and, as well as the sepals and often the
branches and peduncles, canescently tomentose. — Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 308 ;
Pursh ! fl. 2. ]). 363 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 4 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.72; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 313. H. ramuliflorum, Michx. I. c. ; Pursh ! I. c. ; Ell.
I.e. li. coTymbosnm, Picrsh, fide herb. ! H. rosmarinifolium, P«rs/t .' I.e.
Cistus canadensis, Willd. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 212. Lechea major
(the apetalous state), Limi. amcen. accul. 3. p. 11 (excl. fig.), fide Smith, &,
in herb. Gronov. f

In dry sandy soils, Canada ! to Florida! June (April in the Southern
States) to Sept. — Stem 6-18 inches high. Capsules of the apetalous flowers
not larger than a pin's head, few-seeded : seeds angular, scabrous-punctate.

,-J-^. H. polifolium, : primary or petaliferous flowers (small) terminating the
slender stem and the numerous short branches, on filiform peduncles many
times longer than the flower, the broadly cuneiform petals a little exceeding
the calyx ; secondary flowers very small, apetalous, 3-6-androus, clustered
in lateral cymnles on the floriferous branches, at first glomerate and nearly
sessile, at length on pedicels as long as the (.5-sepalous) calyx ; leaves linear
or linear-oblong, with revolute margins, beneath (as also the sepals and pedun-
cles) tomentose-canescent. — H. capitatum, Nutt. ! in herb. acad. Philad.
Heteromeris polifolia, Spach, in compan. to bot. mag. 1. p. 291.

Prairies and dry sterile places, Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Leavenivorth !
and Texas, Drummond ! June-Aug. — Stem 9-12 inches high, minutely
canescent. Primary flowers polyandrous, usually solitary at the extremity of
the branches, scarcely half the size of those of H. Canadense. Seeds smooth
and shining, several in the petaliferous, but very few in the apetalous flowers.

3. H. corymbosum (Michx.) : stem branching from the base, canescent ;
flowers in terminal fastigiate cymes ; the primary ones (rather large) on
filiform peduncles much longer than the flower, the petals nearly twice the
length of the calyx ; the secondary flowers in glomerate cymules, mostly
apetalous, 3-10-androus ; sepals tomentose-villous, the inner ones oblong-

152 CISTACEuE. Lechea.

ovate, acute, the outer linear and obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, with
somewhat re volute margins (when dry), softly canescent beneath. — Michx. !
f. 1. p. 307 ; DC. prodr. 1. 'p- 269; Ell. sk. 2. p. 5. Heteromeris cymosa,
Spachj I. c.

Sterile places near the coast, from New Jersey to S. Carolina and Florida !
April-May, and again in Oct. Ell. — x\bout a foot high, very tomentose
when young. Outer sepals about the length of the inner ones. Capsules of
the primary flowers many -seeded ; of the secondary ones rather few-seeded.
Flowers nearly the size of those of H. Canadense. — A well-marked species,
readily distinguished by having, among other characters, the apetalous flowers
not on leafy branches, but with the others forming a compound terminal
cyme.

4. H. Caroliniamim (Michx.) : stem simple or branching from the base,
hirsute ; flowers (large, all polyandrous and petaliferous ?) on long solitary