t\0i^ m K ■ > I. , rV. s ft 3 z ft s X s ft H state of Connecticut PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 18 FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE djanttccticitt i'tatc Mmxh of Agriculture September 30, 1918 PRINTED /A COMI'JJAXCIJ WITH i^TATVTE HARTFORD Published by the State 19 IS Publication Approved by The Board of Control The Btilldin Company, Norwich, Conn. STATE OF COXxMXTICUT Board of AoRicrLTURE Room 62, Capitol. TO HIS EXCELLENXY, MARCUS H. HOLCOMB, Governor of Connecticut. Sir: — In accordance with the provisions of the statute I have the honor, as Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, to submit herewith the Report of the Board for the year ending September 30, 1918. Very respectfully yours, Leonard Holmes Healey, Secretary. Hartford, October 1, 1918. STATI-: ()!■ COXXl'XTICL'T BOARD OF AGRICULTURE (ORGANIZED 1S66. Re-organized 1907. 1918 His Excellency, MARCUS H. HOLCOMB, tx-offirio. MEMBERS APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR AND SENATE. Term expires C. E. Beach West Hartford, . January, 1919 Karmi Kimberly, Torrington. . . . July 1, 1919 Wilson H. Lee Orange January, 1919 Howard S. Neilson Darien July 1, 1919 Henry H. Lyman Middlefield, . . . July 1, 1919 MEMBERS APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Hartford County, N. H. Brewer, Hockanum, , (January), 1919 New Haven County. Charles R. Treat, Orange 1921 New London County, James B. Palmer, Norwich, 1921 Fairfield County, F. E. Blakeman. Oronoque, . (January), 1919 Windham County, Everett E. Brown, Pomfret Center, . . 1919 Litchfield County, H. P. Deming. Winsted, 1919 Middlesex County, F. E. Boardman, Middletown 1919 Tolland County, Charles A. Thompson, Melrose, . . . 1919 OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. Governor Marcus H. Holcomb, President ex-officio. Wilson H. Lee Orange Mee I'resi(h Charles A. Thompson IMelrose Trcasitr Dr. E. H. Jenkins Xew Haven, . . . Chem Dr. G. P. Clinton, New Haven. . . . Bofan Dr. W. E. Britton New Haven, . . . Entomolofj N. S. Piatt, New Haven, . Leonard H. Healey. Hallie G. Root, . North Woodstock West Hartford. . nf er St St St PomoJ agist Secretarit Ass't Secretart/ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND AUDITORS. N. H. Brewer, C. R. Treat, J. B. Palmer CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE The Connecticut State JUnird of Agriculture was estab- lished by act of Legislature, holden in New Haven on the first day of May, 1806. Said act provided that the ]iut for all years to cume. The Board tenders its thanks to the "New luigland Homestead'' for its efficient co-operati(^n in the successful endeavor to help our Xew Juigiand farmers who were anxious to dispose of hay products. As a member of the New England War Council, the Secre- tary has endeavored to see that the interest of our Connecti- cut farmers was well pr(^tected. The modified rulings in re- gard to the milling of Xew England grown grains, especially wheat, were due to the efforts of the New England War Council. Each and every member of the Board has not (Mily done his part to encourage the growing of more food in the season now passing, but they have also striven on their indixidual farms to. increase the food products so much needed by our- selves and our Allies. A\diere help could not be secured to increase crop production some members have achieved the desired result by the raising of young stock or the putting in of beef cattle. The Board has held five meetings during the year and the Executive Committee has met once aside from Board meet- ings. The attendance of members at Board meetings has he en good. FAIRS. The relati(Mi of a fair to agriculture is a close one. It is both economic and social. A fair is a means or method, dif- ferent from other educational institutions, in that it seeks to in- struct only by object lessons. In no other way or in no other place can be more learned than at a good fair especially if we consider the time si)ent and the money expended. The tnwn, county and state fair, each has its place and its mission to fulfill. There Ccin l)e no competition; each nuist stand on its own merit. If it is a success in the wav oi exhibits, meritinc^: 14 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., the approval of the attending public, then its management should be congratulated by the management of all other fairs. The object of all fairs should be the advancement and progress of the people. A fair that has amusement of the people for its main object loses sight of the purpose for which fairs were established. * The impressions which young people get from visiting a town, county or state fair are never obliterated. If you get a farm boy or girl really interested in some of the exhibits which are better than those they enjoy at home, there is more than an even chance that next year some of the better exhib- its will be those shown by those same young people. A good fair in any community is an inspiration to its people. The prize animal, regardless of its breed, has a long history behind it. Its well developed form, its glossy and well groomed coat, does it not denote the interest which its owner must have taken in it to have reared such an animal? A visit to the agricultural implement department where we see the latest in cutters, harrows, haying machinery and plows of all kinds, perhaps suggests to the observer the time that has passed since the first plow was made from a crooked tree, and a man, a dog or an ox furnished the motive power. Do not the displays of fruits, vegetables, canned goods and the exhibits in the domestic science department demonstrate the fact that those receiving the honors are the exhibits of the people who have learned how to do things and do them well? There were thirty-eight exhibits or fairs held during the fair season of 1917. From the reports submitted to us, we find the aggregate value of the property belonging to fair associations to be $326,706.46. These fairs received in ad- missions $73,441.39 and expended for premiums on livestock and agricultural products $32,865.88. These fairs received $15,000.00 from the state. The number of people in attend- ance at these fairs as indicated by these returns were 260,564. We believe that there is no agricultural activity in our state that does more to encourage the raising of better farm crops than a good agricultural fair exhibit. Where fairs have en- couraged higher sta'ndards in the exhibits of dairy cattle a decided improvement has been the result in those localities. 1918.] CONMXTICl'T. ir. We l)clic\c lars^cr state appropriations which would enable fairs to pay hii^her premiums on dairy breeds of livestock A\(>uld (greatly encituraj^i- and impro\e the dairy indu«^try. We also recommend the establishing- of classes for beet' cattle at all fairs where it is possible to do so. \\ C belie\e tliis would (U) much to re-establish the industry in onr state. An itemized statement of all fairs will be found elsewhere in this report. Respectfully submitted, LEONARD IT. HEALKY, Secretary. 16 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., CONNECTICUT. SURFACE, CLIMATE AND SOIL. The approximate land area of Connecticut is 3,08-1,800 acres, nearly three-fourths of which is in farm lands. Con- necticut ranks thirty-first in population among states, only three states more densely populated. Connecticut is mainly a roiling- plain, intersected by river valleys, and broken in the west by peaks of the (jreen and Housatonic ^lountain ranges, which extend southward from Massachusetts. The greatest altitude in the state is Bear Alountain in the town of Salisl^ury, which is 2,355 feet above sea level. The state is naturally divided into three areas, \ iz. : the Eastern Highland, the Western Highland and the Central Lowland, more generally known as the Connecticut River Valley from the river which divides the state. Its course as far as ]^Iiddletown lies through the verdant Central Lowland, and thence on to Long Island Sound at Saybrook through a narrow^ go^fe^ <-'^^t in the corner of the Eastern Highland. The scenery of the state is varied : the striking beauty of the rugged, mountainous highlands in the west; the quiet, productive lands in the river valleys ; the numerous fresh Avater lakes, many of Avhich are more than one thousand feet above sea level, and an irregular coast, dotted with many ir- resistible summer resorts, combine to make Connecticut fas- cinating for the vacationist as w'ell as for those who daily till the soil. The climate, like that of the North Atlantic States, is tem- perate, with four seasons well defined. There is generally an abundant rainfall for all crops, well distributed throughout the year. Prevailing winds are westerly. Connecticut has some twelve different types of soil formed through the glaciation of the many types of underlying rock, which may be roughly classed as rough stony land, meadow land and muck land. The mountain sections of the state have lost much of the soil on the hill tops and steeper sides, so are of little value except for timber and grazing lands for sheep as well as both dairy and beef cattle. ]!)18.] COXNKCTRL'T. 17 The least stuiiy (jI the upland >.)ils are easy V) till except on the steeper slopes and the soil is naturally pr(>ducti\"e. These sections are used j)rincipally tor dairying and the pr for thcjse \vh(3 produce them. There is hut little complaint from the consumer as to paying a fair price for a good article. The only com])laint comes from those who are ignorant or at least do not co'mprehend its food value. Silos and alfalfa have had a great deal to do in placing Connecticut's dairy industry on a fair basis. Connecticut of- fers adwmtages second to no state in the Union for thrise who Avish to engage in the dairy indu-^try. BEEF CATTLE. The live stock business is no different from any other busi- ness in that it is governed by economic laws. Production in a large way increases or decreases as the cost of production and the ];rice of the finished product rises or falls. AMien the margin of profit is replaced by a positive loss, as it has been in recent years, the length of time the producer will stay in the business is measured by his love for this line of farming and the size of his finances. Under the stress of war conditions a commiteee was ap- pointed by the Governor Avith Samuel Russell. Jr.. as chair- man. This committee arranged with the State Council oi Defense for the purchase of several carloads of beef cattle. These were taken by farmers located in different sections of the state. These groups of beef cattle did well and the ven- ture was a financial success. AMien the time en me f'lr the disposal of them as beeves there was some trouble in making sales because of the citv inspection laws for the sellinsr of c'uimals to be slaug-htered. There is a possibility of a state inspection which would obviate this difficulty. \Miile we believe that dairying will continue to ])e Connecticut's chief branch of the live stock industry, we are also convinced that the time is ripe for- a number of our farmers to again engage in the production of beef. In a small way we also en- couraged the raising of sheep for meat purposes. Connecticut's hillsides are adapted for grazing. Her large crops of hay, alfalfa and root crops will economically carry 20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept... the cattle through the winter season. The feeding of these crops can be supplemented by silage. The beef producer can also raise his own corn and smaller grains for the fattening-off process of his beeves. There is a steadily growing demand for Connecticut grown or finished beef. FRUIT RAISING. Though the climate of Connecticut is severe, the growing season is of sufiicient length to mature and ripen most fruits common to Xorth America, conditions being especially favor- able for the securing of good crops of apples of many varieties. The product of Connecticut's apple orchards for 1917 was 478,545 barrels. The severe winter nearly ruined Connecticut's peach crop,, not only cutting out the peaches, but destroying most of the trees. Connecticut's annual yield of nearly a million baskets vvas cut down to only a few thousand for the present season. Peach trees are quick growers and early bearers, and we be- lieve that those who are interested in the growing of peaches are not discouraged, and that in a few years Connecticut will again be producing its usual quantity of this fruit. There is no gainsaying the fact that Connecticut is as good a location in which to raise peaches as any other part of New England. The apples grown in Connecticut are not ex- ceeded in color or flavor by those of any other state. The auto truck and good state roads now bring our high- land fruit farms within reasonable hauling distance of the rail- roads and in many instances of the consuming city markets,, thus greatly shortening the length of tiruQ required for trans- portation. TOBACCO. Tobacco finds a congenial soil in both the Connecticut and Housatonic River Valleys, but it is in the Connecticut River Valley that the very best cigar wrappers in the world are grown. There are three distinct types grown. Shade grown to- bacco has proved most successful, and there is the Havana seed leaf which is grown mostly west of the Connecticut River,, I'JIH.] COXXECTICL'I. 21 and the l>rK, the Connecticut acreage was 21,100; production, .^9,540,000 i)ounds. and total value. .$1 1 ,;5 i:5,oo(i, or an average value of '$5-'i^.()0 per acre. VEGETABLE GROWING. The many cities and towns scattered through(jut the state furnish most excellent markets for fresh vegetables. As the population in the manufacturing centers of Connecticut in- creases, in the same degree will the demand for the market gardeners' produce increase. When you consider that the cities now consume more fresh vegetables than the state pro- duces, you must realize the unusual opportunities for the further development of market gardening plainly evident to those who study the growth in population and wealth of the industrial centers of Connecticut. The long distance be- tween this state and the truck growing states of the south; the urgent need felt by every one in recent years to save car space and steam power for absolutely necessary purposes ; the growing discrimination on the part of the buying public in favor of tlie very highest quality in food products; these all mean that Connecticut vegetables should supply a much larger ])art of the demand than they do at the present time. The splendid road system of the state and the increasing number of motor trucks which carry both perishable vege- tables and less perishable farm supplies over the highways more quickly than they can be carried by rail, are big factors in the present grovv'th of the vegetable industry. They will, however, become even larger factors when both producers and consumers learn to take full advantage of their useful- ness. That the market garden industry of the state is on a solid foundation is attested by the fact that there are in the state six local vegetable growers' associations, in addition to a state association, with which the locals are affiliated. Mem- bership in one of these growers' organizations means much to both the old and the new market gfardeners, who throuo-h their membership are assured of a part in the state-wide im- 22 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept.,. provement of their business, especially through the en- couragement of new markets, co-operative purchase of sup- plies, development of better packages, and more satisfactory marketing methods, and other projects fostered by these or- ganizations. A well organized class of growers means not only more profitable business to the growers themselves, but. better food for the buying public at a reasonable cost. APICULTURE. Considering the cost of ecjuipping and maintaining an apiary, there is no more fascinating and profitable business than the keeping of bees. Some of our most successful bee- keepers are women. There are very few locations which are unsuitable for this delightful form of agriculture. Sumac, golden-rod and sweet clover are splendid honey producers. SHEEP. Agriculture and farms in this state were in their most nourishing condition when the sheep population numbered 160,000 head. There has been a gradual decrease in the num- ber of sheep raised in Connecticut during the past fifty years, but late statistics show that sheep are returning to the farms of the state. Connecticut has large tracts of unused land that could profitably be used in raising sheep. Also there are many farms in the state not carrying a maximum of profitable stock and the raising of sheep can be handled so as to return a reasonable profit. The initial investment is not as large in connection with the sheep industry as when engaging in many other agri- cultural lines, but a minimum of labor is required, expensive buildings are unnecessary and cheaper land may be used. Flock records of 1918 show a net profit of from $8.50 to $11: per ewe. The state offers a wonderful mafket for lamb and mutton and the prospects are that prices will not fall to their pre-war level, hence a very reasonable profit can be secured from farm flocks. linS.] CONNECTICUT. 23 SWIM-.. For many years the swine industry in Connecticut has had to "root" for existence, a fact wliich holds true f(jr much of New England. Present conditions, thougii, indicate a place here for swine and that the limits of the industry have not been reached. Statistics for the last two years show new and increas- ing interest in p(jrk production. In January, 101^, the num- ber of swine on farms in this state was .j8,UU0, in January, Jyi8, (14, 000, and the indications are that the number to be reported in January, 191U. will show a much greater increase. Only a small portion of the pork consumed by Connecti- cut's population is produced within the state. This may be clue to the erroneous idea that ]:>rofitable swine raising be- longs only to the corn belt. It is true that grain production here is not equal to that of some states, but we have on hand and can produce feeds suitable for swine and should make use of them to such an extent as is profitable. Persons not adapted to swine raising or whose conditions are unsuitable for such should not undertake it, especially on a large scale. Nevertheless, a few hogs might be grown on farms where none are kept at present. Growing and fattening pigs on the different farms by b;>ys and girls makes it possible to use refuse or inexpensive feeds, and at the same time, make use of labor which otherwise might not be utilized for any good purpose. The progress of pig club work with boys and girls since its introduction into this state indicates the importance and popularity of this kind of work. It was begun in 1917 with an enrollment of .540 members Avho grew and fattened six hundred pigs. In 1918 the enrollment was increased to 2,506 members who grew and fattened more than three thousand pigs. From a financial standpoint this work has been of considerable value, v/hile from an educational standpoint the value is inestimaljle. The utilization of s^arbasre as a feed for swine offers an economical means of producing pork in this state. Three cities have already taken action in disposing of garbage in tbiis wav and the results obtained are favorable. Other cities might do well to investigate the matter. The improvement of herds and the practice of modern 24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., methods in feeding and caring for swine seem highly desir- able. To aid in bringing this about the Connecticut Swine Growers' Association has been formed. Through it and the pig club work with boys and girls the swine industry in Con- necticut should become as prominent as other lines of our state's agriculture. POULTRY. Connecticut offers exceptional opportunities to the poultry- man. A state of short distances, thriving cities and towns, an abundance of comparatively cheap land well adapted for poultry culture, makes it a proposition worthy of considera- tion by the poultry man looking for locations. There are many locations on state roads where the auto- mobile traffic makes a home market at practically retail prices for fresh eggs, poultry and other farm products, which should always be considered as a part of the poultryman's source of income. The history of Connecticut poultrymen show^s a disheartening record of those who specialized in commercial eggs and poultry alone. On the other hand, the men who have made poultry a part of a general farm, or a specialty supplemented by fruit or other crops wdiich utilize the spare time of the poultryman, the poultry manure, etc., and incidentally augment the income, show opportunities for a pleasant and profitable business along these lines. Eggs during the past year have ranged in price from fifty cents to a dollar and a quarter a dozen at retail, and poultry from forty to seventy-five cents per pound full dressed. AVhile the prices of these products for the past year may at first glance seem high, a comparison with other food prices will show that they are not, relatively speaking. \Mth Con- necticut producing less than enough to supply one of her larofe cities, and Avith the steady increase in her industrial population, there seems no possibility of the business being CA^erdone. A study of the poultry situation brings out the fact that the greatest obstacle is the great difference betw^een the price the consumer pays and that which the producer receives. Eggs and poultry reach the consumer in practically tlie same condition in which they leave the hands of the pro- 1918.] COXXECTICUT. 25 ^iuccr. riicre is ik* maiuifacturiiio- (»])crati<»n t< » take a large ]'art el" tin- con.siiincr's dollar. There is a perfectly ju>litiable iraiis])(»rtati( »n charge and the marketing charge which is just as legitimate, hul when we tind llu- cu.stnmer i)aying l'r« m fifty l(» a hundred per cent, more f<»r eggs than the jjroducer receives wc know there is something radically wr(»ng. Connecticut for generations has been recognized nationally as headquarters for the finest standard hred poultry, many thousands of dollars coming into the state annually for eggs lor hatching and breeding stock. The commercial gr use this sys- tem until the weather gets cold, then the small colony houses are hauled together so the attendant can feed the hogs easier and quicker. It is not the number of pigs that are farrowed that counts, ]?ut rather the number that are raised. A few years ago in one of the western states where I spent considerable time, there were one hundred litters farrowed in one brood house with what seemed like very satisfactory results. I asked the attendant the average number raised to the litter and he said ''Between five and six," which seemed a small average. Later experience has proven the average was good. 1U18.] SUCCESS IX SWIXE IIL'SUAXDRV. 33 W c hdw been keei)inj4- ;i rocnnl lOr ten munths coverinj>^ every litter iidni nue liug li.iu.-.e. There were some old sows tliat we realized were not profitable to keep except for their valuable breeding and there were aiSo the usual number of gilts farrowing lor their lirst time which W(juld have a tend- ency to reduce the average. 'These tigures show seventy-nine litters or six hundred pigs actually farrowed alive. Tiiat does not seem a very large number, and yet the average of li\e pigs was about V.G while 5.2 pigs per litter were raised, which is considered good. To keep the average good it is necessary to select breeding stock from large litters. I would not discard a sow because her tirst litter is small, but discard both her and her progeny ii she fails the second time. In carrying pure-bred hogs it is necessary to use some means of identification, and notching the ears is the most satisfactory. All the pigs of a litter are notched before they are weaned, and are identified by these notches until they are bred, when an ear tag is placed in the ear. W'e go over the bree"ding lots at least once a week. We stir up the pigs and every time we get a pig we do not like, regardless of its breeding, it is culled out for the fattening pen. In this way we not only make our selection from the breeding standpoint, but also from the individuality of the animal. The boar is perhaps one of the most important things we have to consider. Select a boar not only well bred, but one from a good uniform, litter of at least eight pigs. He should have individuality, should be long, deep, smooth, full in the fiank, and with a good deep ham, and above all he should stand up well on his feet. Our climatic conditions are much severer than yours; our pasture and crop seasons shorter. In the summer time, as soon as the weather permits, we plan to keep our pigs out on the land. The breeding stock is carried in small lots by means of hurdles. The pigs are put on fresh ground and when they have worked this ground over, the hurdles are simply picked up and moved along onto fresh ground. This method proves profitable from both the pig and land stand- point. The pigs are moved along from time to time, usually once a day, and any foul weeds in the land are pretty sure to 34 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., be cleaned up. In northern Xew England, ]\Iaine, Xew Hampshire and Vermont there is a weed called the "Orange Hock Weed" which is pretty much of a pest, but the pigs clean this out of the land. Hogs are adaptable to more kinds of feed and more methods of feeding than any other form of live stock which we carry. They can be pastured, they can eat grain and dairy by-products and are also flesh consumers, therefore are more adaptable to dift'erent feednig methods than other classes of live stock. In New England garbage or swill is an important factor. Since ^Ir. Hoover has been so active the quantity of swill is probably reduced, but there is always a legitimate amount of waste which the hog can use success- fully. Swill feeding is something I admit I had to start at the beginning and learn. I had taken it up from the theoreti- cal standpoint of swill feeding, that is, that swill should be fed raw. In that way the hog saved the cost of cooking, and good results could be obtained. In garbage there is always more or less pork products thrown in, these pork products often coming from hogs from a cholera infected section. These infected hogs arrive at market, pass inspection, and arrive at the farm where the cholera germs are transmitted to the perfectly healthy hogs. By sterilizing the swill you eliminate trouble, and by boiling practically all is used except the bones, so that there is little or no waste in this process. The question often arises as to the citrus fruit rinds. These citrus rinds are supposed to be poisonous to the hog, so keep them out as far as possible. If I were to start in the hog business, I would try and locate near some city and get the contract to take their swill, then sterilize and feed it to the hogs. It is the best game in the farming line at the present time, as in this way you get paid for doing something for yourself. I disagree with some breeders as to the age of weaning pigs. The seasons in'northern New England are such that if we do not have our pigs come so we can breed them for early fall pigs, it sometimes means we get our pigs to wean in cold weather. In order to wean one litter in cold weather but not two, it has been our m.ethod to wean our pigs quite a little earlier than the average breeder. Six weeks is the IDIS.] SUCCE>r i.\ rv\IXI-. lICSnAXDRV. 35 ax't-rajc^-c ag-c of ^veanin_l,^ S<»mc- f^rowci:^ carr\- tlvj liiu-r cii^lit or twclxc" weeks on hniod suws. Tlie earlier you can lake the litter frdui the mother, the in< ire use you iiave of the brood Sow hMiise and the earlier the sow will farrow a^ain. In looking- U]) the authorities on this subject, you will find they disagree on this question. The northern hog- raiser does not pay sufficient attention to the pasturing of his hogs. A\'e have gotten out of the habit of it. Where I am located I was looked at in surprise when 1 dro\e the hogs the same as cattle; grazed and pas- Lured them the same as cattle. I work the hogs on a smaller area when the land is rocky, and it is very satisfactory as they are fed more in that way than if grazed in larger areas. The best forage crop is rape. We drill and handle it the •same as turnips, and let the hogs go up and down the rows. I-^or another forage crop we use a combination of oats, peas and barley. In using this for the pasturing of hogs we obtain •excellent results, and it is profitable. Pasturing and grazing is merely supplemental. They do not make suiftcient growth 'or fatten on pasture alone. The dairy by-products make a 'x'aluable feed, but are usually too expensive. In handling brood sows there are a good many things to be 'taken into consideration. A brood sow should be exercised so that she will be in good condition when she gives birth to her young. The rations should not be too wide to obtain good thrifty pigs. The pigs should not be too large at time of birth. I want a brood sow^ to farrow^ easily, and when the pain starts, to farrow quickly. If the pigs are regularly formed and well haired out they pick themselves up and get around and begin to nurse, the results are satisfactory, and a much larger percentage of pigs are raised. Pigs that are of medium size, well developed, well haired out at birth, usually require but little attention, unless the weather is cold. If possible, however, we take the precaution to have an attend- ant present. In conclusion there are a few facts that are essential to successful hoof raisino- ; amono;- them mav be mentioned Sfood breeding stock and a type adapted to pork raising. o6 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept.^ DISCUSSION. QUESTION : How about fattening hogs for market? MR. CAMPBELL: That is profitable, and they should be finished at six to eight months of age. A few days ago two wagon-loads brought $1,1U0 for us. QUESTION : AMiat is your opmion regarding hogging down corn? 'MR. CAI\IPI>ELL: I haven't had any experience. So far north we do not raise corn, ownng to labor conditions, etc. I would change my opinion of ten years ago. There is no, doubt but what it can be hogged down successfully. QUESTION : What causes pigs to break dov/n in the l:'ack ; hind quarters to show humped up appearance? ]\IR. CA]\IPBELL: That is more or less hereditary. I would absolutely refuse to breed anything of that character. Such pigs are apparently all right to a certain age and until they reach about one hundred pounds. I thought this con- dition was caused by feeding, but decided later it was a mere matter of heredity and eliminated it by selection. QUESTION : How warm do you keep the brood house? AIR. CAMPBELL: We have steam coils in hoggery for farrowing pigs, but do not keep the hoggery warm, from forty-eight to fifty-five degrees. The men work in their wdth their coats and gloves on. The farrowing sows are kept nearest the heat, and we plan as the pigs grow older to move them farther away, and later they receive very little ad- vantage from the heat. QUESTION: How do you handle hog cholera? AIR. CAAIPBELL: You may be ever so careful and sani- tary, but sooner or later cholera will get started where any number of pigs are kept. The germ is brought in in some \Ya.y. There is only one thing to do and that is to vaccinate every hog and keep it up. QX'ESTION : Until what age do you keep those pigs in the pens? ]:)l.s,j iJTScrssiox. 37 Ai K. C AM I'lW'J J, : Until they l-cI large enouf^h t^ lilt the pens and get away ;• usually at eighty or one hundred l)ounds. (Jl 'I^STU ).\ : iluw lung dtK-> ii laUe to gi liunui'ed pound pig? MR. CAAH'MIlLL; i hat depends up(jn liow you are feed- ing them. If y<^)U give them hy-products, swill, garden waste,. and carry tlicm chca]). they will not gain so fast. They may Aveigh flirty pounds at three months of age; one hundred pounds at three months of age is not exceptional and I have had them dress two hundred pounds at six months of age. Under our conditions there is more money in them to carry them until eight or nine months of age. OUESTIOX : JIow much does it cost to raise a pig to one hundred pounds? MR. CAMPBELL: It is hard to estimate the value of feeds we use. From the corn standpoint, one pound of pork uses three to five pounds of corn ; usually five pounds figured. OUESTIOX : Can you feed as much tankage if you are using svvnll? MR. CAMPBELL: With good swill I would not use any tankasfe. ■■fe OUESTIOX : How much can one aft'ord to pay for his swill? MR. CA:\IPBELL: It depends upon the kind of swill you are getting. QUESTir)X : Can you feed pigs corn and tankage? MR. CAMPBELL: If you get tankage specially prepared lor feeding purposes, it is economical to feed with corn. QUESTIOX : Can you use meat and scraps the same as for poultry? MR. CAMPBELL: If ihere are no sharp pieces of bone, jou can. 38 ^ BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept.,. LAW RELATING TO LXOCULATIOX OF HOGS FOR HOG CHOLERA. By Dr. C. L. Colton, Deputy Commissioner on Domestic Animals. I am here at the request of our Commissioner on Domestic Animals to talk on the subject of our new law which gov- erns inoculation of hogs for hog cholera; to bring the attention of the hog raisers to the fact that the State of Con- necticut through our Commission wishes to extend its as- sistance to everyone mterested in the hog industry. Unless the quarantine and treatment is enforced, hog cholera is in-^ evitable ; when it starts it is going to go through the lot. In 1916, when I was attending a Pennsylvania college, I. was sent to inspect a barn where eight hundred pigs were kept. This barn contained four floors, the swill wagons were driven in on each floor and dumped to the lot of pigs assigned the driver. When I went into this barn I had on a rubber coat, boots and cap but at that did not escape some of the drippings. After this experience I vowed never to have anything to do with the hog again. These pigs were all lost, but we did not then know as much as we novv know of the treatment of hog cholera. The department of health went out and burnt the whole thing up. The large hog raisers in that city finally got together and made up their minds they would have a law to remedy that condition. In 1916 the price for inoculation in this state was ten cents a pig, which was not enough. There was no system, no force,, no men thoroughly educated in this work ready to go ahead and treat the hogs ; in fact, at that time there were only two good men known in the state for this work. By July of this year we had a system thoroughly estab- lished for the treatment of hog cholera. The application and distribution of virus and serum is made through the Com- missioner. A complete record of each case treated and the- results obtained is kept on file in the office and may be re- ferred to at any time. From November of last year to Nov.ember of this year eight thousand hogs were treated. From the middle of July- up to the first of November we have treated six thousand!. We have the number and weight, and can identify every one.. 1918.] LAW RELATING To I XOCL'LAT K »N' FOR FlOr, CHOLERA. 39 At first \\c were liaiulicai)i)ccl by lack of upcratur:^ but now wc lia\c twenty skilled in the work So that service can be rendered within twenty-fn thruuj^h- uut the state. The only cost to the ai)i)licant is fur the serum as the cost of treatment is borne by the department. The cost of the serum is governed on the basis of the weight and temperattire of the pig and whether there is in- fection in the herd or infection in the neighlj(jrhood. The average cost is about sixty-three and one-half cents \)cr hog. A pig with a high temperature reqtiires a certain larger per cent, of serum than one with a normal temperature, say ten, fifteen or twenty cubic centimeters of serum as indicated. The number of hogs inoculated from the middle of July up to the hrst day of November was six thousand, some were given the single treatment, and some the double treatment. A large number were killed and realized on. The death rate was four hundred seventy-three out of six thousand. Forty per cent, exhibited symptoms of hog cholera. At one time the hog industry in this state was almost en- tirely wiped out. They could not raise hogs owing to the hog cholera. With two thousand two hundred hogs infected with hog cholera at time of injection we figure about eighty per cent. Avill be lost, thus showing a saving of seven hundred sixty hogs by the treatment. Figuring these at an average weight of one hundred fifty pounds each, they would have netted the owners in the neighborhood of fifty thousand dollars at the current price of pork. The price of inoculation to the department and the state is decreasing gradually. V\'e propose to give instruction on the treating of hogs to those who are not familiar with the double treatment. Any one can inject serum. If a person is clean in his work an abscess will not form, and that is w hat we are afraid of and want to. avoid. The use of the virus is where the danger lies. \'irus should not be used until you are familiar with the correct methods of its use. One of our operators has inoculated over one thousand, seven hundred hogs without an abscess or trouble of any kind while another has not had over ten. This shows what can be 40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., clone under clean surroundings. We selected a swill man's pigpen for demonstration in which there were seventy-eight hogs averaging eighty pounds each. They were fed the morning we started to v\ork but should not have been. I personally washed the pigs with soap and water, scraped and painted with iodine, then after the inoculation placed them in clean pastures. One little pig in that bunch had a breach which was reduced and he came out all right. There was cholera in that herd and they all came out withcTut an abscess. That goes to show what can be done where cleanli- ness prevails. This man is going into the swill-pig business and expects great success. In a herd of from two thousand to three thousand hogs in New Haven, six hundred and elcA'en were treated and the little pigs as far down as fifteen pounds were given the double treatment with wonderful success. I do not believe in double treating the pig below thirty pounds, but would recommend the single treatment for small swill-fed hogs, for the pro- tection this treatment gives up to time of double treatment. For an illustration will take two farms : The first had six hundred seventy hogs, and the owner went out and bought five new ones. The day after these pigs were delivered one died, and a post mortem revealed the presence of hog cholera. Two more of the lot died. We in- jected the rest of the herd, even the little ones. This was on a grain-fed herd where no swill had been fed previous to the treatment. The owner of the second farm was a large hog raiser. He purchased two hundred inoculated pigs from the \A'est, and they did so well he went to Buft'alo and bought one thousand, five hundred more and had them inoculated at considerable expense. Something went wrong, and he brought these pigs into his herd having only passive immunity. These pigs be- gan to break and have all kinds of trouble. He injected the whole bunch all over again and lost thirty per cent. We finally cleaned them all up. He is going at it again next spring. The point I wish to make is that there was not a case of cholera until the rotten stock was brought in. Would you always inoculate? I look at it in this way: If you have a farm with no hog cholera among the stock, or on 11)18.] FACTORS IXFLUF.NCING THE YIELD OF CORN. 41 any farm near. I would not inoculate, l>ut as soon as one pig gets off his Icii. ha\ c some one come and hv.ik the l>unch over, and inoculate all rd^nvc forty pounds with double treatment, and all under tortx- pounds with the single treatment. \()U can he of just as much service hy raising hogs as in :in\- other department of action in the present conflict, as in develoi)ing this industry wc arc not only carrying on a bu-^i- ness which has a certain degree of profit for ourselves, but renderin"' a ser\ ice which results in a direct food benefit on a very large scale. Afternoon Session. FACTORS IXFLUENCIXG THE YIELD OF CORX. By Prof. U. G. South wick. Extension Agronomist of the C«)n- necticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Conn. Professor C. G. Williams, Chief of the Department C)f Agronomy at the Ohio Agricultural College was to have de- livered an address on this subject, but he has been delayed . by a snowstorm near Pittsburg, Pa. Let me point out that these exhibits include the Xew Lon- don County Corn show and the State Board of Agriculture Corn and Potato Contest. In this hall are featured fifty ear ■exhibits with a germination test of each ear. The germina- tion test, if properly conducted, is as reliable a measure of the value of corn as we can get at a corn show. These tests also have an educational value and this demonstration is made for that purpose. The educational value which a corn show provides as well as the exhibit value is hard to estimate. Any one who wants to take home a lesson should carefully examine the exhibits, especially those with germination tests. The potatoes and corn exhibited in the State contest rep- resent the quality of potatoes and the corn in Connecticut, but not the magnitude. There should be three times as much corn exhil)ited next year, if not ten times as much. The more corn exhibited the more glory an exhibitor has in Avinning, The Agricultural Experiment Station and College exhibits are self-explanatory. The corn breeding work carried on at the Xew Haven Experiment Station is of particular interest 42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept.,. to all present. This work has been conducted at Xew Haven for several years and many valuable facts are being established regarding inheritance in corn. The object of a corn show is not to win a prize. The ob- jects of this Corn Show are to give men with good seed corn an opportunity to advertise and sell it; and to give people who want to buy good Connecticut grown seed corn a chance to find and buy it. Aloreover, this show ought to promote greater interest in good corn and the good growing of corn. The men who win at this show are under an obligation to make possible a larger increase in corn production by dis- seminating their seed, provided it is superior. When men win at a corn show they should also win in the field. This prize winning corn must demonstrate in the field next year that the judges' decision was right in putting it first. The winners here have a particular obligation to make their corn prove its superior merit. If their corn does not measure up, it is not worth continuing, and it is up to the county agent to see that it is discontinued. You cannot run a satisfactory corn show unless people see the advantages of a corn show, and are interested in it. It is up to the men here to get all the benefit they can. The Importance of Corn as a Crop. Notice for a minute this chart of relative values. The les- son taught by it should be remembered by every corn grower in the state. "Sixty Bushels of Corn. "What a Connecticut corn acre should yield. f 59 bushels of wheat st important point wliich the judj^es consider. Other important points arc as follows: 1. Size. Corn should be as lar^e as possible because a small variety is usually a poor yielder. Where two samples are alike in other characteristics but size, the larger samjjle should be placed over the smaller. 2. Size of butts. The size of the l)Utt is an indication of the size of the ear shank, and smaller ear shanks are more desirable as I have previously pointed out. 3. Space between rows. Flint corn rows should be jdaced well together as the tightness of the rows indicates firm corn. With dent corn there should be a slight space between the rows; the kernels are longer than in flint and the sample will dry out better than if the rows are close together. -1. Uniformity. In a sample exhibited for show, uniform- ity is an indication of selection and improvement. This is a good shoAv point. In judging we remember all the points on the score card,, but very seldom use the score card, unless two samples are very close. It is wasteful of time, and the major points come out without actually scoring the samples. In judging corn we first eliminate those samples which we are sure will not place. Five or six, or perhaps eight samples place. The sample which earns first place is put over all the rest. It is easier to select the first place sample in every case than it is the second or third, or fourth or fifth. We dis- agree more on the fourth and fifth place than on any other place in the judging work, and this is often true in judging other materials. About some of the samples exhibited here. I have nothing to say ; they speak for themselves. I want to call your at- tention to the samples which received first and second place in the fifty-ear exhibit where the germination test is being made. There is absolutely no cjuestion between the first and second place. If you will notice, the sample which received first place is probably no better in germination, but taken straiofht through it is a more desirable sample oi corn. It is just as uniform, it shows more improvement, and is better,. .50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., particularly over the butts, than the sample which received second place. With the potatoes we found some excellent samples. Sample No. 12T, which received first place in the state con- test is a sample worthy to be shown in any state or any country. There are several excellent samples of potatoes but the first place potato is a wonder, it is the best I ever saw. it looks as though each potato had the same number of eyes, and that the eyebrows had been combed ; the samples are as near alike as a half dozen peas in a pod. The potatoes which have the first four places are all excellent samples. Another sample which should have honorable mention is No. 98, White Bliss, as it is a very excellent sample of potatoes, not as uniform, but. true to type and altogether a very desir- 3ntally a somewhat inde- pendent class and each one prefers to go his own Avay rather than to co-operate .with his neighbors. For a long time our population has been going through a sifting process. They who like to work in groups and under a boss have been going to town. They who dislike it have remained in the country. One of the most painful operations for a certain type of mind is that of deciding for itself what to do next. The farm is no place for a person to whom that is a painful •A 1918.] THE NECESSITY FOR OKCANIZATIOX. Gl process. The farincr must decide that qiiestiun for hiniself a great many times every clay : This means that he must l^e a self-reHant individual, with a good deal <»f power of scdf- direction. in short, he must be capable of being hi.-, own boss. The average person who lives in town, however, is ntjt his own 1)oss, but works under sonicborly else. He does not have to decide what to do next ; there is always a boss or a superintendent handy to tell him. All he has to do, therefore, is to fit into a large machine and do what he is told to do. It follows as a matter of course that the independent, self- reliant people who do not like to work under a boss, generally stay in the country ; whereas the easily organized and more or less gregarious individuals flock to the cities. There are some advantages which grow out of this inde- pendent character of the rural population. A\'hile it is diffi- cult to organize them for constructive purposes, it is likewise dif~(icult to organize them for predatory purposes. Con- sequently, the political machine has its home in the city and not in the country. The political boss, like the industrial boss, has his home in the city rather than in the country. But along with these advantages which follow the inde- pendent temperament of the average farmer come certain dis- advantages. It is difficult to organize them, even for worthy purposes. In this day of organization, when organization is the key-word to almost every kind of large success, the fact that country people are so hard to organize has proved to be a distinct weakness in country life. In every program for the organization of rural interests, we must take these two large facts into account : the geo- metrical and the temperamental difficulties in the way of or- ganization. Nevertheless, in spite of these difficulties, the necessity for organization is becoming more and more ap- parent every day. These difficulties can only be overcome by superior wisdom or superior morality on the part of the country people. If they once realize that difficulties are made to be overcome, and that wisdom and morality are given to people for the purpose of overcoming difficulties, they need have no great difficulty. In spite of these difficulties, there is one great advantage which the country people still possess. They still have the 62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., germs of the neighborhood idea, which has almost died out in the towns and cities. The city people have already lost all conception of its value, and I am afraid that even the country people only partially realize its value and it fundamental im- portance in all genuine and progressive social life. The neighborhood idea is based essentially on territory, on land, or on the geometrical relations between man and man. The cities are largely dominated by the class idea, which is super- ficial, pestilential, and of the devil. It is artificial, due merely to our ways of thinking rather than to the fundamental conditions under which we have to live. Class consciousness, class war, — all such obscene notions, are the products of city life and not of country life. The essential difference here was brought out once upon a time in a famous dialogue. This dialogue took place between a man from the country and a man from the city. If you forget that essential fact, — that the one man was from the country and the other from the city, — you will never get the real meaning of the dialogue. The man from the city inquired of the man from the coun- try, "AA'ho is my neighbor?" The man from the country answered with the story of the good Samaritan. The man from the city had forgotten what neighborhood meant; like all city people, he was thinking in terms of class. So were the various people who, on the way to Jericho, passed by the wounded man because he did not belong to their set or class, until the Samaritan came along who recognized the geo- metrical relations of life rather than the class relations, and thus exemplified the principle of neighborhood. Country people generally understand what the word ''neighborhood" means. They have that much, at least, in their favor. Until city people re-learn the meaning of the word ''neighborhood,'' there can be no such thing as good city government, or good social or economic conditions in any city. Cities and the dwellers therein will doubtless go on trying other experiments, tinkering with the situation, trying by various psychological processes known as "taking thought." to add a cubit or so to the moral stature, but all such efforts are futile and vain. I remember very well a certain ardent social reformer who leally thought he had a remedy for most of the ills of society 1918.] THE XliCESSlTV FOR ORGANIZATION. 63 and seemed g-eiiuinely zealous in tlic promotion of his reform, who stated, rather proudl) J ihoU|^ht, that he did not know- even the name of a sinijle in(h\idual, outside uf hi.s own fam- ily, of several hundred win* li\c-d in the same house with him- self in \ew N'ork City. 1 U- had ahsolutely lost the la>t vestige of the neighborhooil idea. and. needless to say, his re- form has never made any headway ; nor would it d know what it is to feel an emotional interest in the welfare or the safety of the United States of America. I am afraid that most of us feel a deeper emotional interest in the country as a Vvdiole than we do in that part of the country called the neighi)orhood, for which v.-e can accomplish more than we can for the nation as a whole. Almost any one of us has in his power to do more for his own neighborhood than he can possibly do for the country as a whole, and yet most of us have very little emotional interest in our neighbor- hood, even though we have a great deal in the country as a: whole. <66 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., One way to begin the organization of the rural neighbor- hood is to study the methods of organizing the urban units. These urban units are too large, but nevertheless they have done some good work. I refer to the chambers of commerce and the boards of trade which try as best they can to or- -ganize the business interests of the city for the purpose of .general city improvement. This form of organization might very w^ell be adopted in the rural neighborhood. This wiil prove a school for the development of rural statesmanship, or neighborhood statesmanship. It will furnish an oppor- tunity for the fnan with constructive ideas to get those ideas put into practice. Some of the cities are also trying the ex- periment of the city manager, though, as a matter of fact, that is what the mayor ought to be, or else the town clerk. In fact, in those countries where they have good city govern- ment, either the mayor or the town clerk is the city manager. A'ery few rural neighborhoods have any similar functionary -whose business it is to promote the development of the "neighborhood. It would be useless to have either a neighborhood manager or a rural chamber of commerce without giving it something to do immediately. It must be kept busy from the very :start with the solution of neighborhood problems. Some cf these problems are already acute and calling for immediate solution. There is, for example, the great problem of buying :and selling, the problem of finding an outlet for the products of the neighborhood and the most economical method or supplying itself with the products of other neighborhoods which it must bring in. I wonder if we realize how all-im- portant this great problem of buying and selling has become. In the old days of self-sufficing agriculture, when practically •every farm produced everything that was consumed on the farm, and consumed everything that was produced on the farm, this was a question of minor importance ; but we have long passed out of that stage. The farmer is a buyer and seller in almost the same sense as the manufacturer, and, as a matter of fact, farming is the only large business in the -country which Ijuys even its raw materials at retail and sells its finished products at wholesale. This in itself is a sufh- 1918.] Till-. NKCESSITV FOR ORGANIZATION-. 67 cient explanation of the fact tliat farming is not the most prosperous lousiness in the country. I5ut the world at lart^e is still groping for the S(jlution of the great i)r()blem of buying and ^cdling. I wonder if y(ju realize that no manufacturing city ever rose to the first rank ■ among cities. A few ha\'e risen to second rank or third, hut none to first. The only cities that have ever risen in any countrv to first rank are the trading cities. Of course, no manufacturing city can get along without doing some trading, and all trading cities do a certain amount of manu- facturing. Nevertheless, the dominant business in the large cities of all countries is buying and selling, — wholesaling and retailing, — rather than manufacturing; whereas in all of these countries a number of cities have risen to second and third rank where manufacturing is the dominant business and trading is only of secondary importance. Moreover, the great fortunes of the world have been made, not in the ma- jority of cases by manufacturing, but by trading, — buying ^nd selling, — by men wdio have not been skillful in the art of manufacturing, but skillful in the arts of trading. Even the manufacturers, therefore, have many problems in the way of buying and selling which they have not yet worked out, but the farmers are even further behind. Manufacturers are now beginning to realize that the selling organization, or the sales department, is the most important p?.rt of their business or- ganization. In some cases it is almost the wdiole business, the actual work of manufacturing being carried on mainlv for the purpose of keeping the hopper full in order that the selling organization may be kept busy. Even the trust, though it claims to be eliicient in pro- duction, owes its success mainly to its efficiency as a buyer and seller. It may be able to control a source of raw mate- rials and thus get its raw materials on better terms than its competitors. The producers of the finished product do not know the difference and think the trust is an efficient pro- ducer, wdiereas, in this case, it is only an efticient bargainer. It may secure better transportation rates than its competitors, and thus gain an advantage over them. This, again, is not •efficiency in production, but efficiency in bargaining. It may "be al;)le to control the labor situation more eff"ectivelv than a 6P^ BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., small competitor. Again, it^ advantage is on the side of bar- gaining rather than on the side of production. Finally, it may perfect a great selling organization with branches in every nook and corner of the country and be able therefore to take advantage of every local situation. This is an es- pecially efhcient device in bargaining and not in producing, — in selling the product rather than in producing it. The small farmer working alone is generally at a disad- vantage in this work of buying and selling or bargaining. He may be a \ery efficient producer, — in fact it appears that the middle-sized farm, or the farm which enables one family to utilize its own labor power to the best advantage is the most economical unit from the standpoint of production that has yet been discovered, but this advantage in production is partially offset by its disadvantage in buying and selling. A huge farm that can buy and sell on a large scale is usually not so efficient in the work of production, but gains enough through its efficiency in buying and selling to make up for its inefficiency m production. The ideal combination would be such an organization among a large number of small farmers as would give them the advantage in buying and selling W'hich belongs to the bonanza farm and at the same time pre- serve for them the advantages in production which they al- ready possess. As to marketing, there are certain well-recog- nized principles wdiich apply to farm products as well as to anything else. The marketing of farm products does not in itself present any serious difficulty. Farm products are no more difficult to sell than are the products of the mines and the factories. The only difficulty is that which the small farmer finds in adopting the same methods which have to be adopted by other business men. There are four things necessary to the successful marketing of farm products. In the first place, the products must be j.;ood. It will never be easy to sell poor products at a good price. The products must be such as the consumers like, otherwise the consumers will never buv them eaq-erlv. But even a good product must be graded or standarized. The man who buys a barrel of apples may have pretty definite notions as to what kind he wants. He does not like to ]:)uy vSeveral other kinds mixed in, in order to get a few of the 1018.] Tin: .\i:ci:ssFTV for r)Rr,.\Niz.\Ti().v. 69 kind he likes. 'Vhv rc'-taiuani kcc-j^L-r \\li<> 1)U\■^ ]jniilcr> iruiii tlie poultry man nui.sl cliar'.ie lii> cu^Imiikts a uniform price, and he would like to i^et a uniform product. If lie buy^ an. ungraded assorinunt, some will he larj.^c and some small, some fat and some lean, it will he im])ossible for him to treat his customers alike. If it is a cheap restaurant, he wants chea]) hroilers; if it is an ex])cnsive restaurant, he ^\•ants hrst-rate broilers and ncj cheap ones among them. He will therefore always deal 1)}- ])reference with the man who can gi\e him exactl\- what he wants and in the cjuantities de- sired. The same principle holds true of practically all agri- cultural products. Different buyers want dift'erent grades and qualities. Each buyer wants what he wants and will al- ways deal b\' preference with the one wdio ^vill sell him .ex- actly what he wants and in the desired qtiantities, rather than with the seller whi insists on sellinjj :va ting^rad?.'-. nonde- script batch of stuff. Naturally the small farmer with onl\- a small quantity to sell cannot grade it or suppl}' it in sufticient quantities to satisfy the various needs of various customers. If he has no •organization, he must necessarily sell to dealers who 1)U}' from a large number of farmers, and then grades and classi- fie.- according to the needs of his customers. A farmer in this case will never be able to deal directly with ctistcmers : he must absolutely and always deal with a middleman, be- cause grading is an absolute necessity and therefore some agency whicli can do gradir.g is equall\- a necessity. Xothing will meet the situation and eliminate the dealers' profits ex- cept an organization of farmers large enough to grade and stipply the different grades ni the quantity demanded. Not only must the products be good and be properly graded. l)ut it is usual!}' necessar}' to brand or trade-mark them, or in some way identif}' them with the producer. This is often necessar}' fe^r the protection of the producers who had been producing a good product and had worked up a reptitation for it. I kiiow a neighborhood that for years had a special reputation for its potatoes. Buyers were eager to buy them and usuall}' paid a small premium to get them. Having?- no ors^anization and no method of brandins: or trade- marking tlieir product, some unscru[)uluus producers began to 70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Scpt.^. trade upon the reputation of the neighborhood and sell a. poor product at a good price because the name of the neigh- borhood helped to sell it. Needless to say, this soon de- stroyed the reputation of the neighborhood and even the hon- est potato growers suiTered in consequence. If they had had a compact organization and a brand or trade-mark like that of the Sun-kist oranges of southern California, they could have protected themselves against these unscrupulous growers and preserved their reputation. The fourth essential is that the consuming public be educa- ted as to the meaning of the grades and the brands or trade- marks. This also is something which requires organization. A small farmer with vcrv little to sell could hardly af¥ord to pay the cost of advertising. An organization of a thousand or ten thousand farmers with a great deal to sell could ad- vertise effectively. Aside from the interest of the farmer himself in this kind of organization, there are certain economic principles which are involved here. It is a matter of sheer economy of the energy of the nation. Anything Avhich has to be sold on in- spection is always sold in a very expensive way, in terms of human energy, — t'.at is, it is a laborious process to inspect a product every time it changes hands. If instead of having to be sold on inspection, it could be sold on grade or reputa- tion : that is, if the buyer instead of seeing the product itself could order a certain quantity and a certain grade and akways know that he would get exactly what he ordered, there Avould be a vast economy effected in the work of selling. Every commodity which is sold could sell economically on a large scale. Every commodity of which the price to the pro- ducer is only slightly less than that paid by the consumer, is sold on grade or reputation rather than on inspection. The reason is that it is economical of time and energy to buy and sell in this way, whereas it is wasteful of time and energy to inspect and examine a product every time it changes hands. I remember a case of some farmers in Xorth Carolina who had hay to sell. They had been advised by the agricultural experts to grow hay because North Carolina was importing a great deal of hay from the Northwest, mainly through Cin- cinnati. I'he North Carolina farmers had grown hay that 191S.] TIIF XFXnSSITV FOR ORGANIZATIOX. tl year but found that tliorc was no sale for it, yet in the citiei hay frcjm Cincinnati was still seUin,L,^ 'I'he exi)lanati(»n gi\en by tlie dealers was that it was really more economical for them to order hay from Cincinnati than to buy it from the farmers. -\ telegram or a letter would bring a carload of hay of a given S^rade. Thev knew before thev saw it what it would be like and did not need to waste any time examining it. Un the other hand, if they buught hay of the local f.armers, they would have to ins])ect and examine every load. Until the farmers were prepared to grade and guarantee the quality of their hay, the dealers founr! their own time too valuable to spend in examining and inspecting the farmers' hay. There is another story of some New York apple growers who went to the manager of a large Xew York hotel wdio had. been buying apples from the far Northwest, and asked him if he w^ould not buy New York apples. He replied that when he ordered apples from the Northwest, he cr)uld order by grade and every box w^ould be exactly what he wanted ; whereas if, at that time, he ordered apples from western New York, he would have to buy them in an ungraded condition and would have to inspect practically every barrel, and even then they would not all be alike, and therefore not exactly what he wanted. The Danes, Avho have carried the work of agricultural or- ganization further, perhaps, than any other people have long appreciated the importance of selling their products on grade, and of protecting the reputation of the grades. Our Minister to Denmark told of an incident which happened there. .\ certain shipment of Danish butter to London was found to be below par. It was m.ade almost a national issue in Den- mark and the national government itself exercised itself in order to explain the incident, and to assure not only their London customers, 1)ut even the representatives of foreign governments to which no Danish butter was ever sent, that it would not occur again. That extreme care which they ex- ercised to preserve the reputation of Danish butter helps to explain wh\- the Danish butter sells so w-ell. The people who buv it have confidence in it and generally find that it is exactly what they want. They do not have to inspect it be- fore buying. When I was in Denmark a few years ago, I •IV 2 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., visited a great many farms- and looked at a great many pigs. One striking thing about tlie pork industry in Denmark is that even the pigs are standardized. They are bred ahke, fed aHke, and slaughtered at about the same age and size. The bacon is cured under a standard process so that one hundred Aveisfht of Danish bacon is almost identical with anv other hundred weight. The English buyers can therefore buy Danish bacon on grade and reputation without inspection. It is interesting to notice how the principle of standardi- zation has been carried over into the field of farm finance. Let us assume that the farmer is selling a security to the in- vesting public. If he tries to sell a mortgage, that is, to bor- row the mone}^ on it, the buyer of the mortgage must inspect the farm very carefully, and also the state law with respect to mortgages and do a number of other things which are la- borious and require some expertness. This method of buy- ing mortgages on inspection is a very unsatisfactory method. The result is that mortgages do not sell advantageously. The essential principle behmd our new Rural Credit system is the substitution of a standardized security — -that is, the bonds of the farm land banks. — for an unstandardized securi- ty, namely the mortgage. Any one with money to invest can safely buy one of these bonds. He does not have to inspect it. The result will be that these bonds will sell much more advantageously than farm mortgages can possibly sell. Only tlinse few in^•est^)rs Avho had the time, the inclination and skill to inspect the mortgage and the farm which se- cured it would be in the market for farm mortgages. Any one who has any money to invest will be in the market for the bonds of tiiese farm land banks. This will make them, sell much more advantageously and at lower rates of interest than would be possible in the case of the unstandardized se- curity, namely the mortgage. THE PLACE OF THE FARMER IN THE BODY POLITIC. Bv Dr. L. H. Bailev. Ithaca, N. Y. No one knows what will be the place of the farmer, or any •other member of the body politic in the future; yet we are ]1>18.] PLACE OF THE TAkMEK IX HIE Ii(JlJV POLITIC. 73 ill tlic lial)it <•!' lautiiiy- (»iir phrases in the future tense to irivt them einpha.sis and lu disengage ourselves frc»ni the en- grossing affairs of the present. It is idle merely to speculate; } ct h\' taking account of essential situations in the ])resent, we can forecast something of the immediate future. How- ever, it is really in terms of the future that we defme the present. All 1 can ho])e to do tonight is to state some of the essential elements m the farmer's relation to his fellowmen, in order that we may take new bearings. This exercise i> particularly important now, when practically the whr)le world is at grips and wdien our accustomed establishments seem to us more or less topsy-turvv. There are certain situa- tions that lie rn the nature of things, and which e\'en war can- not change. ( )ur rc-lation to the surface of the earth still re- mains the same. The rural situation is directly inxolved in our ideas of democracy and in the estal)lishments that we organize for the i-urpose of recording and regularizing our affairs. When we speak of the farmer's place in the IxkIv politic in this ■country, we are thinking naturally of his place in a democracy. Some time ago I read in a press despatch, as probably yr>u also read, that Germany is now a democracy having become so within the space of five days. I wondered whether the German people know it. I also asked, in the Far East this last summer of a German of the office-holding class, what the end of the war would be. He replied that it would come as a result of changes and U])heavals in the different countries. I asked him what would be the nature of the change in Ger- many, and he replied that there would be no change inasmuch as Germany is now so democratic that it cannot be improved. I then asked myself whether we mean the same thing when we use the word democracy amongst ourselves or whether it really con^•eys to us any very definite set of ideas. It is not my ])urpose to discuss democracy in the abstract tonio-ht, but merelv to define some elements in the farmer's O m- relation to aff'airs and to the organization of society. We understand, when we come to think of it. that democracy must rest on the land and its division amongst the peoples, for we are all inhabitants of the planet and the surface of it provides our background situation. 74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Scpt.^ Just now we hear about the farmer's attitude toward the great affairs confronting us. There is considerable criticism. All the criticisms I have heard are projected from the point of view either of class organization or industrial organiza- tion. Those who would defend the farmer speak of his psy- chology and the necessity that the rest of us understand it. The result is that much of the treatment of the farmer is- cajolery. The situation lies far deeper than psychology. Let. me give you a formula : The farmer is part of his environment, matching himself into his background, perhaps unconsciously, much as a bird is matched, or a tree, or a quadruped. His plan of operation,, his farm-management, is an expression of his situation in nature : he has w^orked it out because it fits. He cannot shift it radically to meet the advice of any other person. As he himself develops in ability, he will modify his plan of operation so far as he can, but the plan always must fit his place in the environment : no great change is possible un- less his natural conditions change : he does not make his con- ditions. The farmer exemplifies, in the human range, what the naturalist knows as ''adaptation." His situation does not admit of compromise, perhaps not even of adjustment, and therefore it may not be understood by teachers, publicists, ofiicials and others. The consequences of this formula, if it is true, are tremen- dous. All the advice given the farmer that does not recognize his necessary adaptation to his environment is useless; and useless advice is harmful. It is of no advantage to rail against the farmer any more than against the wind or the rain. It is idle to try to apply to him the pressures that are exerted on corporate business. It is of small consequence either to praise him or to condemn, to take sides for him or against him, except insofar as it may aft'ect his spirit as a man. \\'hen, under pressure of great crises, we radically change the conditions under which the farmer works, we must allow him time to readjust himself; he must take account of the latitude that he may reasonably expect in weather and soil and human forces. He needs not favors, but conditions that will allow him to operate. The natural conditions within which he 1918.] PLACt: OK TIIF, FARMER IN THE BODY POLITIC. 75 works cannot l)c clianj^a-d, l)Ut tlicy can Ik- modified in simie ways and he can make new adjnslments within certain lim- its; these possibilities he heyins to nndcr^tand, and they are ])arts of his i)r()])leni as a tarnier; when llie econ<*mic or out- side C( editions are chani^^ed, the modifications must be such as will match the natural limitati from tliose wlio have advised it. If the farmer anywhere nses the weapon of orji^'-anization he only follows the i)rece(lenl .1 :5 .1^ CCI 'T '/. ~ X 4) ;>«■.; . . . rt .j= . »- ox: o hl^ c c c ^2 « <^ ^B. fc owP'i:?; 3 C • 0; fac Oh 0) c ~ t, Ct — . r- -V - f— « ~ ~ j5 lrS^^^';^.^-^Sr^ it 3 ■ :£ 'y - \ f^^K^ >>d.S w (D be . W 5- f-'O c C - . d QJ -^ rt - . C 1-5 >;_+-'>& o .03 o ^'^\k t- > = 5- -£ 2 w oi d d c c C sec o c o 0) •1-4 o o Wc o >-. 0:5 c o c c c c o o 00 000 MfQ .<^ CC O Jh ft^O be d -^ d o CO d<;?=§ - *-' -b. O) c •r- rv. '—I r- o fCd £ K - - c be . d • '-' • o fC c£^ *j oj be a; o o CM |1 'C C o c d gV.'C i^ 7^ !-> S-i w ^ rh, ri. 1^1 ^< • «< be '"-• -^ bey5 o ® . oj d- c tH c-r 1^ c c pet: s- . c.^be.>^^i: '- d Si be d o Q !- ^ be •r ,.c g -^ y. 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X -■ .§ ^ •^ < * .9 "^ '0 ■■-§ ei <» "S o s "1 .E ! > P •^ 55 '^ >» CO CO <1 =« : £2 xK •rH ■ O § 2 > 3 - o i c ■j: -m 0! k E "^ ^ 'S K a- "3) 1— i ^ Sheep Breeders' As State Agricultural trilculturai .Society. . .-H <* "^ '^ -3 '; •=! _ '^ ^ 1 i; 5i .w -r - t, Agricultural Sociel go l'\\ir Association, gricultural Society.. J < •) 5 *," *^ M ' 5 " icultural Society of ist Windsor — Broad Fair Cormiration . . "a t > .«^ 0) — H > Q OQ rH S-, ^^ 3 Si > ^ -^ -T. c = = t: i 'f ■^ -^ -^ ^ - ^ s ^ ;2 -^ 1 X > 5 1918.] RETURNS OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, 1917. 87 a o U CO U < z m U O CO < y o < o CO z H UJ puwis pm;j;> ; : .■ : : : . * »-» '. ^ • • ;:«: . • • • • CI • • © : : : : : ': : : : :& © • « . • ^« 9^ • © lIOISBIttipV (I- Ifl w >o CO ei PI CI O O O 1- r-l F-i f-H ^H : ,S .'=? .^ .V .^ .55 .^ J^ ; n CI ?i ?i CI CC CO CI ■ 1- I'r ic ; ci i-H « CI f-i :^ V b c/ (^ © to e to >o irt 10 CI »- CO »• CI w l-O ^ CI • « • 1 • iT. '. *'' ■ © M001S : : • © ; • IZ '. 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(S^P u 5: ^is ^1 1918.] NL'MCER OF ANIMALS EXHIBITED. 89 o a H 5 5c .X < < O m CO II V .<0 •i^ — r.« 15 . . . ■ eo rH ..•(«. > a>tn tfi • • © • • • CI »H . • o • • • . .f^ . . . . <0 -f -L . 1 CO ^ »H .,.»-»•.. tC ."...- ^ ■ C CI • . ^ CO e ^H rH .•< CI t. i~o I CI rH M OllJAVS . ^o> • ot •.H CO • «o «*■ • -H CI CI . i-H », CI . .0 . .0 CI . .CO • .CI ■1- 0> 00 •-I CO e>s« 1 dooiis i^ CO CI rH • in CI CI 1- . . rH ■ . CO "T rH 95 0> . . 00 . . CI f-i CI l-H paads 00 CI • • CI • • • CO • . . . . CO • • . • . ■ CI 00 CI EdSJOU . • .00'H«I<^5mM0>o.-l< • • CO to »l CO t- sjadjs . . N CO . . rHooOi-ioo^coOcoCjo . .00 • •i-c':ci 05 .-ii-o CI t-tdrHi— (fHCOCIt^ .. .- .-(1—1 f-l t— •v-lt.^CO (JTM) uexo 8upiJO,w • ... 00 . . . t^ t- 1- rH CJ ce -0 00 !0 . .0 . . I.T -< to CI -.O rH ^ f-l CO i-l CI CI '»' -H Tr i-l . . .» . . CI rH CI sjajyaH puc saAiBO rHf-l • • tS • . -O ClCO.-l'*S^i-( M i-Hi-l . .•«r • •MCIO CO i-ilOOi-Ht-. . ..... .... rH . ..... .... • ..... .... SMOD . . .— < d . . ro . . . r-( o o ^ .— 1 00 »": 00 i-H o c-i ^H -t» . . •.»« . . t, t^ ?i *r f* l-^ i-h oo o .. .....i.H ..1—1.. siina . . .«< CO . .re . . . 00 M •<»' o 1.-? c: i^ 00 CO o ct » >-- . . ^ . • \r> in c> yz eo f as i-i • . • . .TJ<...lO .-Irti-Irt ••CO-.ClC^i-l i-l?! >> ■J e • ; > ! • 'i ■ I *s • . c : .M • Ss '■< 2 >^< _ >. ^ .A »* -~" b ^^ t./ « a ^ W W « -y. u _ ^ '- <: 5 E 5 5 -^ r= -= '5 ^ ^ <^ >» > a 'Z c 1 < u V tr ■< a t i > V «r i Hf '1 ' 5 < > > a "a rl X. B 51 < > a c K 5 !<■ c V < ' c « > 'a 1" V. "E 1 > -rJ ai 1 1 5 c C V 'J -< u C3 .^ b a > a 'Z •J. 2 ' c V < :- •3 : -^> ^ 3 ti =^: s 5 = ■5 ti a Si : ^:| '^ :< S -"S £ :* C, • b IS ■ c •^*_' u . >!.- C = < 5 5 .-5 r < 1 u > 1 V. < a 5 •3 a .M iX .2 a^ u -3 E a s u =3 *« — S £ -1 — 1— ' 1 -£ »£ -1 E u - 1 > a < > £ > r." i > a ^ c < 1 c yj ; *u as •3 1 00 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., e o o c o O C 1^ c o L5 "S" O TJ" O Co" r-I ITS OOCOOOOC-IO^OCOCCCO ir; CC IC »^ L* O O l^ C: 1— < Cvl CI w ^ O O f^ cj ci e<3 ■>3< oc i-T i-^ t-H c-1 1— I irj cc C5 rH o o c o o e-1 c: o r-l C OC O o o o o o <= o =; c -J- ^ ^r CJ lo ex ON C/D H 5 x: < D D u s < o < a z . o . o . T)1 02 f=, 0) c 00 o o o o c o o o o c o o o o o o o in lo c o o o cr o = o c o CC CI CI C o = = c c; CI c o 1.-5 • ct c; o o r-( c; c c; o C 00 OS C3 C o o o o O Q CI (— O O • w -O _ -- - -- .-H CI CI CO CI CI -O CI T-l CI i-l c n CJ CO = - O CI o o CI — ,-( CI CI CI CJ 1 CI LO . , I 1 rt O O ' I ,— 1 00 OC 1 ; CI ^^ "-I o CI CI O C v^ V. v: h-'/2 ,^ ^ P,u: X rj: c y: v. V. y: O a: a: c X a: ^ zc " u: V. a: C 1— I 00 _ o C""" CO "-I ^ ^1 »-H CO "-I O ZJ •-' t^ ZJ QJ c c <; 02 o 03 .? = ^ -S « S ^ c c .^ .Ci - - - .^ V •> -S r^ rP r- " r- " ►- K, K- ~ k-! ±:^ c dp. > ^ c = 02 ^ ,- S £ e c 5 .£; ^ ^ c: M K c o g-^ o p.V. = £ W i- o ^ CJ ^ iZTHO-^ r 3 3 f- r- vz ^-'Z K < _• 2" 2 S " - 71 I) ^ _ _ s *o . . o -•So- g & . g s M i4 ; j« K' CG o.^-c =.C3« >> .. -5^ C rt _ KC3 U ^ . — — >.* 1* ^ « — — — = c c O c o s O O U UC o ~ ei ;-d-Si?< o-r M fel c" d c* s: — £ — 2i "c *" 2 S '■" S — - 5 >-• ~ Ci — i>. " ^ C) ta b-i b> *? ^ w-i >; I— 1 Ch — — — >5 >■. .- O ~ ^^ = = s ?? = = 5 = -=^ g<5 S £ O O . -S :- - - K S to '^ i^ C o -5 "T •*< = j; > :; 5 ^ _o ^^ >-^ ^^ t— -Ti; — 'i^ = 11 oP3 o . c o r^ »■» b.- b-^ l— < ^^ ^^ y^ ^^ *^ ^^ ^^ ^^ 9^ u c >> s <; ■£ s .^ ■■^ ^1^ .Ch 1 t-i • "^ w; oi Tf S ta r_^ •a. © o C cS •O a a> ■.-> « (» u / 1918.] REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 91 REPORT OF THE TREASURER. CHAS. A. THOMPSOX in account with STATE BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE. 1917 Dr. Cr. Oct. 1 Balance amount in treasury.... $1,229.85 Xov. 1-1 Gustave Fischer Co $5.25 J. FI. Blakeman 20.25 The Observer Company 74.00 A. Pindar Corp 8.00 Cash received. Overpaid bill by error 77. G7 20 L. H. Healey 175.5-4 J. G. Schwink, Jr 374.80 22 :\Iacdonald & Williams 79.51 28 H. C. C. Miles 562.58 Dec. 3 State ^Appropriation 1,500.00 13 C. D. Geer 20.00 Parker-Davenport Co 99.35 T. N. Carver 50.00 18 Mrs. H. Levin 20.25 A. C. Sheldon 10.08 Jan. 22 Gustave Fischer Co 2.85 General Typewriter Ex- change 3.00 Charles R. Treat 12.11 The Calhoun Press 4.50 C. G. Williams 9.10 Prof. P. A. Campbell 53.21 L. H. Bailey 85.14 :\Ieekins, Packard & Wheat.... 12.50 Telephone Company 3.00 Feb. 19 Chas. A. Thompson (cash paid for railroad fares) 75.00 Ford A. Prince 28.16 S. B. Haskell 40.86 93 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., Feb. 25 '.'^. H. Healey 446.35 Putnam Patriot 10.10 Southern N. E. Telephone... 7.75 B. G. Southwick 10.00 Hallie G. Root 60.00 Underwood Typewriter 8.00 Gustave Fischer Co 2.50 C. E. Hough 4.50 \ Francis F. Lincohi 2.34 H. B. Pomerov 1.25 Edith P. Haven 1.25 Charles P. Bushnell 2 . 74 W. O. Rogers 2.82 H. B. Chapman 4.72 Lucy A. Murphy 30.00 Mar. 2 Cash for railroad fares 36.86 Geor2"e M. Xevins 3.95 T G. Schwink 1.10 Marshall J. Frink 4.60 Charles B. Uffendale 4.60 9 State Appropriation $500.00 The Garde 111.25 25 N. Howard Brewer 27.70 Irmja R. Meigs 30.00 Charles A. Hagberg 45.00 Hartford Weekly Guide 1.50 Gustave Fischer Co 2.50 15 State Appropriation 50C ).00 Apr. May 2^ Charles A. Thompson 43.65 13 L. H. Healey 394.62 Hallie G. Root 50.00 16 . B. Palmer 13.65 ^utnam Patriot 10.50 Southern New England Tele- phone 7.20 Hotel Bone 16.95 20 A. • Pindar Corp 1.50 Gustave Fischer Company .85 29 C. J. Owens " ■ 5.00 1918.] RErORT OF THE TRKASL'RER. 93 Aug. 8 J. Henry IJlakcnian 17.93 G Uy State Apin-upriatiuii 1,000. UU 8 IJallic i\. I^)()t 65.00 L. H. Ilealey 405.87 Hotel Bond 21. GO 'l\itt!e. Alorehouse &. Taylor... 2.G3 Karmi Kiniherly 14.14 Macdonald i\: Williams 34.76 H. W . nuHuis c\: Co 24.30 Plimpt(Mi Mig. Co 6.50 Hartford \\''cckly Guide .50 Sept. 2:] lly State Appropriation 1,500.00 30 Hallie G. Root 40.00 L. H. Healey 365.50 C. A. Thompson 43.60 H. P. Deming 29.30 J. B. Palmer 13.40 Southern New England Tele- phone 2.85 Charles R. Treat 10.80 Karmi Kimberly 3.06 PI. M. Bradley 10. OO Balance amount in treasury.... 1,959.44 $6,307.52 $6,307.52 We have this day examined the accounts of Charles A. Thompson, treasurer, and find the same correct. C. R. Treat, H. P. Deming, Karmi Kimberly, Auditors. Hartford, Conn., Sept. 30, 1918. 94 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., CONNECTICUT DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Dairymen's i\s- sociation for the year ending December 31st, 1917, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of x-\griculture. Receipts. Cash on hand $ 321.25 Record sheets 41.46 Memberships 135.00 Donations 300.00 Premium fund 350.00 Sale of butter 30.00 Floor space rental 273.00 State appropriation 1,864.04 Miscellaneous 9 . 75 $3,324.50 Expenditures. Annual meeting $ 958.41 Premiums 665.23 Directors' and Officers' expenses 296.30 Secretary's salary 200.00 Institute meetings 11.00 Printing 374.15 Fairs \ 40.25 State Fairs' Association dues 5.00 Balance on hand December 1st, 1917 774.16 $3,324.50 Attest, J. G. Schwink, Jr., Secretary. 1918.] COXXKCTICTTT DAIRVMKX's ASSru j vtjoX. 95 CONNECTICUT DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. List of Officers for the Year Ending January, 1918. Officers : President C. B. PO^IEROY, Willimantic Vice-President ROBERT MITCHELL, Southbury Secretary J. G. SCHWINK, JR., Meriden Treasurer R. E. BUELL, A\'allingford Directors : Hartford County THOMAS HOLT, Xewington New Haven County VICTOR LUCCHINI, :\Ieriden New London County.. E. J. HEMPSTEAD, JR., New London Fairfield County J. ARTHUR SHERWOOD, Long Hill Windham County GERALD WALDO, Scotland Litchfield County R. J. AVERILL, Washington Depot Middlesex County H. O. DANIELS, Middletown Tolland County PI. L. GARRIGUS, Storrs 96 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept. CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Pomological So- ciety for the year ending February 1st, 1918, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Receipts. Cash on hand $ 545. 16- Memberships 538.00 State appropriation 1,860.34 Exhibit space rental 198.00 Sale of fruit 93.00 Premiums 68 .00 State Agricultural Society 198.80 $3,501.30 Expenditures. Annual meeting $- 958.43 Preniiums 304.00 Publishing annual reports 689.54 Expenses of fall exhibition 46. T8 Premiums paid at fall exhibition 41T.00 Field meetino^s , 49 . 50 Secretary's salary and office expenses 431.10 President's of^ce expenses 64.71 Treasurer's office expenses 20.96 Crop reports 30 . 10 ^Miscellaneous printing, postage and stat-onery.... 78.59 Sundry expenses 117 . 95 Balance on hand 292.64 3,501.3a Attest, H. C. C. Miles, Secretary. 1918.] CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 CONNECTICUT POMOLOGICAl. SOCIETY. List of officers for the Year Ending January, 1918. Officers : President GEORGE W. STAPLES, West Hartford Vice-President WALTER H. BALDWLX, Cheshire Secretary H. C. C. MILES, Milford Treasurer MINOR IVES, South Meriden Directors : Hartford County LEWIS C. ROOT, Farmington Xew Haven County JOHN A. MARTIN, Wallingford New London County F. W. BROA\'XING, Norwich Fairfield County GEORGE L. WARNCKE, Wilton Windham County WILLIAM C. CHILDS, Woodstock Litchfield County H. G. HALLOCK, Washington Middlesex County HENRY H. LYMAN, Middlefield Tolland County A. T. STEVENS, Storrs 98 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Scpt.^ CONNECTICUT POULTRY ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Poultry Associa- tion for the year ending January 25th, 1918, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Receipts. Cash on hand $ 463.88; Memberships 213. 00 State appropriation 1,000 . 00' State fair fund 100.00 Interest on deposits 7.0O $1,783.88 Expenditures. Directors' expenses $ 138 .-ll: Premiums paid at annual meeting 121.65 Field meeting ^. 225 .50- Annual meeting 111.54 Miscellaneous printing and postage 130.75 Secretary's salary 120.00 Balance on hand '. 900.00 $1,783.88 Attest, George V. Smith, Secretary. JDl.S.] CONXECTICUT POULTRY ASSOCIATTOX. 9^ CONNECTICUT POULTRY ASSOCIATION. List of Officers fur the Year Ending January, 11) IS. Officers : President E. \V. BROWX, Old Mystic Secretary GEORGE V. SA[[TfI. West W'illington Treasurer CHAS. H. BRUXDAGE, Danl)ury Attorney CHAS. E. ROBERTS, New Haven County Vice-Presidents : Harford County L. J. ROBERTSON, Hartford Xew Haven County E. A. TODD, New Haven New London County E. L. KANAHAN, Norwich Eairfield County P. G. SEXTON, Darien A\'indham County A. P. ABEE, Willimantic Litchfield County B. P. NASE, Thomaston Middlesex County E. E. EOWLER, Clinton Tolland County W. H. BU:\ISTEAD, Stafford Springs Executive Committee : Elartford County :\IRS. F. A. THOMPSON, Rocky Hill New Haven Coutny JOHN E. KNECHT, New Haven New London County W. O. ROGERS, Norwich Fairfield County \ GEO. L. ROCKWELL, Ridgefield Windham County GERALD WALDO, Willimantic Litchfield County P. B. WHITEHEAD, Romford :\riddlesex County J. L. PAYNE, Portland Tolland County..!^ :\L\DISON WOODW^-\RD, Columbia Auditors : C. L BALCH ^Lanchester H. L. HAMILTON Ellington 100 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., CONNECTICUT SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Sheep Breeders' Association for the year ending February 1st, 1918, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Receipts. Cash on hand $ 120.87 Memberships 7 . 50 State appropriation 625 . 81 $754,21 Expenditures. Annual meeting $ 80.45 Shearing contest 45 80 Premiums and bounties 114.30 Printing 120.50 Institute expenses 62.35 Speakers 48.20 Officers' and directors' expenses ; 98.64 Miscellaneous 71.69 Balance on hand 112.28 $754.21 Attest, H. L. Garrigus, Secretary. 1918.] COXXFXTICUT SFirCKP nRHRDERS* ASSOCIATION. 101 CONNECTICUT SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. List of Officers for the Year Ending January, 1918. Officers : President CHAS. L. GOLD, West Cornwall Vice-President.. HENRY DORRANCE, Plainfield Secretary H. L. GARRIGUS, Storrs Treasurer B. C. PATTERSON, Hartford Directors Hartford 'County F. H. STADMUELLER, Elmwood New Haven County D. M. .AHTCHELL, South Britain New London County J. B. PAL^^IER, Norwich Fairfield County ROBERT GREEN, Brookfield Center AVindham County RAY B LIVEN, South Canterbury Litchfield County AV. L. PENTECOST, Taconic Middlesex County C. D. MANWARING, Clinton Tolland County JOHN WALBRIDGE, Coventry 102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., CONNECTICUT BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Bee-Keepers' As- sociation for the year ending December 31st, 191T, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Receipts : Cash on hand $ 43.29 State appropriation 300.00 State fair fund 200.00 Loan 150.00 Dues 155.50 Miscellaneous 51 . 58 $900.37 Expenditures. Premiums $ 510.75 Loan 150.00 Gleanings in Bee Culture 45.75 Secretary's office 15.00 Printing and postage 32.16 Judge at fair 25.00 Watchman at fair 21.00 Miscellaneous 6.09 Balance on hand 94.62 $900.37 Attest, L. Wayne Adams, Secretary. 1918,] CONNECTICUT BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 103 CONNECTICUT BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. List of Officers for the Year Ending- January, 1918. President REV. D. D. MARSH, West Hartford Vice-President REV. C. E. DELMATER, Hockanum Secretary and Treasurer, L. WAYNE ADAMS, 15 Warner Street, Hartford lOlS.] CONNECTICUT STATE GRANGE. 105 OFFICERS OF CONNECTICUT STATE GRANGE 1918 FRAXK E. BLAKEMAX, Master Oronoque ALLEX i;. COOK, Overseer Micldlebury CHARLES A. W HEELER, Lecturer St.-rrs MINOR IVES, Steward South Mcriden LOUIS G. TOLLES, Asst. Steward Snuthington REV. J. H. TIOYT, Chapkin Xew Canaan X". S. PLATT, Treasurer, 395 Wdialley Avenue, New Haven ARD WELTON, Secretary Plymouth WILLIA^I F. CLARK, Gate-Keeper ...Lyme MRS. RUTH T. RANDALL, Ceres Bridgewater MISS TALULAH SIKES, Pomona Suffield MRS. WALTER S. HINE, Flora Orange }^IRS. MAY K. TAYLOR, Lady Steward Lebanon Executive Committee : J. ARTHUR SHERWOOD, Long Hill '. 1919 L H. HEALEY, North AVoodstock 1920 CHARLES T. DAVIS, ^Hddletown 1921 FRANK E. BLAKEMAN, Oronoque 1919 ARD WELTOX, Plymouth 1919 Finance Committee : H. C. DUXHAM, Middletown ^ PI. D. SYKES, Suffield AVOODBURY O. ROGERS, Norwich Legislative Committee : F. E. DUFFY, West Hartford B. C. PATTERSON, Hartford EVERETT E. BROWN, Pomfret Center « Board of Arbitration : Executive Committee, Overseer, Lecturer 106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., General Deputy : ALLEX B. COOK ^^liddlebury Deputies for Pomona Granges : Central, Xo. 1, SHERMAX W. EDDY Avon Ouinebaug, Xo. 2, FRAXK K. HAIXES Pomfret Center East Central, Xo. 3, LUTHER C. SKIXXER Rockville Mountain County, Xo. -4, W. F. KIRCHBERGER, Thomaston New Haven County, Xo. 5, H. J. BROCKETT Clintonville New London County, Xo. 6, E. FRAXK WHITE, North Stonington Excelsior, Xo. 7, ARTHUR F. GREENE Middlebury Sea View, Xo. 8, ROBERT S. BAILEY East Hampton Fairfield County, No. 9, CLAREXCE SHIPMAX, Bridgeport Housatonic Valley, No. 10, FRAXK H. PEET Kent Juvenile Deputy : MRS. SUSIE G. WILLIAMS Brooklyn Committee on AA^oman's W^ork : MRS. EVELYX A. HALL Plainfield Patrons' Mutual Fire Insurance Co. : HEXRY E. LOOMIS, President Glastonbury J. ARTHUR SHERWOOD, Vice-President Long Hill W. H. CARRIER, Treasurer Glastonbury H. C. DUXHAM, Secretary Middletown Executive Committee : President, Secretary, Treasurer and W. H. BALDAMX, Cheshire H. W. TREAT, BridgCAvater Annual ^lectins: in Januarv Patrons' Exchange : WALTER S. HINE, President Orange to 1918.] OFFICERS OF THE GRANGES. 107 CO m O z < O m X O C/D m O E a. O < Eh < s J3 £? o >• a r. "5 C ^ a X w el C (S « J3 w -■ «- « S ' a-s '* St; •I .g2g|22T X — . " ■< i-s . i'^ ■ - •/: « • y ,/ ■ ■J} tr. ■/. [2 2 ? ■/ X 5 r: « ;; ?; '/: •/ = r; •= -': y. z ' /^ :^ •'' '^■.'^•■7 * r,-''/. ^ 1 y :; ^ o >> - X T" c S 73 i 3 •- -5 •y. r. o y. - ~ rs a. t o M .to . V. . s w 5 ^ ~ •^ tf ^ ,.; « -^ I 02 ^ >, "J "" '.'So . 5y ■HE-^--^^- X 5 = V £ ^ ?: 5 ?^ ^ > w ^ .X; ta- — r~ ^ '-"^ "^ tai J^ til ^ ^ — •-: i-i ffl 5^ dj O ■■'■ = 5 3 _ - -J ?*jr ■/: 3 :; i ~ v ^ y: ■/. T- ^~ 'j< ?! w J ^ K ^ ~ t =5 c = O > ~t ^x > ^uA^ r . o ■- t. 1=^5 o" 3 t^ 5=^ " ■5--«r s t J^l3 r^ f— '^ S c^ ^ <-jy. orcfcfe T-tciico^»o«et-ooc. o r^ f-i e-i iM cj cq cj ci iN w eo CO c^ « re c. 36 i 1^11 3 02 c 3 >^ ;j £ 3 — -!5 O ■«1 3 S&H 3 " C 3 3 ^ C = C- - .- 3 = JL, 5 -^ 5 <'^^i3>1u==^-| 5 = c , ct C" c^ ^r ■?• ^r ^5^ ^^s>:s-fi:-i:z2^a£ c c • £> ^"^^^=■5 ^ H? 108 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., >* » ^ a <1 1=;S .— "^ Ji "^ ^ ^ . ."". V »— ( s .5 -a Coy c, - c j5 o r3 — I = s I- — C a •- :i .- >. r — n. k^ :3 r •^ « -■ n 3 '^ ^ ~ -^ fc. .i '■' t: c; - • - -^ C c — ^- v . a, Ph ^ - - .2 " -^ . . 3 ^ 2 o <" ^ .= -^ .S ? rS i^J hr; ,=- ^ T .. "S . - n i f^ -.• . •- -- -* I . — <5 «5 1-5 ' I \ -Si Jl iii J. 3^ .M T- to , fc^ »^ »^ •< — ' '/: p^ X w i: - i K s; =: ! . fc.^. H;<5<)- t^ -^ — . >•, -* '-' . S-( i^c:^?: , >H a> Ph S •0 Z t*> ^ Z V. ■C . 3 t- - ,0 ^ . . X oj X X 5 E . i»^ ^ - C r- 3 "" *- ^- . ■;: bo ^ ;:2 - e r-" ""^ -r I- M c: iiS ^ — — 30*^ 'ri ^' '^ — k' ^< •^"^ A rt 3 i :-- ~ =* ^- - X ?: ;= t 0-: |S^2.: r^ kH ■— ^ i: c ^ ^ ^, <-:i^' 1^5 o' ; ^ ^ P-i ^ -a o — J; r- M - -L C i j: ,- J; ?> tfi -r 4J z3 z u *^ z S - 3 •fH o Fanningt dletovvn outli Wi iile lainvillc F— '3 prings lladdan 1)1 Cent West 1 ■et Cent New H S 3 tc " -5 £■ =^ 1 -—3 9 Ic iver nlon r ford ilford ted ?iaiifor( Haven Glastou 3. o Deixit reliouse City am 1— ( s Elizabetb Hastings, May H. 1? rower. Mid Hiram P. Loverin, S Edna StroiiK, Roekv Helen MeConuell. P £ ~ ^ 5 '^ £ s - ^ "^ ^- = - ^- _- r '^ h-; -3 ^ rt =s ,- -g . ^i:; 5 ^ 3 1^ -"^^ ^ 1-1 ^5iPiiiii»i s;p; 1-5 <; r^ ^. -^ -^ — << ^ ^ ■ t. o 3 t< ',..-.■2^2 ?: ^ 5 ?^ &-ii B " ? "^2 -'::" -£■£ 3.-^^ •=■^••^^--2 ' 3-".3~''5St;~-?-3.^^'cSrj2SSi-"^ si"'~->-=§ ^ = i > -^ 3 .3 - 3 "^ '^ rS tS 5 ^ . 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CO rj — • ?i -r i- i^ — — i-< ?i »^i— < »-H.-H»— < ^^1— it^Hf-H^HTa cis-i (Ms-j dec r' cc c^c^ r ■a o a; bC U ■•■J 1-5 » J4 o 3 t« •2 — -33 ■a 2 rt*a<-— .- w £: i- — ■A 2 c 3^:;3_3 -2-""-" ;; t- oc — . = r^ c<5 ?: " ' >-; tD t^ o r^ j: — -^ r> -/ C t. ;= "3 r! - V s M — X ^ -Us"— - £ - - j^ > 2 3 — 2 — - !H ^ ^ - .- ^ - = '- 110 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept. .s o U m O z O o OQ Pi 1^ u ® :; o « •- ^ 3 C ^ o = F "^ — -? '^C Q . 3 ? - b « >:. 2 o - - ' - ■^ i ^ if- *- •- ^- Si c » i; V- ■= rr. c/: 1 15 t?<; M - r r- ^ O -t-- ^ ■""'^ C ^ :^ ^ '^ C - 3 ^; £ s: = :e < *5 C' = -^ s i '- >> 3 _2 6 c so °*J c — ^ t:i^i: c ^3^ ^ - tf. 3 £ J^ >i ?0 =^'- . ^ ^ "^ rj " ►^ T* rn ^ - 33 '^-xz .c .?:r:^3Jr a. -^ ^ ,3 :c W 'C *> .s -p ,": »-i ^ r:^ -r K <^ .Kk: &>. . 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W K ^ T^ % K o a: T? <; ►^ ^ rt ^ f4 d M H^ ;:i c d Q cr a: •^ a e d m U^ CO ^^ K r;^ •"3 I—* ]— a kF-l W— w< b^- h— t- «= r^. *^ _ *^ ^- «5 ^- « : i; ■£ ^- S £ ^ -, c: -S -oa 3 ^3££ ,!^ ^ S-i J— Crf - y^ C/ C^ ^ -■ « t^ ^" H "H "2 a. !^ ■ t;:r 0/ rt Kf^H I- .0 r.-^f^ t£ to o 3 Oi toJH-r; a* r^ .3 ' 3 " o ->■ > .^ c 1-^ '.^ C 3 — W r^ O ^- -^ ,- A ^ "U ? ^ -S '^^ '^ ^ <(J .^ £ c>3:?: > ^ U Oi O ^ c> t. . . M >-5 •- ? 3 3 CS->" S3C- " o . 3 ;;: . c 3 ^ 3 ^ W] o =3^cd e!?otiH5t2ccKf-. .^ ^ >» S-s^^-c c ■i s ^ o ~^ i^ r O _ v: ._ ^ - ^ "5 ^ - '^ ^ 3 > 'o fci s- C3 t- c ^ 1918.] ACRICL'LTL'RAL LAWS. Ill AGRICULTURAL LAWS GENERAL STATUTES OF CONNECTICUT Revision of 1918 CILMTER 29. General Regulations. Sec. 422. Towns may regulate peddling. Towns may make such reasonable by-laws, with leierence Lo ihe vending or hawking upon their public streets of any goods, wares or other merchandise at public or private sale or auction, or to the vending or peddling of such articles of merchandise from house to house within their limits, as they may deem expedient, including the imposition of a reasonable license fee for the right so to vend, hawk or peddle such merchandise. This section shall not apply to sales by farmero and gardeners of the produce of their farms and gardens, or to the sale, distribution and delivery of ice, milk, teas, coffees, spices, groceries, meats and hakery goods, or to conditional sales of merchandise. CHAPTER 106. State Board of Agriculture. Sec. 2071. The State Board of Agriculture. The State Board of Agriculture shall consist of the governor, who shall be ex officio president of the board, and thirteen other persons. During the first month of the session of the general assembly in 1919, and quadrennially thereafter, the governor shall appoint one member of said board from the second congressional district, one member from the fourth congressional dis- trict and one member from the fifth congressional district, and during the first montli of the session of 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, he shall appoint one member from the first congressional district and one member from the third congressional district. Such appointments shall be made with the consent of the senate. During the first month of the session of the general assembly in 1919, and quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each of the counties of 'Windham, Litchfield, ^liddlesex and Tolland shall elect for each of said counties a resident of such county to be a member of said board, and during the first month of the session of 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each of the counties of Hartford, Xew Haven, New London and Fairfield shall elect for each of said counties a resident of such county to be a member of said board. Each of said members shall hold office for four years from the first of July succeeding such appointment or election. Vacancies that occur when the general assembly is not in session may be filled by appointment by the governor until the Wednesday of the third week of the session of the next general assembly, and vacancies so filled, or occurring during a session of the general assembly, may be filled for the unexpired portions of terms as herein provided for elections or appointments for full terms. Sec. 2072. Appointment of secretary and treasurer. The board shall, during the month of September in each year, appoint a secretary, a treasurer and such other officers as the board shall determine who shall hold office for the term of one year from the first day of October 112 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., next succeeding their appointment and until their successors are ap- pointed and qualified. The treasurer shall give a bond of four thousand dollars for the faithful discharge of his duties. The board shall have its office in the state capitol. Sec. 2073. Powers of the board. The board may receive and hold donations and bequests for promoting agricultural education or the general interests of husbandry, may prescribe forms for and regulate the returns required from agricultural societies and furnish them nec- essary and uniform blanks for such returns. Any society neglecting in any year to comply with the regulations prescribed by said board shall not be entitled to any allowance from the state for the next year. Said board shall investigate such subjects relating to improvement in agri- culture and horticulture in this state as it thinks proper and shall meet at Hartford at least once a year and at such other places as it may deem expedient. Meetings of the board shall be called by the governor upon request of the secretary or of four of its members. Sec. 2074. Secretary to visit different sections. For the purpose of inquiring into the methods and wants of practical husbandry, ascer- taining the adaptation of agricultural products to soil, climate and markets, encouraging the establishment of farmers' clubs, agricultural libraries and reading rooms and disseminating agricultural information by lectures or otherwise, the secretary shall annually visit different sections of the state; and he, or a member or members delegated by the board, shall, as far as practicable, visit the different agricultural fairs In the state, and annually make a detailed report thereof to the board. Sec. 2075. The treasurer and his duties. The treasurer shall re- ceive all money belonging to the board and pay out the same only for bills approved by it and shall annually render a detailed account to the board. Sec. 2076. Annual reports. The board shall annually report to the governor a detailed statement of its doings, with a copy of the treas- urer's account/ and as full an abstract of the returns of agricultural societies, made by the secretary of the board, as is approved and directed by the comptroller, but s^id report shall not exceed three hun- dred and fifty printed pages; five thousand copies of said report, or such number not exceeding five thousand as the board of control shall determine, shall be printed annually, of which one thousand shall be for the members of the general assembly, and three thousand shall be distributed by said secretary, under the direction of said board, to the town clerks for distribution among farmers. Sec. 2077. Special reports on fairs. The State Board of Agricul- ture shall, in addition to or as a part of the annual report of said board, make a special report of not less than twenty-five printed pages concerning fairs held by the agricultural societies throughout this state, including suggestions and recommendations for the specific improve- ment of the fairs now held. Said special report shall deal more par- ticularly, from practical illustrated examples from within and without the state, with the management, exhibits and general methods of pro- cedure and practical methods for the advertising of agricultural fairs. Two thousand copies of such special report shall be printed annually and shall be distributed by the secretary of said board, under the direc- tion of the board, to the several agricultural societies of this state and the officers and directors thereof; and such special report may also, if so determined, be printed as a part of said annual report of said board. Sec. 2078. Reports by certain associations. The secretaries of the Connecticut Poultrymen's Association, the Connecticut Bee-keepers' As- sociation, the Connecticut Dairymen's Association, the Connecticut Sheep Breeders' Association and the Connecticut Pomological Society 10J8.] AGRICULTL'RAL I,.\\\ S. • 113 shall each, on or before the first day of l''ebruary, in each year, make a written report of the receipts and expenditures of such P'= ]i;ii(l the sums authorized by law. Sec. 2080. Grant to the Connecticut Poultrymen^s Asociation. The compiroller is aulhurized and tlirccLed to draw liis orders on ihf,- treas- urer annually for amounts not exceeding in each year one thousand dollars in favor of ihe treasurer of the Connecticut Poultrymen's Asso- ciation, upon the presentation of vouchers, sworn to by the president and treasurer of said association, that such sums are needed for the payment of expenses incurred by the association in advancing the poultry interests of the state by the dissemination of knowledge relating thereto by institutes or bulletins. Said vouchers shall include an itemized statement of such expenses and shall not include any expendi- tures for premiums or prizes for exhibits of poultry or any compensa- tion to any officer or member of the association as such or any office expenses other than stationery and postage. Sec. 2081. Grant to the Connecticut Pomological Society. The comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his orders on the treas- urer annually for amounts not exceeding, in each year, fifteen hundred dollars in favor of the treasurer of the Connecticut Pomological Society, upon presentation of vouchers, sworn to by the president and treasurer of said society, that such sums are needed for the payment of expenses incurred by the society in advancing the pomological interests of the state. Said vouchers shall include an itemized statement of such ex- penses and shall not include any compensation to any officer or member of the society as such or any office expenses other than stationery and postage. Sec. 2082. Grant to the Connecticut Dairymen's Association. The comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his orders on the treas- urer annually for amounts not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars in favor of the treasurer of the Connecticut Dairymen's Association, upon the presentation of vouchers sworn to by the president and treasurer of said association, that such sums are needed for the payment of expenses incurred by the association in advancing the dairy interests of the state. Said vouchers shall include an itemized statement of such expenses, and shall not include any compensation to any oflflcer or member of the association as such, or any office expenses other than stationery and postage. Sec. 2083. Premiums for poultry exhibitions. The comptroller is authorized to draw his order on the treasurer, on or before the first day of March, annually, for an amount not to exceed fifteen hundred dollars, in favor of The Connecticut Poultry Breeder's Society, Incorporated, upon presentation of vouchers duly sworn to by the president, secretary and treasurer of said society and approved by the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Such vouchers shall contain an itemized state- ment of expenses which shall consist solely of the payment of premiums at such exhibitions as have been held by such local associations during the preceding six months and for which all recognized varieties of poultry shall have been eligible to compete and shall not contain any 114 . BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., items of expenditures for the payment of any salary or compensation of any officer or member of The Connecticut Poultry Breeder's Society, Incorporated, or for any purpose whatsoever except the payment of premiums as above stated. No local association shall receive any bene- fit under the provisions of this section unless it shall, on or before the fifteenth day of February of the year in which such benefit is claimed, file with the secretary of The Connecticut Poultry Breeder's Society, Incorporated, and with the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture an itemized financial statement of the exhibitions for which such benefit is asked and such other information relative to its exhibition as the secretary of said society and the secretary of the State Board of Agri- culture may require, and no association shall be entitled to any benefit under this section for more than one exhibition in any one season. iSTo association shall receive any benefit under the provisions of this section until it shall have demonstrated its hona fide nature by holding 2iot less than two regular exhibitions without such benefit. No local association organized after August 1, 1917, shall receive any benefit under the provisions of this section if there shall exist in the same town or city, at the time of such organization, a bona fide poultry asso- ciation holdin.g regular meetings and exhibitions. Sec. 2085. Promotion of agricultural interest. Any corporation or association organized in any county for the purpose of providing in- struction and practical demonstration in agriculture and home econo- mics, to promote advanced business methods among farmers, or to assist in anj' manner in the development of agriculture and the im- provement of country life, organized and conducted in a manner to receive any portion of the money appropriated under the provisions of an act of the congress of the United States, known as "The Smith- Lever Bill," shall annually receive from the state upon certification of the trustees of the Connecticut Agricultural College that such organiza- tion is entitled to and has received a portion of the money allotted to the state under the provisions of said act, the amount thereof, the date when such money was paid to such organization, and the amount which such organization has received from sources other than under the provisions of said act during the year ended September thirtieth next preceding, an amount equal to the sum received otherwise than under the provisions of said act, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of such organization; provided, the trustees of the Connecticut Agricultural College shall certify only one such organization in each county. Upon receipt of such certification the comptroller shall draw his order on the treasurer in favor of the treasurer of such organization for the amount provided for in this section, which amount shall not exceed one thousand dollars in any fiscal year of the state. The county commissioners of each county wherein such organization exists, upon receipt of like certification, shall draw their order on the treasurer of the county payable to the treasurer of such organization, for a sum not less than one thousand dollars nor more than the amount which such organization has received from sources other than under the provisions of the said act of the congress of the United States during the year ended September thirtieth next preceding. Any municipality, at a meeting held for such purpose, may appropriate a sum for the purposes of such organization to be expended Avholly therein. CHAPTER lOr. Commissioner on Domestic Animals. Sec. 2086. Appointment and duties. The governor shall on or before July 15, 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, appoint a commis- sioner on domestic animals, who shall be a practical farmer and stock .11)18.] AdRICULTLKAL LAWS. Hj breeder of iit least ten years' experience, who shall hold office for four year.; from the fifteenth day of July following his appointment, unless .sooner lomoved by the fjjovcrnor. for cause; and th<* govcrncjr .shall fill any vacancy occurring during such term for the une.xpiri-d portion thereof. Said commissioner may, with the approval of the governor, employ such assistants as may be necessary, and any expense so in- curred shall be paid liy the state ui>on the ai)i)roval of the governor. fc>aid coniniis."- ioncr shall bieniii.illy report to tlie .L-f)\cfnor concerning his acts and expenses. Sec. 2087. Appointment of deputy commissioner on domestic an- imals. The commissioJier on domestic animals may appoint and re- move a deputy, who .'^hall be a graduate of a veterinary college of reco^uized standing' and of at Ica.^t five years' experience in the i>ractice of veterinary medicine and surgcr; . Said deputy shall, under the di- rection of the commissioner on domestic animals, have all the powers of the commissioner. Sec. 2092. Notice as to cattle brought into the state. When any person shall bring any cattle from an adjoining state into this state he shall, within six days thereafter, notify the commissioner on domestic animals, and such notice shaP state the number and sex of such cattle and their actual physical condition. Every person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. Sec. 2094. Quarantine of animals. Said commissioner may quar- antine all animals infected with a conta^^ious diease and prohibit the sale of all the products thereof; but no animal shall be quarantined that does not give evidence of disease upon competent physical exami- nation, and no animal shall be quarantined for more than thirty days. The provisions of this section shall not apply to cases of glanders or farcy. Sec. 2095. Disposal of diseased animals. The commissioner of domestic animals may cause any domestic animal quarantined in ac- cordance with the provisions of section 2094 to be killed, but no animal so quarantined shall be killed until its value has been determined by the owner and the commissioner. In case they cannot agree upon the value of such animal, each shall choose an arbitrator and the two so chosen shall choose a third and the three so chosen shall determine the value of such animal, and the value so determined shall, when ap- proved by the commissioner, and when a sworn certificate shall have been filed with the commissioner that such animal has been killed and buried and the premises disinfected by order of the commissioner, be paid to the owner by the state upon the order of the comptroller: but no animal the physical condition of which is such that it is of no real value, and no animal which has been in the state for a period of less than six months next preceding its quarantine, shall be paid for by the state. This section shall not apply to animals condemned to prevent the spread of the foot and mouth disease. When the value of any such animal shall be appraised as provided in this section, the state shall pay for any full-bred bovine or equine animal a sum not exceeding one hundred and tv/enty-five dollars, and for any such graded animal a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. Xo compensation shall be paid to the owner of any such domestic animal by the state unless such animal is destroyed to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. Sec. 2097. Selectmen to report contagious disease. The selectmen in each town shall report to the commissioner any animals infected "With contagious disease. 116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. • [Sept.^ CHAPTER 108. Experiment Stations; State Entomologist. Sec. 2106. Control of plant pests. Penalty. The director of the- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall have charge of all matters pertaining to official control, suppression or extermination of insects or diseases which are or threaten to become, serious pests of plants of economic importance. He shall receive no additional com- pensation for such work, and may designate members of the station staff to carry out certain lines thereof and may employ such other as- sistance as may be required. Said director may make rules and orders,, subject to the approval of the governor, regarding the destruction or treatment of infested plants; may prohibit or regulate the transporta- tion of plants and plant materials liable to carry dangerous pests; and may designate certain areas or districts wherein all such plants may be destroyed. For the purposes of this section, he may establish and' maintain quarantine against other states; and against any premises, district, town or group of towns in this state, provided, before any quarantine be established within the state, a public hearing shall be held, of which a five days' notice shall be given to the parties affected,, either by mail or by publishing such notice in two newspapers having a circulation in the part of the state affected by the quarantine. Said director, or any person aurhorized by him to enforce the provisions of this section, may at any time enter any public or private premises in the performance cf his duty, and any percon interfering with the per- formance of such duty sha.1] be fined not less than ten nor more than: fiftj^ dollars. Sec. 2109. Duties of tho state entomologist. The state entomolo- gist, either personally or through his deputies, shall visit any orchard, field, garden, nursery or storehouse, on request of the owner, to advise treatment against pests. He may inspect any orchard, field or garden, in public or private grounds, which he may know or have reason to suspect to be infested with San Jose scale or any serious pests or in- fectious diseases, when in his judgment such pests or infectious dis- eases are a menace to adjoining ovv^ners; and may order the owner, occupant or person in charge thereof, in writing, to spray properly or give other suitable treatment or to cut and destroy any such diseased trees or shrubs if in the opinion of the state entomologist such action is necessary, and the owner thereof shall not recover from nor be recompensed therefor by the state. If the owner of such orchard, field or garden neglects or refuses to comply with the order of said state entomologist, he shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. The state entomologist may issue such bulletins of said experiment station as in his judgment are needed to convey information about pests; may con- duct experiments and investigations regarding injurious insects and the remedies for their attacks; diffuse such information by means of correspondence, lectures and published matter; and may employ such assistants in his office, laboratory or in the field and purchase such apparatus and supplies as may be necessary. He shall keep a detailed account of expenses and publish each year a report of such expenses and of the work done. Sec. 2110. State entomologist. Suppression of contagious diseases among bees. It shall be the duty of the state entomologist, to such extent as he shall deem necessary or expedient, to examine apiaries and to quarantine such as are diseased, and to treat or destroy cases of the disease known as foul brood. The state entomologist may ap- point such deputies or inspectors as he may deem necessary or ex- pedient, and said state entomologist, or any person whom he may ap- 1918.] AGRICULTURAL LAWS. IIT point for that purpose, .shall huve access at reasonaljle times to any apiary or place where bees are kept or where honeycomb and aj)- jjliances are stored." The state entomologist is authorized to make suitable regulations regarding inspections and quarantine and to pre- scribe suitaijlc forms for permanent records which shall be on file and open to i)ul)lic inspection, and to make reasonable rules for the services of said deputies or inspectors, and may pay a reasonaljle sum for such services. Xo person or corporation shall remove bees under quarantine to another locality without obtaining the written ijermission of a duly authoriy.ed inspector. No person o/ tran.sportation company shall re- ceive for transportation any colony or package of bees, unless said ■colon.N' or package is accompanied by a certificate of good health, furnished by a duly authorized inspector. No person or transportation company shall deliver any colony or package of l)ee.s brought from any other country, province, state or territory unless accompanied )>y a certificate of health furnished by a duly authorized incpector of such country, province, state or territory. Any person or transportation company receiving a shipment of bees from without the state, unac- companied by such certificate, shall, l^efore delivering such shipment to its concignee, notify the state entomologist and hold such shij^ment until inspected by a duly authorized inspector. In case contagious dis- eases are found therein such shipment shall be returned to the con- signor or delivered to a duly authorized inspector of this stale for treatment or destruction, provided, the requirements of this section shall not apply to shipments of brood comb, with or without bees, suspected of being diseased and consigned to the state entomologist, the agricul- tural experiment station or any duly authorized apiary inspector of the state or to the bureau of entomology of the United States or the United States department of agriculture, and provided, there shall be no de- struction of any shipment of bees as herein provided in the absence of reasonable notice to the consignee thereof. No person shall resist or hinder the state entomologist, or any deputy or inspector whom he may appoint, in the performance of the duties imposed by this section. Any person violating any of the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. The necessary expenses incurred under the provisions of this section to an amount not exceeding seven hundred and fifty dollars annually, shall be paid by the comptroller on duly accredited vouchers. Sec. 2111. Gypsy and brown-tail moth. The insects commonly known as the gypsj'^ moth and the brown- tail moth, being serious pests of vegetation, are, in all stages of their development, declared to be a public nuisance. The state entomologist shall have authority to sup- press and exterminate said gypsy and brown-tail moths and may employ such assistants and laborers as he deems expedient; may cut and burn brush and worthless trees in fields, pastures or woodlands or alons" the roadsides on any public or private grounds; and may prune, spray, scrape or fill cavities in any fruit, shade or forest trees or clean up any rubbish for the purpose of furthering said work. The said state entomologist, or any of his assistants, deputies, agents or employees, shall have the right, 'at all times, to enter any public or private grounds in the performance of their duties. Any person trans- porting living eggs, larvae, pupae or adults of the gypsy or brown-tail moths into the state, or from an infested region within the state to a region not hitherto infested, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year. Any person wilfully ob- structing or hindering said state entomologist or his assistants or em- ployees in the work of suppressing said insects shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than five hundred dollars. 118 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., Sec. 2117, White pine blister rust. Penalty. The director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall have authority to investigate and control the fungus disease known as white pine blister rust or currant rust. Said director may appoint a member or members of the experiment station staff to administer such work under his direction, and may employ other assistance when necessary. All white pine, currants or gooseberries infected with said rust may be uprooted and destroyed forthwith. Said director may designate districts within which currant or gooseberry bushes growing wild, abandoned or es- caped from cultivation may be uprooted and destroyed under his direc- tion, and in the performance of his duties, he or any person authorized by him, may at any time enter any public or private grounds, and any person wilfully hindering the performance of such duty shall be fined not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars for each offense. The sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars is appropriated annually for carrying out the provisions of this section. Sec. 2118. Certificate of inspection of nursery stock. All nursery stock shipped into this state shall bear on each package a certificate that the contents of said package have been inspected by a state or government officer and that said contents appear free from all danger- ous insects and diseases. If nursery stock is brought into the state without such a certificate, the express, freight or other transportation company or person shall, before delivering shipment to consignee, notify the state entomologist of the facts, giving name and address of con- signee, origin of shipment and approximate number of cars, boxes or packages and probable date of delivery to the consignee. The state entomologist may cause the inspection and if infested the treatment of the stock. Xo person, firm or corporation shall unpack any woody field-grown nursery or fiorists' stock brought into this state from for- eign countries except in the presence of an inspector unless given permission to do so by said state entomologist or one of his deputies. If such stock is found infested with any dangerous pests, the state entomologist may at his discretion order it treated. Any person violat- ing any of the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. Sec. 2119, Inspection of nurseries. Penalty. All nurseries or places where nursery stock is grov/n, sold or offered for sale shall be inspected at least once each year by the state entomologist or one of his deputies, and, if no serious pests are found, a certificate to that effect may be given. If such pests are found, the owner shall take such measures to suppress the same as the state entomologist shall pre- scribe. If such measures are not immediately taken by the owner of such nursery or place, such certificate shall be withheld, and every nurseryman who does not hold such a certificate, after the first annual inspection, who shall sell or otherwise dispose of nursery stock, shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. The form of certificate and the season for inspecting nurseries may be determined by the state en- tomologist. The state entomologist or any of his deputies may at all times enter any public or private grounds in the performance of his duty. CHAPTER 110. Agricultural Societies. Sec. 2131. Annual payments to incorporated societies. There shall annually be paid to each incorporated agricultural society of this state and each incorporated horticultural society of this state or any incor- 1918.] ACKIC ILl IRAI. LAWS. 11^ porated society of this state carry iner on oi- j)romoting any brnnch of :if4-ricultiir€'. holdinpr an as:ricultMral exhibition in this state, which shall have paid during the year premiums amounting? to one hundred dollars, the sum of one hundred dollars; to each society which shall have paid during the year premiums amounting to more than one hundred dollars, shall be paid lor each additional one hundred dollars, the sum of lifty dollars, ihoi'kIkI, no agricultural society, except The Connecticut State Agricultural Society, shall receive a greater sum than five hundred dollars; but. in computing for the purposes of ihir, section the amount of j)remiums i)aid by any such society, any premium or money paid for horse racing or trials of speed or for any recreation or amusement shall not be included. There shall be paid to The Connecticut State Agricultural Society in any year in which said society shall hold an exhil)ition the sum of four thousand dollars. No payments as herein- before provided shall be made to any society which, during the four years preceding, has declared or paid any dividend to its stockholders or members. Sec. 2132. Statement of premiums. The secretary of the State Board of Agriculture shall annually, during the month of Octoljer, forward to each incorporated agricultural society suitable printed forms for such statements in detail as the board may require for reporting the names of all exhibitors, of the amount of premiums, and the objects for which they have been paid, accompanied by proper vouchers if re- quired, which statement shall be signed and sworn to by the president, secretary or treasurer of the society and returned to the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture before the fifteenth of December follow- ing. Said secretary shall thereupon certify to the comptroller the amount to which each society is entitled, and proper orders on the state treasurer shall be drawn for the payment of the same. Any so- ciety failing in any year to return its statement before the date above limited shall not be entitled to any appropriation for that year. Sec. 2133. Liquor selling and gambling forbidden. No part of any building or grounds within the enclosure in which is held the fair of any incorporated agricultural society shall be leased for the sale of spirituous or intoxicating liquors, the running of wheel-pools, so-called, or the unlawful practice of any games of chance, or immoral shows, nor shall anj' right or privilege be granted to any person to carry on such sale, games or shows within such enclosure during the contin- uance of such fair. Sec. 2134. ForfeitLire of appropriation. Xo such society shall be entitled to any appropriation from the state treasury unless the presi- dent, secretary and treasurer thereof shall make oath in its annual statement to the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture that the regulations of the State Boa.rd of Agriculture concerning the conduct of agricultural fairs have been complied with and that the provisions of section 2133 have not been violated to their knowledge or with their consent. Sec. 2135. Sale of intoxicants at or near agricultural fairs. Xo person shall, during the holding of any agricultural fair, sell, keep, offer or expose for sale any intoxicating liquors, or keep, manage, maintain or operate any wheel -pool, dice game, pin game, shell game, coin table, lottery, policy game or other illegal game or keep, manage, advertise or call any obscene, immoral or indecent show, exhibition or muscular dance, or any house or tent of ill-fame, or any house or tent reputed to be resorted to for the purpose of prostitution or lev/dne:-s, or have in his possession any appliance or apparatu- for the conducting of such games or shows, upon or within one thousand feet of the grounds where such fair is in progress. Every person violating any provision 120 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., of this section shall for the fii'st offense be fined not more than fiftj'- dollars, for the second offense be fined fifty dollars and imprisoned thirty days and for every succeeding offense shall be fined one hundred dollars and imprisoned sixty days. This prohibition shall extend from sunrise on the opening- day to runset on the closing day of such fair, and the officers of any agricultural society holding such fair may severally, in person or by their duly authorized agents, make arrests for any violation of this section and cause prosecution therefor. Sec. 2136. Special police for fair grounds. The board of managers or executive committee of any agricultural society may appoint as many citizens of this state as they may deem necessary to be policemen on their grounds and in their fair buildings, who shall pi-eserve order, prevent trespasses -within and around such grounds and buildings, pro- tect the property therein, arrest, eject or temporarily confine in a suitable lockup, on the grounds, all persons guilty of disorderly conduct ■or other violation of law upon said grounds and generally have the same power upon said grounds as constables or policemen. Sec. 2137. Unlawful conduct on fair grounds; penalty. Every person who shall wilfully damage or destroy property on the fair grounds of an agricultural rociety or who shall hinder or obstruct the officers or police in the performance of their duties or shall wrongfully or maliciously gain admission to the fair grounds without paying the established fee therefor shall be fined not more than twenty-five dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both. Sec. 2138. Illegal voting at meeting of society; penalty. Every person not registered on the books of the recording secretary of the state or a county agricultural society, as a member, who shall vote or act in a meeting of any such society, shall be fined not more than seven dollars. Sec. 2139. Entry of horse for purse. Xo person shall enter or cause to be entered for competition for any purse, prize, premium, stake or sweepstal^es, offered or given by any agricultural, trotting or other society, association or person in this state, any horse, mare, gelding, colt or filly under a false or assumed namei, or out of its proper class, wherever and whenever such prize, purse, premium, stake or sweepstakes is to depend upon and be decided by a contest of speed. The class to which any such animal shall be deemed to belong, for the purpose of entry in any such contest of speed, or the class to which any owner, keeper or driver of any such animal shall have the right to nominate or enter said animal, shall be determined by some public performance of such animal in a former contest or trial of speed, as provided by the v/ritten or printed rules of the society or association under which the proposed contest is advertised to be conducted. Sec. 2140. Fraudulent concealment of horse's record. Xo person shall knowingly misrepresent or fraudulently conceal the public per- formance of a horse, mare, gelding", colt or filly in any former contest or trial of speed for the purpose of securing an entry in any contest referred to in the preceding section. Sec. 2141. Penalty. Every person violating any provision of the two preceding sections shall be fined not more than one thousand ■dollars or imprisoned not more than three years or both, CHAPTER 111. Forestry. Sec. 2142. Bounty for planting, protecting and cultivating shade trees. Every person planting, protecting and cultivating elm, maple, 1018.] ACRICULTL'UAL LAWS. 121 tulip, ash, ba.sswood, oak, black walnut, hickory, birch, beech, .spruce, pine, apple, i)ear or cherry trees, not more than sixty nor less than forty leet apart, along any public highway, shall be entitled to receive an annual bountj' from the state of twenty-flve cents for each tree; but such l)Ount\' shall not be paid for more than five years nor any longer than such trees arc maintained. Trees planted under the pro- visions of this section shall Ijc not less than one and one-half inches in diameter measured two feet frona the ground. Sec. 2144. Electric companies not to injure trees on higl.way. Every person who shall cut or injure any tree growing on any highway or public ground, for any purpose connected with the erection or main- tenance of any telegraph, telephone or electric light or power wires or fixtures, without the consent of the tree warden and the proprietor of the land abutting such highway or public ground, shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars or imprisoned in a jail not more than one year or both. Any such cutting or injury of any tree by an agent •or employee of any corporation connected with the ei»ection or main- tenance of any telegraph, telephone or electric light or power wires or fixtures shall be deemed to be the act of such corporation, and the officers of such corporation shall be subject to the penalties herein pro- vided. Sec. 2145. Tree wardens; duties. The selectmen of every town shall appoint a tree warden who shall serve for one year from the date of his appointment and until his successor lias been appointed and qualified. Said tree warden may appoint such number of deputy tree wardens as he deems expedient, and may at any time* remove them from office. He and his deputies shall receive such compensation for their services as the town may determine, and, in default of such deter- mination, as the selectmen hiay prescribe. He shall have the care and control of all public shade trees in the town, except those in public parks or open places under the jurisdiction of park commissioners, and of these he nhsdl take the care and control if so requested in writing by the park commissioners. He shall expend all funds appropriated for the setting out and maintenance of such trees. lie may prescril^e such regulations for the care and preservation of such trees, enforced by fines, not exceeding twenty dollars in any one case, as he may deem just and expedient; and such regulations, when approved by the select- men and posted on the public signpost in the town, shall have 'the force ^nd effect of town by-law^s. He shall enforce all provisions of law for the preservation of such trees; provided, such provisions do not conflict with any city or borough ordinance. The provisions of this section shall not apply to any town which includes within its limits a city having boundaries identical with the boundaries of said town. Y\'hen- -ever any tree warden proposes, in the exercise of his powers and duties, to cause any tree to be removed or trimmed, he shall, at least five days before such removal or trimming, post on such tree a suitable notice stating his intention to remove or trim such tree. Sec. 2146. Tree warden may cause removal or trimming of trees. Whenever, in the opinion of the tree warden, the public welfare or safetv demands the trimming or removal of any tree under his control, he may. by and with the consent of the sele(?tmen cause such tree or its branches to be trimmed or removed at the expense of the town, and the selectmen of the town shall pay to the person jDerforming such work such reasonable sum as may be determined and approved in writing bv the tree warden. Sec. 2150. State forester. The board of control of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall appoint a state forester to hold -office during the pleasure of the board; he shall have an office at the 122 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [S'cpt.^ experiment station, but shall receive no compensation other than his regular salary as a member of the station staff. Sec. 2152. State forester to be state forest fire warden. The state forester shall be, ex ofjficio, state forest fire warden, and shall receive no additional compensation therefor, but shall receive his necessary travel- ing and other expenses, to be paid in the manner provided in section 2170. Sec. 2153. Town and district fire NA^ardens, terms of. The select- men of any town, except as hereinafter provided, shall, upon the re- quest of the state forest fire v/arden and with his concurrence, appoint a town fire warden who shall act for the term of one year, or until his successor shall have been appointed, under the instructions of said state warden. When required by the state warden such town fire warden shall, and any such town fire warden may, establish two or more fire districts in the town for ^which he is appointed, and appoint a resident of such district as district fire warden; in the absence of town and disti*ict fire wardens, the first selectman may act as fire warden. In towns having a consolidated town and city government where the boundaries and limits of said town and city are coterminous, the chief of the fire department of the city shall be ca- officio town fire warden and shall possess all the powers and be subject to all the duties provided by this chapter, under the supervision of the state forest fire warden. Sec. 2154. Duties of forest fire warden. The state forest fire warden shall have supervision of town fire wardens, shall instruct them in their'duties, enforce the law as to fire districts in towns, issue such regulations and instructions to the town and district fire wardens as he may deem necessary for the purposes of this chapter, and cause violations of the laws regarding forest firds to be prosecuted. Sec. 2155, Duties of town and district fire warderfs. Town and district fire wardens shall prevent and extinguish forest fires in their respective towns, and enforce all statutes for the protection of forest and timber land from fire, and they shall have control and direction of all persons and apparatus while engaged in extinguishing forest fires, outside the limits of boroughs. Any fire warden may arrest, without warrant, any person or persons taken by him in the act of violating any of the said laws for the protection of forest and timber lands, and bring stfch person or persons forthwith before a justice of the peace or other magistrate having jurisdiction, who shall proceed without delay to hear, try and determine the matter. During a season of drouth the town fire warden may establish a fire patrol in the town, and in case of fire in or threatening any forest or woodland the town and district fire wardens shall attend forthwith, and use all necessary means to confine and extinguish such fire. The said fire wardens may destroy fences, plow land, or, in an emergency, set back-fires to check any fire. They may summon any male resident of the town between the ages of eighteen and fifty years to assist in extinguishing fires, and may also require the use of horses and other property needed for such purpose; any person so summoned and who is physically able who re- fuses or neglects to assist or to allow the use of horses, wagons or other material required, shall be liable to a penalty of not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars. No action for trespass shall lie against any person crossing or working upon lands of another to extinguish fire. Sec. 2158. Penalty for kindling fire in the open air where same results in injury. Every person who shall kindle or authorize another to kindle, at any time, a fire in the open air, which fire occasions an injury to another, shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than six months or both. 1018.] AGRICULTL'UAI. LAWS. 123 Sec. 2159. Penalty for kindling fire outside of city, borough, fire district, or town limits or railroad land. Every person, except a.s pro- vidiul ill this sfciioii, aiul in seciicjn liKio, who shall kindle or authorize another to kindle a fire in the opeii air outside the limits of any city, l)oroufjrh or tire district, or land controlled by any railroad company, for the purpose of burninf:: bushes, weeds, grass or rubbish of any kind, between Ihe first day of :Mareh and the first day of .June, and the first day of Sept('ml)er and the first day of December, in any year, without first obtaining- from the fire warden of the district, written permission stating- when and where such lire may be kindled, shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than six months or both; but such permission shall not be required for the kindling of a fire in a ploughed field, garden or public highway, at a distance of not less than two hundred feet from any woodland, brushland or field containing dry grass or other inflammable material. CHAPTER 127. Health Officers. Sec. 2405. Slaughter houses; regulations; penalty. Xo slaughter house or place where the business of slaughtering- beef, poultry or swine or preparing the same for market is carried on shall be main- tained in any town, city or borough except upon written permission of the health officer or board of health of the town, city or borough within which the same is located, which permission may be revoked at any time. Such board of health or health officer may prescribe such rules and regulations as .said board or officer may judge necessary for the control and management of such houses or places and for the proper inspection of the food products slaughtered or prepared for market therein, and may enter into su<:h houses or places for the purposes of inspection. Any person who shall violate any rule or regulation made by any board of health or health officer under authority of this section or who shall conduct a slaughter house without having such written permission shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars or im- prisoned not more than thirty days or both. The legislative authorities of any city or borough may establish and maintain a slaughter house or slaughter houses within their respective territorial limits. CHAPTER 128. Pure Food and Drugs. Sec. 2457. Prir-.t butter; marked. Xo person shall, by himself, his servant or agent, sell or offer or expose for sale, or have in his posses- sion with intent to sell any print butter unless the package or wrapper containing the same chall have conspicuously printed thereon, in letters or figures not less than one-half inch in height, in plain Gothic type, the net weight of the butter contained therein. Every person who shall violate any provision of this section -shall be punished by a fine not ex- ceeding twenty -five dollars. Sec. 2459. Sale of impure vinegar forbidden. X"o person shall make, sell, offer or expose for sale or exchange, solicit or receive any order for the sale or delivery within the state, or for delivery without the state for shipment into the state, of: (1) Any vinegar, as cider vinegar, not wholly produced from the juice of apples; (2) any vinegar or article sold or to be sold as vinegar, to which has been added any drug, or any hurtful or foreign substance, or any coloring matter, or 124 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., any acid; or (3) any vinegar not having an acetic acidity equivalent therein of not less than four per centum by weight of absolute acetic acid, and in case of cider vinegar, not less than one and six-tenths per centum by weight of cider vinegar solids upon full evaporation over boiling water. Every person violating any provision of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars for a first offense, and for a subsequent offense not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned thirty days or both. The delivery of any of the above mentioned ar- ticles upon an order solicited or received within the state shall be conclusive evidence that the order upon which such delivery was made was for such articles. Sec. 2450. Sale of vinegar regulated. Xo person shall make and sell, or make and offer for sale, any vinegar without conspicuously branding, stenciling or painting, upon the head of the barrel, cask, keg or package containing the same, the name of the maker, his residence, place of manufacture, and the true name of the kind of vinegar con- tained therein as "cider vinegar," "wine vinegar," "malt vinegar," or "wood acid vinegar"; provided, this section shall not apply to retail sales at the place of manufacture in quantifies of less than five gallons, and in open packages. Every person violating any provision of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars for the first offense, and for each subsequent offense not more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 2461. Sale of eggs regulated. Every person, firm or corpora- tion who shall sell or offer for sale any eggs which have been preserved by any artificial process, or which have been kept in storage for more than fifteen days, in any place where the temperature is reduced by means of chemicals or other agents, or which have been incubated for twenty-four hours or more, shall affix to the package or receptacle con- taining such eggs, and the package or receptacle in which they are delivered, conspicuously displayed with such eggs a label or placard bearing in plain letters not less than one inch in height, the words "cold storage eggs," or "preserved eggs," or "incubated eggs," as the case may be. No eggs shall be brought into this state that have been held in cold storage or preserved by any process, or incubated, unless the package containing said eggs shall be marked or labeled in accord- ance with the provisions of this section. Sec. 2464. Testing of milk and cream. The dairy and food commis- sioner shall make rules and regulations for the examination of persons who may engage in testing milk or cream to be sold to the public upon the basis of the butter fat content. He shall cause to be published in at least three newspapers in each county the time when and the place where such examinations are to be held. An examination fee of one dollar shall be charged to cover the expense of such examination. Xo person shall test any milk or cream for the purpose of determining its butter fat content, the result of which test is to serve as a basis of pay- ment for such milk or cream, without having obtained such certificate. Any person violating any provision of this section, or any person who shall obtain a certificate by authority of the provisions of this section and shall be guilty of practicing any fraud in the testing of any milk or cream shall be fined not more than fifty dollars or imprisoned not more than sixty days or both. Sec. 2465. PVIilk; standard quality defined. Any milk which is sold or exchanged or offered for sale or exchange, shall be deemed to be sold, exchanged or offered as ot standard quality, unless otherwise ex- pressly stated at the time of such sale, exchange or offer. Milk of standard quality shall contain not more than eighty-eight and one- quarter per centum of watery fluid, not less than eleven and three- 1018.] AGRICULTl'RAL LAWS. 125 fluartiTS per centum of milk .(jlids, iioi k-.ss iluin eifc'ht and one-half per centum of solids not fat, and not less than three and one-quarter per centum of milk fats; and the certificate of the director of the Con- necticut AiL^ricultural Experiment Station, or the director of the lab- oratory of till' Stale Department of Health, shall be jniina facii proof of the composition of any milk. Sec. 2466. Adulterated milk; sale forbidden. Xo person shall, by himself, his servant or a^ent, sell oi- exchange, or offer for sale or ex- change, or h.i\c in his possesiion with intent to sell or exchange, as of standard quality, any milk which is not of standard finality, or any milk diluted with water or adulterated by the addition of any foreign substance, or which has been wholly or in part skimmed, or shall knowingly deliver or offer for delivery milk that is tainted or partly sour to any customer buying the same for sweet milk. Sec. 2467. Skim milk; labels. Xo person shall sell or offer or ex- pose for sale, milk from which the cream or any part thereof has been removed, without distinctly and durably affixing a metal label or tag in a conspicuous place upon the outside, and not more than six inches from the top, of every can, vessel or package containing such milk, and such metal label or tag shall have the words "Skimmed ;\Xilk" stamped, printed or indented thereon in letters hot less than one inch in height; and such milk shall only be sold out of a can, vessel or package so marked. Skimmed milk may be sold in milk bottles if plainly marked or tagged as such. Sec. 2468. Cream; standard quality defined. The term "cream" as used in this chapter shall mean that portion of milk which rises to the surface of unagitated, unadulterated milk while standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force and contains not less than sixteen per centum of butter fat. Any other substance sold as cream shall be clearly and distinctly labeled declaring the principal constituents there- of and the per centum of fat contained therein. Any person violating any provision of this section shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 2459. Adulterated cream; sale forbidden; exception. Xo person shall sell or exchange or offer for sale or exchange, or have in his possession with intent to sell or exchange, as of stapdard quality, any cream which is not of standard quality or any cream which has been adulterated by the addition of any foreign substance. Cream of less than sixteen per centum of butter fat may, however, be sold if the minimum per centum of butter fat is plainly printed or stamped on the label attached to the container. Sec. 2476. Milk containers; what uses forbidden. X'o person shall, by himself or by his servant or agent, or as the servant or agent of any other person, firm or corporation, send, ship, return or deliver, or cause or permit to be sent, shipped, returned or delivered to any producer of milk, any can, jar, bottle, measure or other vessel used as a container for milk, containing any offal, swill, kerosene, vegetable matter, rotten or putrid milk or any other offensive material. Sec. 2477. Penalties. Every person who shall violate any provision of the three preceding sections shall be fined seven dollars for each offense. Sec. 2481. Milk from diseased cow; sale forbidden. Every person who shall knowingly sell or expose for sale, milk or any product of milk, from a cow which shall have been adjudged by the commissioner on domestic animals to be affected with tuberculosis or other blood disease shall be fined not more than seven dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both. 126 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., Sec. 2482. Impure milk; definition. Milk containing more than one million bacteria per cubic centimeter shall be considered impure milk. Sec. 2485. Milk regulation board. The dairy and food commis- sioner, the attorney-general, the commissioner of health, the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture and the secretary of the Connecticut Dairymen's Association shall constitute a milk regulation board. Said board shall keep a record of its proceedings and may appoint ofTicers and prescribe their duties. Said board shall have an office with the dairy and food commissioner. Sec. 2486. Regulations. Said board, after public hearing, notice of which shall be given by publication in a newspaper published in each county at least two weeks before such hearing, may make, amend, repeal or suspend rules and regulations concerning the inspection of dairies, the production, care, handling, marketing or sale of milk or cream within the state, to protect the public from the use of milk or cream which is unsanitary or detrimental to public health. Such rules and regulations shall take effect twenty days after such publication. CHAPTER 186. Dogs. Sec. 3395. Dog to wear collar and tag. How furnished. Every owner of a dog licensed as provided by law shall place and keep around the neck of such dog a collar of leather or other suitable material, to which there shall be attached, by means of rivets or metal bands, a metal tag or plate upon which shall be distinctly marked the name of the town in which said dog is registered and licensed, the registry number of said dog, and the year of registration. Said tag or plate, w^ith the inscription thereon, shall be furnished bj^ the town clerk of the town in which said dog is registered; and whenever any such tag or plate shall be lost from the collar to which it was attached, the owner or keeper of the dog shall secure a substitute therefor from the town clerk who shall furnish the same at a cost of ten cents. The town clerk of each town shall order a sufficient number of said metal tags or plates from the commissioner on domestic animals, who shall furnish the same to said town clerk at a cost of five cents each, and the town shall pay the bill for said tags, on the approval of the town clerk. If, after deducting the cost of the tags and the expenses inci- dental to the distribution of same to the town clerks, and the enforce- ment of the provisions of this chapter and of chapter 187, any balance shall remain in the hands of the commissioner on domestic animals, such balance shall be accounted for by him to the state comptroller and paid to the state treasurer, and thereupon added to the regular appropriation for the expenses of said commissioner. The design and shape of said tags or plates shall be changed each year, but said tags or plates shall be of uniform design and material throughout the state. Sec. 3397. Person becoming own^er of dog to register. Every per- son becoming the owner or keeper of any dog not duly licensed shall forthwith cause said dog to be registered, numbered, described and licensed until the first day of the ensuing May, in the manner and upon the terms and conditions provided in section 3394. Sec. 3404. Liab\ility for damage done by dog. When any dog shall do any damage, either to the body or property of any person, the owner or keeper, or, if the owner or keeper be a minor, the parent or guardian of such minor, shall be liable for such damage, except where such damage shall have been occasioned to the body or property of a person 1918.] AGRicri/icRAi, r,.\ws. 127 who, ;il llie time such damage wa.s sustained, was committing a tres- pass or other tort. Sec. 3405. Joint and several liability for damage. When any sheep, lambs or other domc^stic animals shall have been damaged by two or inore dop:s at the samo time, kept by two or more i>ersons, the owners or keepers of such dogs shall be .ioinll.\' and sevounds; of bran and shorts, twenty pounds; oj.' flaxseed, lilty-fne i>ounds; of coarse salt, seventy pounds; of fine salt, fifty pounds; of lime, seventy pounds: of sweet potatoes, fifty-four pounds; of beans, sixty pounds; of dried ai)|)les. twenty-five i)Ounds; of dried jjeaches. thirty-three pounds; of iou.-;h rice, forty -five i>ounds; of upland cotton seed, thirty pounds; of sea island cotton seed, forty-four pounds; of buckwheat, forty-eight i)Ounds; of sugrar beets, sixty pounds; of mangelwurzel. sixty ])ounds; of rutal)aeas, sixty i)ounds; of parsnijis. forty-five pound;-; of common F]nglish turnips, fifty i)Ounds; of hard coal, eighty pounds. Every person w'ho shall sell or offer or expose for sale or ex- change, any of the articles enumerated in this section, knowing or hav- ing reason to believe that the measurement of articles so .'-•old or ofi'ered or exposed for sale or exchange, is less than the measurement reciuired by this section, except ir cases where there is a special agreement to sell by some other measurement, shall be fined not more than twenty- five dollars. Sec. 4785. Defining the weight of sand and gravel. A cubic yard of sand shall contain twenty-six hundred pounds, and a cubic yard of gravel twenty-eight hundred pounds. CHAPTER 238. Food in Packages. Sec. 4794. Sale of food in package form; weight? marking. Every person who shall sell or offer for sale food in package form, unless the net quantity of the contents be ' plainly and conspicuously marked on the outside of the package in terms of w^eight, measure or numerical count, shall be subject to the penalties provided in section 2446. proi'uhd, reasonable variations shall be permitted, and allowances shall be es- tablished by rules and regulations made from time to time by the dairy and food commissioner and the director of the Connecticut Agri- cultural Experiment Station. The definitions of the terms "food" and "person" as given in sections 2437 and 244S respectively, shall apply to the provisions of this section, provided, the term "food" as used herein, shall not include confectionery and shelled nuts when offered for sale in packages at a price not exceeding ten cents each. CHAPTER 271. Boundaries. Sec. 5116. Bounds between proprietors re-established by superior court. When the boundaries of lands between adjoining proprietors shall have been lost or become uncertain, and they cannot agree to establish the same, one or more of them may bring a complaint to the superior court for the county in which such lands or a portion of them are situated; and such court may. upon such complaint, order such lost and uncertain bounds to be erected and established; and may appoint a committee of not more than three disinterested freeholders, who shall give notice to all parties interested in said lands, to appear before them. and. having been duly sworn, shall inquire into the facts and erect and establish such lost and uncertain bounds, and may employ a surveyor to assist therein; and shall report the facts and their doings to the court: and, if said court shall find said parties were duly notified, it may confirm said doings; and certified copies of said report 130 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., and decree shall be recorded in the records of the town in which said lands are, and the bounds, so erected and established, shall be the bounds between said proprietors. CHAPTER 274. . Fences. Sec. 5129. Proprietors to maintain fences. The proprietors of lands shall make and maintain sufficient fences to secure their par- ticular fields. Within cities and adjacent to house lots a tight board fence four and one-half feet high, an open picket fence four feet high, the opening between pickets not to exceed four inches, or a slat rail fence four feet high, the opening betv,^een slats not to exceed six inches, the lower slat not over six inches from the ground, all to be substan- tially erected, or any other fence which in the judgment of the select- men or other officials charged with the duty of fence viewers shall be equal thereto, shall be a sufficient fence; in places outside of incor- porated cities, a rail fence four and one-half feet high, a stone wall four feet high, substantially erected, a wire fence consisting of four strands not to exceed twelve inches apart, stretched tightly, the lower strand not more than twelve inches and the upper strand not less than four feet from the ground, with good substantial posts not more than sixteen feet apart, and any other fence which in the judgment of the selectmen shall be equal to such a rail fence, shall be a sufficient fence. Adjoining proprietors shall each make and maintain half of a divisional fence, the middle line of which shall be on the dividing line, and said fence shall not exceed in width, if a straight wood or hedge fence, two feet; if a brick or stone fence, three feet; if a crooked rail fence, six feet; and if a ditch, eight feet, not including the bank, which shall be on the land of the maker. No ditch shall be made adjacent to a house lot without the consent of the owner of the house. Sec. 5130. Use of barbed wire regulated. No barbed wire shall be used within five feet of the ground along any sidewalk or public high- way, without the written consent of a majority of the selectmen of the town, the members of the common council of the city, or the warden and burgesses of the borough, in which such sidewalk or highway is situated. Sec. 5131. Barbed wire between adjoining premises. No person or corporation shall use barbed wire in the construction of fences, or have barbed wire upon existing fences, between their own premises and those of an adjoining proprietor, within twenty-five rods of any house or barn belonging to such proprietor, Vvdthout first obtaining his written consent. Every person or corporation violating any provision of this section shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 5132. Use of barbed wire prohibited. No barbed wire shall be used in the construction of fences, or retained upon existing fences, connected with or enclosing the grounds of any public school or public building. Every person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars. Sec. 5134. Division of fence, how compelled. When a fence be- tween adjoining proprietors has never been divided, and either refuses to divide it, the other may call on the selectmen to make a division, who shall set out, in writing, the better part to him who erected it or to the party holding under him; and the cost, certified by the select- men in writing, shall be paid by him who refused to mnko such division. Such division, when recorded in the town where the land lies, shall be binding on the parties. 1918.] AGRICI-LTIKAL LAWS. 131 Sec. 5135. Repair of division fence. If any i)er8on shall neglect 'n keej3 his division fiMice in rt^pair iho j)nrt.y aggrieved mny call on thf selectmen to view it. who. if they find it insufflr-ic^nt. shall immfdiately give written notice thereof to the person bound to repair it, and shall also m.iil to the owner of ;iiiy mortgage upon land which is partly bourded by the fence in question a written notice of an order to repair such feme. If none of the ji.Trties interested, to whom notice shall ha\c lieen given. fchaP make .such repairs with;n fifteen days from the time of giving said^ notice, the party aggrieved may make such repairs and recover of the person liound to repair it double the cost of said repairs as estimated in writing l)y the selectmen nnd also the fees of such selectmen. Said sums shall constitute a lien UDon such land against all persons interested therein; itrori'lid. such lien shall be re- ■corded in the office of the town clerk of the town in which said land is situated, within sixty lays from the rime of completing said repairs. Such liens may be foreclosed in the manner provided for the foreclosure of mortgages. Sec. 5136. When dividing line is a stream. "When the dividing line shall be a stream or pond, which is not a sufficient fence, and it is im- practicable to make the fence in the line, if either party shall refuse to make a division fence on either side, two selectmen of the town shall, on application of either party, determine on which side of the stream or j)ond the fence shall be erected and maintained, or whether partly on one side and partly on the other, and what part each shall make and. maintain, and deliver their determination in writing to the parties. If either shall refuse to make and maintain his part of the lence. the other may do so and recover the expense of the party so refusing. Sec. 5141. Damage by animals vy^hen fence is sufficient. All damage done, either in particular enclosures or common fields, by cattle, horses, asses, mules, sheep, swine or goats, when the fence is sufficient, shall be paid by the owner of the animals. Sec. 5142. Damage by animals when fence is insufficient. Xo per- son shall recover for damage done in his enclosure through the insuffi- ciency of his fence, unless done by animals at large contrary to la%v, or by unruly cattle that are not restrained by ordinary fences; or unless the owner of animals shall put them into or voluntarily trespass on siach enclosure; or unless they entered through a part of the fence which was sufficient; in all of which cases the owner of the land may impound them and recover poundage and damages. CHAPTER 334. Offenses Against Public Policy. Sec. 6455. Wild carrots and thistles. Every owner or possessor of lands shall cut down all wild carrots and Canada thistles growing thereon, or in the highway adjoining, so often as to prevent their going to seed; and lipon failure so to do any joerson aggrieved, or any citizen of the town wherein the lands are situated, may complain to any errand juror of said town, who shall thereupon forthwith notify such owner or possessor of such complaint; and said grand juror shall be paid for such service from the treasury of the town ten cents for each mile of travel in giving such notice. If said owner or possessor shall still neglect to comply with the provisions of this section, he shall be fined 132 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept.,, not more than five dollars for each and every day of such neglect after said notice; and the expense of the grand juror who served the notice shall be included in the costs of the prosecution. City and police courts shall have jurisdiction over offenses punishable under this section oc- curring within the territorial limits over which such courts exercise jurisdiction. Complaints may be made to the judge of any such court, who shall forthwith issue the notice therein prescribed, to be served by a, proper officer; and the fee for serving the same shall be ten cents for each mile of travel, payable by the city instead of the town, but, when followed by prosecution, to be included in and payable as part of the costs. It shall be the duty of officers authorized to prosecute in said courts to prosecute all violations of this section within their jurisdictions. 1018.] AGRICL'LTL'KAL LAWS. 133 LAWS PASSED AT THE SESSION OF 1919. CHAnM':R ci. An Act Concerning Registration and Licensing of Dogs. Section 3394 of the general statute.s is amended to read as follows: Every owner or keeper of a dog of the age of six months or over, except dogs kept in kennels under a kennel license as provided in section 3396 of the general statutes, shall, on or hefore the first day of May, or at such time as such dog shall become six months old and in each year thereafter, cause such dog to be registered, numbered, described so as to clearly identify such dog and licensed until the first day of May follow- ing, in the town clerk's office in the town where such dog is owned or kept, and shall keep around its neck a collar as provided in section 3395 of the general statutes, and shall pay to said town clerk for a license for a year the sum of one dollar for each male or spayed dog, and ten dollars for each unspayed female dog, and twenty- five cents additional in each case for registration of said license and the tag pro- vided for in section 3395 of the general statutes; and, in case of the dog becoming six months old after the first day of May, the license fee for the balance of the twelve months shall be a proportional part of the fee charged for one year, and twenty-five cents for said registration and tag, provided the owner or keeper of any dog which was six months old or over on the first day of May who shall fail to cause such dog to be licensed on or before said first day of May shall, to secure a license for such dog after said date, pay to the town clerk one dollar in addition to the fees hereinbefore provided. Every person who shall register as a spayed dog an unspayed female dog shall be fined not more than seven dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both. CHAPTER 72. Bringing Diseased Cattle Into the State. An Act Concerning Rewards for the Conviction of Persons Any Derson w4io shall give information leading to the arrest and conviction of any person bringing, driving, leading, transporting or causing to be transported any neat cattle into the state contrary to the provisions of section 2093 of the general statutes, shall receive a reward of such sum not exceeding one hundred dollars as the superior court in the county in which such conviction is had or a presiding judge thereof shall determine; which sum shall be paid by the state treasurer upon the order of such court or .iudge. CHAPTER 78. An Act Concerning the Disposal of Domestic Animals Af- flicted With Glanders or Farcy. Section 1. For the purpose of preserving pubic health, and to prevent the spread of glanders and farcy the commissioner on domestic animals shall, from time to time, make orders and regulations, relative to the examination, quarantine and disposal of such animals as are infected with either of the aforesaid diseases, as hereinafter provided. 134 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Scpt.^ The board of health of any city, the selectmen of any town, any officer or ag'ent of The Connecticut Humane Society, any veterinary surgeon or any other person having- knowledge of or reason to suspect the existence of glanders or farcy in this state, whether such knowledge be obtained by personal examination or otherwise, shall immediately give notice thereof to the commissioner on domestic animals, and to the health ofRcer of the town, city or borough in which such suspected case exists and said health offlcer may immediately quarantine such animal or animals until examined by the said commissioner, for a period not exceeding ten days. Any person having knowledge of the existence of glanders or farcy who fails to give such notice to the commissioner or to such health ofRcer shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. Upon receipt of such notice the commissioner or his as- sistant shall examine, or cause to be examined, the diseased or sus- pected animal or animals. When any animal so examined is found by said commissioner or his assistant to exhibit symptoms of glanders or farcy it shall be destroyed and the carcass disposed of as said com- missioner shall direct at the expense of the owner. An order for such destruction shall be issued in writing by the commissioner, and said order shall also contain such directions as to quarantine and disinfec- tion of the premises where such animal or animals were stabled as may be required for public safety, but no such quarantine shall exceed a period of ten days. Sec. 2. The commissioner shall, with the approval of the governor, make such rules and regulations for the inspection and examination of animals and premises that have been exposed to infection by glanders or farcy as he may deem to be necessary for the purposes of this act. When said commissioner shall suspect any animal to be infected with glanders or farcy he may issue to the owner or person in charge- thereof an order to quarantine the same, which order shall be in force until such time as the commissioner shall be satisfied whether such disease exists, but such quarantine at the discretion of the commis- sioner need not prohibit or restrict the free use of said animal other than the disposal thereof. Inspection of said animal shall be made from time to time under the direction of the commissioner, until suc'u quarantine is terminated or such animal is destroyed. Any person who shall violate any provision of this section or any order of said commis- sioner authorized hereby, or who shall interfere with or obstruct the commissioner or any assistant employed by him in the discharge of his duties as herein provided shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both. The com- missioner is authorized to employ assistants to enforce the provisions- of this act, and such assistants shall have the same powers as the com- missioner while so employed. Sec. 3. The commissioner on domestic animals may cause any equine animal quarantined in accordance with the provisions of section one of this act to be killed, but no equine so quarantined shall be killed until the value thereof shall have been determined. In case the owner and the commissioner cannot agree upon such value each shall appoint an appraiser, and if such owner fails for twenty-four hours to select an appraiser, the appraiser chosen by the commissioner shall select such second appraiser. In case the two so chosen fail to agree they shall select a third appraiser and the three so chosen shall deter- mine, the value of such animal. The value so determined shall, when approved bv the commissioner, and when a. sworn certificate shall have been filed with the commissioner that such animal has been killed and buried and the premises disinfected as ordered by the com- missioner, be paid to the owner by the state, upon the order of the 1918.] AC.KICL'LTL'RAL LAWS. 135 fomptrollcr, but no animal, tho physical condition of which is such that it is of no real value, and no animal which has been in the state lor a period of less than six months next prct.-eding its quarantine shall be paid for by the state. When the value of any .such animal shall be appraised as i)rovidcd in this section, the state shall ijay for any full- bred equine animal a sum not exceeding one hundred and twenty-five dollars, and for any such graded animal a sum not exceeding one hun- dred dollars. No compensation shall be paid to the owner of any such domestic animal by the state unless such animal is destroyed to prevent the spread of infectious disease. Sec. 4. The provisions of this act shall not apply to animals con- demned to prevent the spread of the foot and mouth disease. Sec. 5. Sections 2088, 2089 and 2090 of the general statutes are re- pealed. The provisions of section 2095 of the general statutes shall not apply to cases of glanders or farcy. Sec. 6. This act shall take effect from its passage. CHAPTER 01. An Act Concerning the Control of Anthrax or Charbon. Section 1. The commissioner on domestic animals shall have plenary power to deal with all outbreaks of the contagious disease in domestic animals known as anthrax or charbon, and he may provide for the vaccination or immunization of cattle or horses kept on lands known or suspected to be infected with germs or spores of anthrax, or kept on lands adjacent to such infected lands, and he may provide for the vaccination and immunization of animals which may have been ex- posed to said disease, at the expense of the state. ■ The commissioner may make and enforce such rules, orders and quarantines as in his. judgment may be necessary for the control of said disease. Any person who violates any rule or order of said commissioner authorized hereby or who interferes with or obstructs the commissioner or any assistant employed by him in the discharge of his duties as herein provided shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars or im- prisoned not more than thirty days or both. Sec. 2. This act shall take effect from its passage. CHAPTER 111. An Act Concerning the' Eradication of Tuberculosis in Herds of Bovine Animals and the Establishment of the "Ac- credited State Herd Tests." Section 1. Upon written application for the "Accredited State Herd Test" of a herd of neat cattle and a signed statement by the owner thereof to place the same under state supervision for the eradi- cation of tuberculosis, the commissioner on domestic animals or his deputy, or any authorized agent, may make physical examination and tuberculin test at the expense of the state of all animals in said herd. Vv^hen the commissioner on domestic animals shall have established the condition of the herd by a physical examination and tuberculin test and when all reactors have been removed as provided by section 2095 of the general statutes, he shall issue to the owner thereof a certificate in accordance w^ith the finding of the test or tests and place the same on lists for public distribution to be issued semi-annually. Such lists 136 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., and certificates shall be entitled and issued as follows: (1) When such herd has been officially tuberculin tested and all reactors removed it shall be placed on a list entitled "Official Tuberculin Tested Herd" and said commissioner shall issue to the owner thereof a certificate setting forth said facts. (2) When such herd has been subjecte'd to one official tuberculin tect and found free from any reactors it shall be placed on a list entitled "First Tested Herd" and said commissioner shall issue to the owner thereof a certificate settins" forth said facts. (3) When such herd has been subjected to two consecutive annual or three semi-annual official tuberculin tests and found free from any reactors in each of said tests it shall be placed on a list entitled "Ac- credited Herd Free from Tuberculosis" and said commissioner shall issue to the owner thereof a certificate setting forth said facts. Sec. 2. The commissioner on domestic animals shall have au- thority to co-operate with the bureau of animal industry, United States department of agriculture, in any general national system which may be adopted by such department or bureau for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis or any contagious or infectious disease. He may regularly employ one or more veterinary surgeons at the expense of the state to carry on the work of the eradication of tuberculosis in herds of bovine animals with an equal number of inspectors employed by the United States department of agriculture. Such co-operative work shall be Tindertaken only on written application of the owner of such animals. The commissioner on domestic animals may accept from the United States such assistance, financially or otherwise, for the condemnation of diseased animals and remunerating the owners thereof and for •carrying out the provisions of this act as may be available from time to time. Sec. 3. No tuberculin test shall be made by the commissioner on -domestic animals, his deputy or agent, or by a veterinarian employed by the commissioner for this purpose or in co-operation with the United States department of agriculture as provided in this act which shall incur expense to the state, unless such application for test by the owuer shall be approved and accepted by the commissioner on domestic animals. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect from its passage. CHAPTER 119. An Act Concerning the Suppression of Hog Cholera and Hemorrhagic Septicaemia. Section 2098 of the general statutes is amended to read as follows: The commissioner on domestic animals shall make, subject to the ap- proval of the g'overnor, regulations for the examination, quarantine, disinfection, preventive treatment and disposition of animals affected with hog cholera, hemorrhagic septicaemia and kindred diseases. The commissioner on domestic animals shall, at once, cause an investigation of all cases of such diseases coming to his knowledge, and shall use all proper means to exterminate and prevent the spread of the same. The commissioner or his assistant may direct the manner in which any animal exhibiting symptoms of such diseases shall be disposed of. In- structions shall be issued in writing by the commissioner or his as- sistant which shall contain directions for quarantine and disinfection of the premises where either of such diseases shall exist, and the cost of disinfectants, chemicals and expert supervision shall be paid by the state. The commissioner shall procure a sufficient supply of serum ■and virus for the vaccination and inoculation of animals, to carry out 1018.] AGRICULTURAL LAWS. 137 the puii)o:'os of this art, and shall. ui)on the written request of the owner of any animal, inoculate or varrinato such animal, and all serum and virus used shall he furnish(>d hy the commissioner at cost. The commissioner is authorized to employ assistants who shall have the same i)ower as the commiisioner in enforcing the provisions of this act. No person, lirm or coi-poration. nor the apent or enii)loyee of any cor- poration, shall have in his possession any anti-hoR cholera serum, A'irulent blood or virus, or any prei)aration or similar composition for either of said diseases, unless permission in writing has been obtained from the commissioner. No person other than the commissioner or his assistant, sh.all administer any such serum, blood, virus or similar preparation without pei-mission in writing from the commissioner. Any person who shall violate any provision of this act shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both. CHAPTER 1^9. An Act Amending an Act Concerning the Authority of the Commissioner on Domestic Animals. Section 3414 of the general statutes is amended to read as follows: The commissioner on domestic animals is authorized to enforce all laws relating to do^s which carry a penalty attached thereto, and to enforce all rules and regulations by him made for confinement, control or destruction of dogs or other domestic animals for the security of any person or property. Said commissioner may appoint such deputies as may be necessary to insure the enforcement of such rules and regula- tions. The expense incurred shall be taken from the funds in the custody of the state treasurer which have been received from dog licenses. CHAPTER 165. An Act Amending an Act Concerning Payment for Damage By Dogs. Section 3402 of the general statutes is amended to read as follows: "When any person shall sustain damage by dogs to his sheep, lambs, Angora goats. Angora kids, horses, hogs, cattle or other domestic ani- mals or poultry he shall give information thereof to one of the select- men of the town in which such damage was done, or. if said damage is sustained on land located in two or more towns, information there- of shall be given to one of the selectmen of either of such towns within twenty-four hours after the owner has knowledge of the same, and thereupon one of the selectmen of such town, with a person to be named by the person suffering the damage, shall estimate the amount of such damage, including the labor and time necessarily expended in finding and collecting such animals or poultry injured or separated, and the value of those killed, injured, lost or damaged by said dogs. In case the selectmen and the person r.amed cannot agree upon the amount xi/f damage, they shall choose some disinterested third person to assist In estimating such dama.'^e. The amount of damages estimated by any two of said three persons shall be paid by such town, and it may re- cover such damages, when ])aid. together with the compensation of said appraisers, from the owners, keepers or harborers of such dogs if residents of such town. If the owners, keepers or harborers of such 1918.] AGRICULTURAL LAWS. 139 found upon such examination to be diseased, to be killed as provided by section 2095 of the general statutes. The cost of such testing or examination shall, before such cattle are released from quarantine, be paid by the owner of .such cattle, but the cost of keeping .such cattle in quarantine, for a period not exceeding six weeks, shall, subject to the approval of yuch expense by said commissioner, be paid by the state. The commissioner may, in his discretion, issue to any person a Vv'ritten permit authori::ing .such person to bring cattle into this state for the purpose of exhibiting the same at any agricultural fair or other public exhibition or to bring into the state cattle which such person has taken or intends to take out of the state for the jiurpose of such exhibition. Xo railroad, steamship or other transportation company or carrier shall transport any neat cattle into this state unless the same be accom- panied by a certificate of good health or by a permit as provided for in this section. Any person violating any of the foregoing provisions of this section or any officer or agent of any corporation directing or causing the violation by such corporation of any . of said provisions shall be fined not more than fifty dollars for the first offense and not more than one hundred dollars for each subsequent offense. Any person who shall intentionally interfere with the performance of any examination provided for by this section, or who shall attempt to de- feat the objects of the tuberculin test applied to cattle by a previous injection of tuberculin known as "plugging" or shall in any way at- tempt to prevent an accurate result of any such test, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days. Sec. 2. This act shall take effect from its passage. CHAPTER 169.* An Act Concerning the Sale of Tuberculin and Prohibiting the Sale of Cows Which Have Reacted to the Tuberculin Test. Section 1. Xo tuberculin shall be kept, sold or offered for sale after January 1, 1920, except by written permit obtained from the commis- sioner on domestic animals. Reports of all sales shall be made to the commissioner on domestic animals on forms provided by said com- missioner. All persons using such tuberculin shall report to the com- missioner on domestic animals the result of such tests, including test charts and identification of all cattle so tested. Sec. 2. Xo person shall sell, trade or otherwise dispone of, except for immediate slaughter, any cow that has been known to have reacted to the tuberculin test, unless such sale shall be into a herd quarantined by the commissioner on domestic animals, which quarantine provides that no dairy product from said herd shall be sold or used unless prop- erly pasteurized. Sec. 3. Any person violating any provision of this act shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days. CHAPTER 203. An Act Concerning Estimates of Damages Done By Dogs. Section 3403 of the general statutes is amended to read as follows: Any selectman who has received notice pursuant to the provisions of *Sections 2 and 3 go into effect July 1st, 1919. 140 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., section 3402 of the general statutes, concerning damage done by dogs, and fails for a period of thirty days after receiving such notice, to es- timate such damage v/ith the person selected by the person who claims to have suffered damage, or, in ca:e he acts with such person to esti- mate such damage and they cannot agree as to the amount thereof, fails for a period of ten days, to agree with such person in choosing some disinterested third person to assist in estimating such damage, or if such selectmen shall agree on such disinterested third person and no two of said three persons shall be able to agree as to the amount of damage sustained, then the person who claims to have sustained damage may institute a civil action, for the recovery of the damages sustained by him, against the town, a selectman of which was notified as aforesaid. If additional or increased damages are claimed on ac- count of a flock of sheep being attacked, chased or worried, accruing subsequent thereto and not apparent at the time of the first appraisal of damages to the flock, a supplemental notice of claim for such damages may be given to the selectmen at any time within six months from the discovery of the original damages. Such supplemental notice of claim shall set forth the facts upon which such additional or in- creased damages are based. Such claim shall be made to one of the selectmen and shall be acted upon in the manner provided in section 3402 of the general statutes. When, in the opinion of the selectmen, the damage shall exceed the sum of one hundred dollars, the selectmen may call on the commissioner on domestic animals to assess such damages. CHAPTER 226. An Act Amending an Act Concerning the Quarantine of Animals. Section 2094 of the general statutes is amended to read as follows: Said commissioner may quarantine all animals that he has reasonable grounds to believe to be infected with a communicable disease, and prohibit or regulate the sale of all the products thereof, and such ani- mals shall be confined in a place designated by him, for such time as said commissioner shall judge necessary. The provisions of this sec- tion shall not apply to cases of glanders, farcy or anthrax. Any person or any officer or agent of any corporation who shall obstruct or attempt to obstruct said commissioner or any assistant while engaged in the discharge of any duty hereunder shall be fined not more than one hun- dred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both. CHAPTER 242. An Act Concerning the Duties of Dog Wardens. Section 1. Section 3401 of the general statutes is amended to read as follows: The selectmen of every town, except towns containing a city whose limits are coterminous with the limits of such town, and the chief of police of every such city, and of every other city containing more than fourteen thousand inhabitants shall, annually, on or before the first day of April, appoint some person to be dog warden for the term of one year thereafter, and report such appointment within ten days of the making thereof to the commissioner on domestic animals, and the dog warden so appointed shall perform the duties hereinafter prescribed; but, in any town within which there exists a city containing more than fourteen thousand inhabitants the limits of which are not coterminous with the limits of such town, the town dog w^arden shall 19IS.J ACRICrLTCRAI. LAWS, j-il exorcise the powers and duties of his ortlce only in such part of such town as is outside the limits of such city. The do^ warden shall make diligent search and inquiry for the violation of any provision of chapter 186 of the general statutes and shall take into his custody every dog not havinj;: a tag or plate on a collar u])Out his necrk as hereinbefore l>rovi(led or which he shall find roaming, unattended, over the country not the jiroperty of the owner or keeper or not in reasonable call or control of the owner or keeijer or a.'